Impact of multicomponent intervention on hospitalized clinical patient outcomes: A pre-post study in a university hospital.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hospitalization significantly interferes with the individual's well-being and it occurs both during and after the hospitalization period. Different approaches to minimize morbidity related to hospitalization and the post-discharge period have been proposed, especially to those aimed at reducing readmission rates. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of multicomponent intervention (MI) on operational indicators and continuity of care outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study conducted in a Brazilian university hospital in order to compare the impact of the intervention with usual care. The MI was the implementation of multidisciplinary rounds, the inclusion of the role of the navigator nurse, and care transition actions with half of the Internal Medicine teams in a clinical unit of a general hospital. Adult patients hospitalized were included in 2 periods and divided in 3 groups - Group A: before the intervention; Group B: after and with MI; Group C after and without MI. RESULTS: A total of 2333 hospitalizations were evaluated. There was a reduction in the rate of intensive care transfers to intensive care unit (ICU) and in the length of stay (LOS). LOS, discharge before noon, and transfers to ICU improved when comparing before and after the intervention, but were not different in post-intervention groups with and without MI. CONCLUSION: These results reflect the improvement of care provided by MI, an effect that could be due to cross contamination also to teams without the intervention.

Characteristics of e-cigarette users and their perceptions of the benefits, harms and risks of e-cigarette use: survey results from a convenience sample in Ottawa, Canada. / Caractéristiques des utilisateurs de cigarettes électroniques et leurs perceptions des avantages, des dangers et des risques de la cigarette électronique : résultats d'un sondage auprès d'un échantillon de commodité à Ottawa (Canada).

INTRODUCTION: Although e-cigarette use ("vaping") is increasing in Canada, few attempts have been made to describe e-cigarette users ("vapers"). In this context, we conducted a study in Ottawa, Canada, to describe e-cigarette users' perceptions of the benefits, harms and risks of e-cigarettes. We also collected information on why, how and where they use e-cigarettes as well as information on side effects. METHODS: A 24-item online survey was administered to individuals who purchased e-cigarettes or e-cigarette-related supplies at one of Ottawa's 17 e-cigarette shops. Descriptive analyses characterized respondents, and logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the relationship between respondents' characteristics and their perception of e-cigarette harms. RESULTS: The mean age of the 242 respondents was 38.1 years (range: 16-70 years); 66% were male. Nearly all had smoked 100 or more cigarettes in their lifetime (97.9%). More than 80% indicated that quitting smoking was a very important reason for starting to use e-cigarettes and 60% indicated that they intend to stop using e-cigarettes at some point. About 40% reported experiencing some side effects within 2 hours of using e-cigarettes. Those who did not report experiencing any of the listed side effects had approximately 3.2 times higher odds of perceiving e-cigarettes as harmless than those who reported having side effects (odds ratio = 3.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.75-5.73). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that most e-cigarette users are using them to reduce or stop smoking cigarettes and perceive them as harmless. Due to our use of convenience sampling, the reader should be cautious in generalizing our findings to all Canadian e-cigarette users.

