Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of 110 hematopoietic disorders with chromosome 5 abnormalities: do de novo and therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome-acute myeloid leukemia actually differ?

A retrospective cytogenetic study of acute myeloid leukemias (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) was conducted by the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique (GFCH) to evaluate the structural abnormalities of chromosome 5 associated with other chromosomal abnormalities, in particular of chromosome 7, in these pathologies. In all, 110 cases of AML/MDS were recruited based on the presence of chromosome 5 abnormalities under conventional cytogenetics and supplemented by a systematic fluorescence in situ hybridization study of chromosomes 5 and 7. The abnormalities of the long arm of chromosome 5 (5q) were deletions of various sizes and sometimes cryptic. The 5q abnormalities were associated with translocations in 54% of cases and were simple deletions in 46%. In 68% of cases, 5q deletions were associated with chromosome 7 abnormalities, and 90% of these presented a complex karyotype. Of the 110 patients, 28 had a hematopoietic disorder secondary to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both. Among 82 patients with de novo AML/MDS, 63 were older than 60 years. Chromosomal abnormalities often associated hypodiploidy and chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities in complex karyotypes, features resembling those of secondary hemopathies. Systematic investigation of the exposure to mutagens and oncogenes is thus essential to specify the factors potentially involved in MDS/AML with 5q abnormalities.

[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia with an uncommon presentation]. / Macroglobulinémie de Waldenström: à propos d'une présentation clinicobiologique peu commune.

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is a rare disease with an indolent clinical course. The median age of the affected patient is 65 years. Nevertheless, we report a case of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia revealed by a splenomegaly and severe pancytopenia, in a 51-year-old man without previous medical history. According to the recent consensus recommendations for the clinicopathological definition of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, diagnosis was made through morphological and immunophenotypic data of medullary cells. The reduced survival of the patient is associated with the importance of the cytopenia.

Cytogenetic, interphase, and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses in primary plasma cell leukemia: a study of 40 patients at diagnosis, on behalf of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome and the Groupe Français de Cytogénétique Hématologique.

Primary plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare plasma cell malignancy. Consequently, few large reports have been published. Presented is a cytogenetic analysis of 40 patients with primary PCL compared with 247 newly diagnosed patients with stage III multiple myeloma (MM). Cytogenetic abnormalities were observed in 23 of 34 patients, with usually complex hypodiploid or pseudodiploid karyotypes. Analysis of rearrangements of the 14q32 region revealed significant differences with high cell mass MM-a higher incidence of t(11;14) (33% vs 16%; P <.025) and of t(14;16) (13% vs 1%; P <.002) though incidences of t(4;14) were identical and a higher incidence of monosomy 13 (68% vs 42%; P =.005). Hypodiploid karyotypes and monosomy 13 may explain, at least in part, the poorer prognosis of primary PCL. In contrast, significantly longer survival was observed in patients displaying t(11;14) in comparison with those lacking this translocation (P =.001).

IMAGe, a new clinical association of intrauterine growth retardation, metaphyseal dysplasia, adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and genital anomalies.

We report three boys with adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) and additional findings that represent a new syndrome, IMAGe: Intrauterine growth retardation, Metaphyseal dysplasia, AHC, and Genital anomalies. Each presented shortly after birth with growth retardation and severe adrenal insufficiency. Each of the three patients had mild dysmorphic features, bilateral cryptorchidism, a small penis, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Skeletal surveys revealed metaphyseal dysplasia in all three and epiphyseal dysplasia in two. The patients had documented or suspected hypercalciuria and/or hypercalcemia, resulting in nephrocalcinosis in one and in prenatal liver and spleen calcifications in another. AHC presents most often either as an isolated abnormality, caused by mutations in the DAX1 gene, or as part of an Xp21 contiguous gene syndrome, caused by a deletion of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy, glycerol kinase, and DAX1 genes. All three patients with the IMAGe association had normal creatine kinase levels and no evidence of glycerol kinase deficiency. Sequence analysis of DNA from these patients revealed no mutation in the DAX1- or steroidogenic factor-1-coding sequences, nor was a deletion of DAX1 detected. Identification of the molecular basis of the IMAGe association will give new insight into the pathogenesis of this syndromic relationship involving bone, adrenal cortical, and pituitary development.

