Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for cuff tear arthropathy: the clinical effect of deltoid lengthening and center of rotation medialization.

BACKGROUND: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) for cuff tear arthropathy improves shoulder function and reduces pain. Implant position and soft tissue balancing are important factors to optimize outcome. Tensioning the deltoid and increasing the deltoid moment arm by medializing the center of rotation are biomechanically advantageous. The purpose of this study was to correlate RSA functional outcomes with deltoid lengthening and center of rotation medialization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled 49 consecutive patients who underwent RSA for cuff tear arthropathy. Preoperative and serial postoperative physical examinations, radiographs, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and Simple Shoulder Test scores were evaluated. Deltoid lengthening and medialization of the center of rotation were measured radiographically and correlated with functional outcome scores, range of motion, and complications. RESULTS: At final follow-up (average, 16 ± 10 months), 37 of 49 patients (76%) were available for analysis. Deltoid lengthening (average, 21 ± 10 mm) correlated significantly (P = .002) with superior active forward elevation (average, 144° ± 19°). Medialization of the center of rotation (average, 18 ± 8 mm) did not correlate with active forward elevation or subjective outcomes. Deltoid lengthening that achieved an acromion-greater tuberosity distance exceeding 38 mm had a 90% positive predictive value of obtaining 135° of active forward elevation. Two patients (4%) required revision surgery, and 68% of patients developed scapular notching (average grade, 1.3 ± 1.2) at final follow-up. CONCLUSION: Deltoid lengthening improves active forward elevation after RSA for cuff tear arthropathy.

A surgical approach to posterior pilon fractures.

Posterior pilon fractures are injuries of the posterior tibial plafond that likely occur through a combined rotational and axial load mechanism and are often difficult to treat with standard surgical approaches to the ankle. We describe an alternative surgical approach to this injury using posteromedial, posterolateral, or combined approaches and present a series of patients with either radiographic or functional outcomes at a minimum of 1-year follow up that were treated by this method.

The docking technique for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: surgical technique and clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND: Current techniques of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction vary with respect to methods of fixation on the femur and the patella. This article presents the outcomes of a surgical technique for reconstruction of the MPFL that uses a soft tissue graft with interference screw fixation on the femur and a docking technique for fixation on the patella. HYPOTHESIS: Patients with patellar instability who are treated with the docking technique for MPFL reconstruction will have improvements in knee symptoms and function, with a high percentage achieving good to excellent results at early follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients with patellar instability underwent reconstruction of the MPFL. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively by physical and radiographic examination and subjectively with the IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee), Tegner, Kujala, and Lysholm questionnaires. Nineteen patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging preoperatively. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 31 months (range, 24-39). No recurrent episodes of dislocation or subluxation were reported. A firm endpoint to lateral patellar translation was noted in all patients at most recent follow-up. The IKDC subjective knee evaluation score improved from 42 preoperatively to 82 postoperatively (P < .001); Kujala, from 50 to 88 (P < .001); Lysholm, from 50 to 89 (P < .001); and Tegner, from 3.6 to 5.6 (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The docking technique for MPFL reconstruction is an effective surgical procedure for the treatment of patellar instability.

Combined medial patellofemoral ligament and medial patellotibial ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients.

Patellar instability is a common knee disorder encountered in young athletes. Patients with normal osseous anatomy and mechanical alignment of the lower extremity are candidates for soft-tissue reconstructive procedures. In skeletally immature patients, surgical techniques that address patellar instability must avoid disruption of open physes and therefore must rely on soft-tissue techniques. Biomechanical research demonstrates that the medial patellofemoral ligament is the primary soft-tissue restraint to lateral subluxation of the patella, and the medial patellotibial ligament is an important secondary stabilizer. We present a novel physeal-sparing surgical technique that anatomically reconstructs both the medial patellofemoral and medial patellotibial ligaments using semitendinosus autograft.

Neurologic injuries after total hip arthroplasty.

Neurologic injuries are a potentially devastating complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Review of the literature reveals that these injuries are uncommon. The reported incidence ranges from 0.08% to 7.6%. The incidence in primary THA ranges from 0.09% to 3.7% and in revision THA from 0% to 7.6%. Reported etiologies include intraoperative direct nerve injury, significant leg lengthening, improper retractor placement, cement extravasation, cement-related thermal damage, patient positioning, manipulation, and postoperative hematoma. Risk factors include developmental dysplasia of the hip, the female sex, posttraumatic arthritis, and revision surgery. However, no single risk factor has been consistently reported to be significant, and many patients with no known risk factors incur neurologic injuries.

In situ transtendon repair outperforms tear completion and repair for partial articular-sided supraspinatus tendon tears.

This biomechanical study compared 2 repair techniques for high-grade, partial, articular-sided supraspinatus tendon tears of the rotator cuff: transtendon in situ repair and tear completion with repair. Standardized, 50% partial, articular-sided supraspinatus lesions were created in 10 pairs of matched fresh, frozen cadaveric shoulders: 10 underwent partial lesion repair with an in situ transtendon technique using 2 suture anchors. In the contralateral 10 shoulders, the partial lesion was converted to a full-thickness tear and repaired with a double-row technique, using 4 suture anchors. Cyclic loading to failure of the supraspinatus tendon was performed using a material testing machine. Gap formation was measured for each rotational position and each incremental load. The in situ transtendon repair had statistically significant less gapping (P = .0001) and higher mean ultimate failure strength (P = .0011) than the double-row repair. In situ transtendon repair was biomechanically superior to tear completion for partial, articular-sided supraspinatus tears.

Radiography and visual pathology of the osteoarthritic scaphotrapezio-trapezoidal joint, and its relationship to trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis.

PURPOSE: To determine and quantify the relationship of osteoarthritis (OA) in the trapeziometacarpal, scaphotrapezial, and scaphotrapezoidal joints; to ascertain the dependability of radiographic assessment of trapeziometacarpal, scaphotrapezial, and scaphotrapezoidal OA; to determine the articular topography of the scaphotrapezio-trapezoidal (STT) joint (composed of the scaphotrapezial and scaphotrapezoidal articulations) using stereophotogrammetry; and to characterize the articular wear patterns of STT OA. METHODS: Sixty-nine fresh-frozen human cadaveric hands were staged radiographically and by gross visual examination for the presence of OA in the trapeziometacarpal and STT joints. Twenty randomly selected joints also were evaluated to determine the topography of the STT joint using stereophotogrammetry. RESULTS: Concomitant severe osteoarthritic degeneration was found in the trapeziometacarpal and STT joint in 60% of our specimens. A correlation was found in the severity of OA in the trapeziometacarpal and STT joints. Radiographic and gross visual evaluation of STT OA concurred in 39% of our specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of concomitant trapeziometacarpal and STT OA, and the uncertainty of radiographic evaluation of STT OA, indicate the need to visualize the STT joint intraoperatively to determine the true degree of degenerative changes present.