INTRODUCTION: Bien que l'utilisation de la cigarette électronique (« vapotage ¼) soit en hausse au Canada, peu d'efforts ont été consacrés à la description des utilisateurs de cigarettes électroniques (« vapoteurs ¼). C'est dans ce contexte que nous avons mené une étude à Ottawa (Canada) afin de décrire les perceptions qu'ont les utilisateurs de cigarettes électroniques des avantages, des dangers et des risques de ces dernières. Nous avons également recueilli de l'information pour savoir pourquoi, comment et où ils utilisent la cigarette électronique ainsi que sur les effets secondaires. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Un sondage en ligne de 24 questions a été soumis à des personnes ayant acheté des cigarettes électroniques ou des fournitures connexes dans l'un des 17 commerces de cigarettes électroniques à Ottawa. On a caractérisé les répondants au moyen d'analyses descriptives, puis nous avons appliqué des modèles de régression logistique pour évaluer la relation entre ces caractéristiques et la perception par les répondants des dangers de la cigarette électronique. RÉSULTATS: L'âge moyen des 242 répondants était de 38,1 ans (plage : 16 à 70 ans) et, de ce nombre, 66 % étaient des hommes. Près de la totalité (97,9 %) des répondants avaient fumé 100 cigarettes ou plus au cours de leur vie. Plus de 80 % des répondants ont indiqué que la volonté d'arrêter de fumer constituait l'une des principales raisons de recourir à la cigarette électronique, et 60 % ont mentionné qu'ils avaient l'intention de cesser l'utilisation de la cigarette électronique un jour. Environ 40 % des répondants ont fait état d'effets secondaires au cours des 2 heures suivant l'utilisation des cigarettes électroniques. Les répondants ayant signalé n'avoir ressenti aucun des effets secondaires énumérés étaient environ 3,2 fois plus nombreux à ne percevoir aucun danger dans la cigarette électronique que les personnes ayant signalé des effets secondaires (rapport de cotes = 3,17; intervalle de confiance à 95 % : 1,75 à 5,73). CONCLUSION: D'après nos constatations, la majorité des utilisateurs de cigarettes électroniques ont recours à ces dernières pour réduire ou cesser leur consommation de tabac et ils les perçoivent comme inoffensives. Étant donné que nous avons utilisé un échantillonnage de commodité, le lecteur doit faire preuve de prudence dans la généralisation de nos constatations à tous les utilisateurs de cigarettes électroniques au Canada.

In-vivo dosimetry for field sizes down to 6 × 6 mm2 in shaped beam radiosurgery with microMOSFET.

The aim of this study is to evaluate microMOSFET as in-vivo dosimeter in 6 MV shaped-beam radiosurgery for field sizes down to 6 × 6 mm2. A homemade build-up cap was developed and its use with microMOSFET was evaluated down to 6 × 6 mm2. The study with the homemade build-up cap was performed considering its influence on field size over-cover occurring at surface, achievement of the overall process of electronic equilibrium, dose deposition along beam axis and dose attenuation. An optimized calibration method has been validated using MOSFET in shaped-beam radiosurgery for field sizes from 98 × 98 down to 18 × 18 mm2. The method was detailed in a previous study and validated in irregular field shapes series measurements performed on a head phantom. The optimized calibration method was applied to microMOSFET equipped with homemade build-up cap down to 6 × 6 mm2. Using the same irregular field shapes, dose measurements were performed on head phantom. MicroMOSFET results were compared to previous MOSFET ones. Additional irregular field shapes down to 8.8 × 8.8 mm2 were studied with microMOSFET. Isocenter dose attenuation due to the homemade build-up cap over the microMOSFET was near 2% irrespective of field size. Our results suggested that microMOSFET equipped with homemade build-up cap is suitable for in-vivo dosimetry in shaped-beam radiosurgery for field sizes down to 6 × 6 mm2 and therefore that the required build-up cap dimensions to perform entrance in-vivo dosimetry in small-fields have to ensure only partial charge particle equilibrium.

An optimized calibration method for surface measurements with MOSFETs in shaped-beam radiosurgery.

Nowadays MOSFET dosimeters are widely used for dose verification in radiotherapy procedures. Although their sensitive area satisfies size requirements for small field dosimetry, their use in radiosurgery has rarely been reported. The aim of this study is to propose and optimize a calibration method to perform surface measurements in 6 MV shaped-beam radiosurgery for field sizes down to 18 × 18 mm(2). The effect of different parameters such as recovery time between 2 readings, batch uniformity and build-up cap attenuation was studied. Batch uniformity was found to be within 2% and isocenter dose attenuation due to the build-up cap over the MOSFET was near 2% irrespective of field size. Two sets of sensitivity coefficients (SC) were determined for TN-502RD MOSFET dosimeters using experimental and calculated calibration; the latter being developed using an inverse square law model. Validation measurements were performed on a realistic head phantom in irregular fields. MOSFET dose values obtained by applying either measured or calculated SC were compared. For calibration, optimal results were obtained for an inter-measurement time lapse of 5 min. We also found that fitting the SC values with the inverse square law reduced the number of measurements required for calibration. The study demonstrated that combining inverse square law and Sterling-Worthley formula resulted in an underestimation of up to 4% of the dose measured by MOSFETs for complex beam geometries. With the inverse square law, it is possible to reduce the number of measurements required for calibration for multiple field-SSD combinations. Our results suggested that MOSFETs are suitable sensors for dosimetry when used at the surface in shaped-beam radiosurgery down to 18 × 18 mm(2).

