[Validation of the Spanish version of the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction]. / Validación de la versión española del Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction.

INTRODUCTION: Self-reports are one of the most used techniques in the evaluation of human sexuality. For this reason, valid and reliable evaluation instruments are necessary for high quality studies. OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction for use in Spanish. METHOD: A sample of 1,265 subjects (1,007 men, 258 women) completed the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction questionnaire. Two independent translators performed the translation and a group of experts unified the versions. RESULTS: The items showed adequate correlation, both in the men's version (0.306-0.440), and in the women's version (0.355-0.652). Reliability is high in both versions (men: 0.864; women: 0.924). Factor analysis adjusts to the theoretical dimensions proposed by the authors of the questionnaire, explaining 57.75% of the variance in men, and 66.67% in women. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction has the necessary psychometric properties to be used both in the clinic and in research.

El abuso sexual infantil y la relación con el desarrollo de comportamientos adictivos. Una revisión sistemática / Child sexual abuse and the relationship with the development of addictive behaviors. A systematic review

Resumen: El Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI) está relacionado con el desarrollo de comportamientos adictivos en la edad adulta. El presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de realizar una revisión sistemática sobre la relación que existe entre el ASI y el desarrollo de comportamientos adictivos con o sin sustancias. Se analizaron 36 artículos desde 2014 a 2018, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para formar parte de esta revisión. Este trabajo ha permitido visibilizar la escasa información existente acerca de la relación entre ASI y comportamientos adictivos. Se concluye que se necesita más investigación sistematizada que analice la relación existente entre el haber sido víctima de ASI y tener una adicción en la vida adulta, que se utilicen instrumentos específicos y validados para evaluar la posible presencia o ausencia de ASI en adultos y ser más específicos a la hora de considerar las variables que influyen en esta relación.

Abstract: Child Sexual Abuse (ASI) is related to the development of addictive behaviors in adulthood. The present study had the objective of carrying out a systematic review on the relationship that exists between ASI and the development of addictive behaviors. 36 articles were found from 2014 to 2018, which met the inclusion criteria to be part of this review. This work has made it possible to visualize the scarce existing information about the relationship between ASI and addictive behaviors. It is concluded that studies are needed that use specific and validated instruments to assess the possible presence or absence of ASI in adults and to be more specific in the variables that influence this relationship.

Creating and Validating the DESEA Questionnaire for Men and Women.

In clinical practice, it is essential to be able to identify hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), with its different severity levels and assess the influence the subject's relationship has on the issue. In order to do this, questionnaires are needed that comprise appropriate psychometric properties. We analyzed the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Sexual Desire and Aversion (DESEA) questionnaire that evaluates sexual desire and interpersonal stress (relationship problems) in male and female couples. A pilot study was conducted with a group of 1583 people. Finally, it included 20,424 Spanish speakers who answered the questionnaire via an online link. The requirements for factor analysis were verified followed by the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated the reliability of the test scores at 0.834 in the pilot group and 0.889 in the final group. A 3-factor factorial design explains the 62.08% variance. The KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) test (p = 0.904), Bartlett's test of sphericity (126,115.3; p = 0.000010) and the matrix determinant (0.0020770) verified the appropriateness of the factor analysis. The results show that the DESEA questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating desire and interpersonal stress, both in women and men, in clinical and research contexts.

Outcomes of laparoscopic management of multicompartmental pelvic organ prolapse.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is an increasing medical problem with complex diagnostics and controversial surgical management. It causes a series of dysfunctions in the gynecological, urinary, and anorectal organs. Numerous procedures have been proposed to treat these conditions, but in recent years, ventral mesh rectocolposacropexy (VMRCS) has emerged as the procedure of choice for the surgical treatment of POP, especially by a laparoscopic approach. This surgical technique limits the risk of autonomic nerve damage, and the colpopexy allows the correction of concomitant prolapse of the middle compartment. However, symptoms derived from anterior compartment prolapse remain a major morbidity and sometimes require an additional procedure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of laparoscopic prosthetic rectocolposacropexy (LRCS) and colposacropexy (LCS) procedures performed to manage combined multicompartmental POP. METHODS: Between November 2008 and December 2017, 38 patients with symptomatic POP underwent rectocolposacropexy (RCS) or colposacropexy (CS) by a laparoscopic approach. Demographics, mortality, morbidity, hospital stay, and functional outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The median operating time was 200 min (IQR 160-220). Additional simultaneous surgery for POP was performed in nine cases: five suburethral slings and four hysterectomies were performed. No mortality was recorded. The conversion rate was 7.89%. There were two intraoperative complications (5.26%): one enterotomy and one urinary bladder tear. Late complications occurred in 5.26% of cases. After a mean follow-up of 20 months, constipation was completely resolved or improved in 83.33% of patients, urinary stress incontinence was resolved or improved in 52.94%, and gynecological symptomatology was resolved or improved in 93.75%. The recurrence rate was 5.26%. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic mesh rectocolposacropexy and colposacropexy are safe and effective techniques associated with very low morbidity. In the medium term, they provide good results for POP and associated symptoms, but urinary symptomology has a worse outcome.

