Olfactory dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: diabetic complications and olfactory dysfunction (OD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) seem related. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of OD in T2DM patients and to analyze its relationship with diabetic complications. METHODS: 130 T2DM patients and 100 comparable controls were enrolled. Olfaction was evaluated using the Extended Smell Test (TDI) and the Italian brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders â€" Brief-IT-QOD. T2DM patients were divided into: "Group 1" patients with no complications, and "Group 2" patients with at least one diabetic complication. Non-parametric tests were used. Machine learning algorithms were applied to explore which variables were most important in predicting the presence of OD in T2DM. RESULTS: The prevalence of OD was significantly higher in Group 2 than in controls (71.4% vs 30%) and in Group 1 (71.4% vs 43.3%). However, when comparing the TDI scores between Group 1 and 2 the only significant difference was found for the discrimination scale and not for the identification and threshold scales. Brief-IT-QOD scores were significantly higher in Group 2 than in controls. The Random Forest and variable importance algorithms highlighted the relevance of LDL, glycated hemoglobin, type of complication (macrovascular) and age in determining OD in T2DM. The last three variables were included in a nomogram for the prediction of OD risk in T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM patients with diabetic complications are more frequently affected by OD. Poor glycemic control, LDL values, age and presence of macrovascular complications are the more important factors in determining OD in T2DM patients.

Effect of surgery, delivery device and head position on sinus irrigant penetration in a cadaver model.

OBJECTIVE: The extent of surgery, the type of device used and head position may influence nasal irrigation. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of topical irrigant delivery to the paranasal sinuses according to these factors. METHOD: Four cadaveric heads underwent four stepwise endoscopic dissections. Irrigations were evaluated after every stage using different delivery devices (squeeze-bottle, gravity-dependent device and syringe) in two head positions (nose-to-sink and vertex down). Irrigant penetration into each sinus was estimated using a four-point scale. RESULTS: A significant positive effect of surgery was demonstrated for each sinus as well as for the delivery device. High-volume irrigant devices are more effective, and the head position plays a significant role in irrigant distribution to the frontal sinus. CONCLUSION: This study further confirms the efficacy of high-volume irrigant devices. A vertex down position during the irrigation could improve delivery to the frontal sinus, and the widening of the ostia increases irrigant access to the sinuses.

Double-blind, randomised controlled trial on the efficacy of saline nasal irrigation with sodium hyaluronate after endoscopic sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVE: There is a growing interest in sodium hyaluronate for the clinical management of patients who undergo functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis, because of the mucosal regenerative properties of this macromolecule. However, its role in post-operative care is still debated. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium hyaluronate administered via nasal irrigation with saline, in the post-operative period, after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: A multicentric, prospective, randomised, double-blind, parallel group study was conducted on 56 consecutive patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps. Group 1 received the standard therapy of normal saline; group 2 received saline plus sodium hyaluronate. RESULTS: Both objective and subjective measurements, in terms of endoscopic appearance and patient-reported satisfaction, were significantly better in group 2 compared to group 1. CONCLUSION: Sodium hyaluronate may be a useful adjunct to nasal saline irrigation in the early post-operative period following functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Diagnostics development for quasi-steady-state operation of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator (invited).

The critical issues in the development of diagnostics, which need to work robust and reliable under quasi-steady state conditions for the discharge durations of 30 min and which cannot be maintained throughout the one week duration of each operation phase of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, are being discussed.