[Ballistic quality assurance]. / Assurance qualité balistique.

This review describes the ballistic quality assurance for stereotactic intracranial irradiation treatments delivered with Gamma Knife® either dedicated or adapted medical linear accelerators. Specific and periodic controls should be performed in order to check the mechanical stability for both irradiation and collimation systems. If this step remains under the responsibility of the medical physicist, it should be done in agreement with the manufacturer's technical support. At this time, there are no recent published guidelines. With technological developments, both frequency and accuracy should be assessed in each institution according to the treatment mode: single versus hypofractionnated dose, circular collimator versus micro-multileaf collimators. In addition, "end-to-end" techniques are mandatory to find the origin of potential discrepancies and to estimate the global ballistic accuracy of the delivered treatment. Indeed, they include frames, non-invasive immobilization devices, localizers, multimodal imaging for delineation and in-room positioning imaging systems. The final precision that could be reasonably achieved is more or less 1mm.

[Dosimetric stereotactic radiosurgical accident: Study of 33 patients treated for brain metastases]. / Traitement des métastases cérébrales par radiochirurgie stéréotaxique : étude de 33 cas liés à un accident de "surexposition".

The consequences of a dosimetric radiosurgery accident are not the same as a conventional radiotherapy accident. The objective of this study was to estimate the clinical and radiological outcome of patients treated by radiosurgery for metastasis during the period of the overexposure accident that occurred in the Toulouse Radiosurgery Unit. Between April 2006 and March 2007, 33 patients with 57 metastases were treated in the Toulouse Radiosurgery Unit (Novalis(®), BrainLab). An initial error in the estimation of the scatter factors led to an overexposure to radiation. The median age was 55 years [range, 35-85]. Twenty-one patients (64%) harbored a single metastasis. The primary tumor location was lung (16 cases), kidney (nine cases), breast (four cases), and others (four cases). The mean tumoral volume was 3.2cm(3) [0.04-14.07]. The mean prescribed dose at the isocenter was 20 Gy [range, 10-23], the mean delivered dose was 31.5 Gy [range, 13-52], and the mean overdose was 61.2% [range, 5.6-226.8]. In order to evaluate the consequences of the overdose, three parameters were analyzed: a risk index using dose and volume, the volume of parenchyma that received more than 12 Gy, and the mean dose in a sphere of 20cm(3) surrounding the target volume. Median actuarial survival was 14.1 months, the survival rate was 79.4 % at six months, 59.1% at 12 months, and 27.2% at 24 months. The rate of tumor control was 80.7%. No morbidity was observed. There was no correlation between death and the parameters studied. The survival rates and times observed in our study of the patients treated for brain metastases by radiosurgery and overexposed were among the good results of the international literature. Deaths were not related to the overdose and no side effect was noted. This dosimetric accident has not had worse consequences in this population.

Characteristics of HIV-1-associated Kaposi's sarcoma among women and men in South Africa.