Translocation (X;1) associated with a nonpapillary carcinoma in a young woman: a new definition for an Xp11.2 RCC subtype.

We report a translocation (X;1)(p11.2;q21) associated with a nontubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma in a 23-year-old woman. To our knowledge this the first report of such an association. A review of the previously published cases of renal cell carcinoma with t(X;1) and its cytogenetic variants with Xp11.2 anomalies is included. The role of this karyotype abnormality as a clinical marker is discussed. The Xp11.2 abnormality could be a primary abnormality characterizing a particular type of RCC appearing in children and young adults of both sexes and in which the histological aspect is not specific.

Giant cell tumor of the sternum. Report of a case with a 17q isochromosome.

We report a case of giant cell tumor of the manubrium with radiological evidence of aggressiveness. Few cases of giant cell tumor of the sternum have been published. Extensive surgery offers the best hopes of recovery. Cytogenetic studies evidenced several clonal abnormalities including a 17q isochromosome. The TP53 suppressor gene is located at 17q13.1. Whether loss of one of the TP53 alleles may have contributed to the aggressive behavior of our patient's tumor is discussed.

Is treatment with hydroxyurea leukemogenic in patients with essential thrombocythemia? An analysis of three new cases of leukaemic transformation and review of the literature.

From 1981 to 1995, we diagnosed, followed and treated at our institution fifty-eight cases of essential thrombocythemia (ET), using hydroxyurea (HU) as first-line therapy in these patients. Three patients who were continuously receiving HU had a leukemic transformation after a chronic phase of respectively 47, 81 and 90 months. One patient developed an acute leukemia with minimal myeloid differentiation (AML MO) and soon died of refractory disease; the second developed a refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (t-RAEB) and survived one year; the third patient developed a chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and is alive at 21 months. The two former patients had complex nonrandom bone marrow karyotypic abnormalities, suggestive of therapy-related leukemia, whereas the latter one had a normal karyotype throughout the chronic and leukemic phase. These findings, together with recently published results on myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) treated with HU, suggest that this drug might be as leukemogenic as other myelosuppressive therapies in patients with ET. Longterm HU therapy should be reserved for patients in whom the treatment benefits obviously outweigh the risk of inducing leukemia.

t(15;17) hypergranular acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) developing into a t(3;6) M3 without t(15;17) at relapse.

This report describes a case of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) M3. At diagnosis, the specific t(15;17) translocation was observed. After chemotherapy including retinoic acid, a complete remission was achieved and the karyotype became normal. At relapse of the M3 leukemia, the t(15;17) clone was no longer observed but a t(3;6) translocation was then detected. Several hypotheses for this unusual cytogenetic course of APL are discussed.

[Diagnosis of Fanconi's anemia by nitrogen mustard induction of chromosome breakage in fibroblasts]. / Dépistage des fibroblastes d'anémie de fanconi grâce aux cassures chromosomiques induites par une moutarde à l'azote.

Induction by nitrogen mustard of chromosome breakage in fibroblasts is proposed as an antenatal test for the diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome. After trypsinization of fibroblasts, addition to the culture medium of 0.025 micrograms/ml nitrogen mustard significantly increased chromosomal breaks in cells from patients with Fanconi syndrome but not in cells from controls. This protocol may prove useful for the antenatal diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome.

[Chromosome 11 abnormality in a case of acute monocytic leukemia (M5b)]. / Anomalie du chromosome 11 dans un cas de leucémie aiguë monocytaire (M5b).

The authors report the case of a 25 year old man with a differentiated (M5 b) acute monocytic leukaemia resistant to polychemotherapy. The patient died four months after the onset of the disease. Cytogenic studies showed thickening of the long arm of chromosome 11, an abnormality considered until now to be specific for poorly differentiated (M5 a) acute monocytic leukaemias.