Despite the increase of HIV-1-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), little is known about HIV-associated KS in the African setting, particularly among women. A descriptive study of the demographic, clinical, immunological and virological features of AIDS-associated KS from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa was undertaken. Consecutively, recruited patients were clinically staged; CD4/CD8 cell counts, HIV-1 viral loads and clinical parameters were evaluated. Of the 152 patients (77 male and 75 female) 99% were black. Females were significantly younger (P = 0.02) and had poorer disease prognosis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-5.4, P = 0.003) and were more likely to have extensive cutaneous KS when compared with males (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.4-6.7, P = 0.003). One-third of patients had coexisting HIV-related disease, most commonly tuberculosis, and these were more frequent in females (56.7 vs. 43.3%). In conclusion, HIV-associated KS in South Africans has an equal female-to-male ratio. Females are younger and have more severe disease than males.

Anatomy and time course of discrimination and categorization processes in vision: an fMRI study.

Studies investigating the cerebral areas involved in visual processes generally oppose either different tasks or different stimulus types. This work addresses, by fMRI, the interaction between the type of task (discrimination vs. categorization) and the type of stimulus (Latin letters, well-known geometrical figures, and Korean letters). Behavioral data revealed that the two tasks did not differ in term of percentage of errors or correct responses, but a delay of 185 ms was observed for the categorization task in comparison with the discrimination task. All conditions activated a common neural network that includes both striate and extrastriate areas, especially the fusiform gyri, the precunei, the insulae, and the dorsolateral frontal cortex. In addition, interaction analysis revealed that the right insula was sensitive to both tasks and stimuli, and that stimulus type induced several significant signal variations for the categorization task in right frontal cortex, the right middle occipital gyrus, the right cuneus, and the left and right fusiform gyri, whereas for the discrimination task, significant signal variations were observed in the right occipito-parietal junction only. Finally, analyzing the latency of the BOLD signal also revealed a differential neural dynamics according to tasks but not to stimulus type. These temporal differences suggest a parallel hemisphere processing in the discrimination task vs. a cooperative interhemisphere processing in the categorization task that may reflect the observed differences in reaction time.

Clinical-MRI correlations in the secondary progressive phase of MS: lessons from the treatment trials.

Conventional MRI techniques are sensitive to detect MS lesions and their change overtime. In relapsing-remitting MS correlations with clinical measures are weak suggesting a pathological heterogeneity of these lesions. There are less data available in secondary progressive phase of the disease. The best source for clinical MRI correlations analysis is the placebo arm of the published interferon beta trials. This review presents the main clinical-MRI findings from these trials then focuses on recent promising observations obtained with non conventional MRI techniques in SP MS patients.

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the extrastriate cortex response to a categorically ambiguous stimulus primed by letters and familiar geometric figures.

Functional neuroimaging studies have suggested a specific role of the extrastriate cortex in letter string and visual word form processing. However, this region has been shown to be involved in object recognition and its specificity for the processing of linguistic stimuli may be questioned. The authors used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging design with category priming to record the response elicited by the passive viewing of single letters, geometric figures, and of the categorically ambiguous stimulus "O" that pertains to both sets of familiar symbols. Bilateral activations in the extrastriate cortex were found, with a left predominance particularly pronounced for the ambiguous stimulus. Individual analysis of spatial extent and signal intensity showed a priming x stimulus x hemisphere interaction. When primed by the congruous categoric set, a bilateral decrease in activation was observed for letters and geometric figures. The ambiguous stimulus behaved as a letter for the left hemisphere, with decreased activation when primed by letters, whereas in the right hemisphere, an adaptation effect occurred when primed by geometric figures. These priming effects suggest that, for the ambiguous stimulus, letter processing was systematically involved in the left extrastriate cortex. The current results support the existence of a neural substrate for the abstract category of letters.

[New MRI techniques in multiple sclerosis]. / Nouvelles techniques IRM et SEP: IRM de diffusion, spectroscopie et transfert d'aimantation.

Early imaging investigations in multiple sclerosis (MS) described focal signs. Technological progress now suggests this concept should be revisited as more diffuse anomalies of the central nervous system are described, sometimes involving regions that appear normal with conventional imaging techniques. This integrative concept results largely from the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging techniques recently broadened to in vivo investigations. Technical developments in MRI now provide new contrast images (magnetization transfer, diffusion, anisotropic diffusion, functional MRI using the BOLD method) as well as new variants of conventional sequences designed to demonstrate specific aspects of the MS lesions: FLAIR sequence (a T2-weighted sequence), black holes (a particular aspect on T1-weighted images), cord atrophy (quantification of the axial section of the cord on T1-weighted sequences). Together these new methods should improve diagnostic sensitivity (FLAIR) or provide prognosis information not provided by conventional sequences (T2 or T2 weighted images with or without gadolinium injection).

Desempenho motor e emocional de parturientes durante o 2§ periodo do trabalho de parto: comportamento motor

Avaliar o desempenho motor e emocional de parturientes durante o 2§ periodo do trabalho de parto, no Centro Obstetrico do Hospital Universitario de Santa Maria, e verificar as relacoes com variaveis obstetricas foram os objetivos deste estudo. Considerou-se, como comportamento motor, a prensa abdominal, as condicoes do perineo e a respiracao da parturiente. Categorizou-se o comportamento emocional observado durante o parto como calmo, agitado, muito agitado ou outro comportamento. A amostra foi composta por 105 parturientes, por meio da Tecnica de Amostragem por Projecao. Coletaram-se os dados de prontuario, a paruriente foi entrevistada e teve seu parto observado pela pesquisadora. Utilizou-se o qui-quadrado na analise estatistica dos dados para verificar as relacoes entre as variaveis estudadas e o comportamento motor. As relacoes com o comportamento emocional foram analisadas quali-quantitativamente. dentre os resultados obtidos, a prensa abdominal associou-se significantemente (p< 0,01) ao tempo de duracao do 2§ periodo do trabalho de parto, quando o perineo estava relaxado e o parto ocorreu em menos de 30 minutos, em 86,8 por cento dos casos. Tambem houve associacao significante da prensa abdominal (p< 0,01) e do tempo do periodo expulsivo (p< 0,01) com o tipo de parto vaginal, sendo que 72,6 por cento das parturientes com prensa e 64,4 por cento dos partos ocorridos em menos de 30 minutos foram realizados sem manobras e/ou instrumentos. Houve relacao entre o comportamento motor e o comportamento emocional, com melhor desempenho das das parturientes calmas. Acredita-se que o parto, enquanto destreza motora, pode ser aprendido e ter seu desempenho melhorado por meio da pratica, o que devera ser observado em trabalhos futuros

[Postoperative care after heart surgery. Report of experiences]. / Assistência de enfermagem em pós operatório de cirurgia cardíaca--relato de experiência.

The objective of the authors is to describe the nursing care for patients in post-operative cardiac surgery at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, emphasizing some important points to be observed for the best qualification and organization of the routines nowadays used. The nursing care is divided in many stages, all of them important, going from the unit organization, the patient admission in a critical moment, until the assistance to the patient discharge. The conclusion is that: it's very important, for an integral assistance to the patient, an adequated organization of the service, a good relation between multiprofessional staff, training staff, and specific staff for this nursing care.

Analysis of a protocol for an autologous blood transfusion program for total joint replacement surgery.

This retrospective study analysed an autologous blood transfusion program for total joint replacement surgery. A group of 99 patients receiving autologous blood transfusion was compared with a control group of 55 patients. One-unit phlebotomies were done 14 and 7 days before surgery. The whole blood was transfused intraoperatively. Preoperative hemoglobin values were within the normal range for all patient groups except the female autologous blood group for which the mean value was 122 +/- 11.3 g/L. Due to perioperative hemodilution, the postoperative hemoglobin values were substantially lower than preoperative values for all groups. Mean intraoperative blood loss was similar for the autologous and control groups (650 to 750 ml). No adverse reactions were associated with the autologous transfusions and 74% of the autologous group received autologous blood only. From this analysis a 3-week, three-unit preoperative collection was proposed for future use. A standardized protocol will allow logistical ease and implementation of the program for various surgical procedures.