[Effects of drug use and anxiety on premature ejaculation in a sample of Spanish drug addicts]. / Efectos del consumo de drogas y de la ansiedad en la eyaculación precoz en una muestra de drogodependientes españoles.

INTRODUCTION: Premature ejaculation may be due to many factors and one of them may be drug use. AIMS: The main objective of this study is to show how drug abuse affects the ejaculatory response, keeping in mind the different substances consumed, the level of anxiety and the period of withdrawal. METHOD: Two samples were used, one for men who were addicted to drugs (N=925) and one of non-consumers (N=82). Both samples were selected from 28 treatment centers. The Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS) questionnaire and the State Anxiety Trait Questionnaire (STAI) were used. RESULTS: The results show that men with a history of consumption obtain higher percentages in premature ejaculation compared to non-users (44.3%> 15.9%) and also higher mean scores in anxiety (State Anxiety=19.83>11, 89; Trait Anxiety=25.66>12.39). These differences were statistically significant (P=.000). The results confirm that the withdrawal period does not improve ejaculatory response and having a partner does not work as a protective factor in premature ejaculation. CONCLUSIONS: Men with a history of drug use are more likely to suffer from premature ejaculation and higher levels of anxiety, which does not improve during the period of withdrawal, leading to the belief that drug users have personality traits that facilitate premature ejaculation and/or that the neurological damages caused by the drugs contribute to a decrease in the intravaginal ejaculatory latency, issues that should be studied in future investigations.

[Guide for the classification of clinical research articles for the International Journal of Andrology]. / Guía para la clasificación de artículos de investigación clínica para la Revista Internacional de Andrología.

The classification of knowledge is essential for understanding between researchers and the advancement of science. In this article a brief classification of clinical research methods is presented. The advantages that researchers use the same nomenclature are recalled, which enables improved communication among researchers, facilitates replication of studies and searches in databases, and helps to establish the aspects that can affect the different research models. They are grouped into four broad categories: epidemiological articles, articles of qualitative methodology, mixed methodology articles and review articles.

The Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) protects the kidney from damage produced by a single and low dose of carbon tetrachloride in adult male rats.

Gingko biloba leaves have been used as herbal medicine in China for 5000 years, and the standardized leaf extract (GB-STE) has some beneficial effects in the treatment of age-related, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective effects of the Gingko biloba extract (GbE) against the toxicity of a single and relatively low dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In male adult Wistar rats, we determined the urine flux, the concentration of total proteins in urine, the concentration of glucose in urine, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in renal cortex as well as two markers of renal function (clearance of inulin and p-aminohippurate); we also compared the histological lesions caused by CCl4. Carbon tetrachloride increased the urinary concentration of total proteins, and the renal concentration of MDA; however, it did not modify the urine flux, urinary concentration of glucose, nor the inuline or the p-aminohipurate clearances. Morphologically, CCl4 generated some tubular damage that was more intense in the inner cortex of kidneys. The GbE extract counteracted the effects of CCl4 on the concentration of total proteins in urine, the concentration of renal MDA, and the renal histological changes. In conclusion the main toxic effects produced by CCl4 were prevented by the GbE, probably due to their antioxidant properties and the inhibition of the main P450 isoenzyme (CYP2E1) that metabolize CCl4.

Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Type 1 Gaucher Disease in Argentina.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of osteoporosis (OP) in patients with Gaucher disease (GD) in Argentina. GD patients from 28 centers were consecutively included from April 2012 to 2014. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine and the femoral neck or the total proximal femur for patients ≥20 yr of age, and by whole-body scan in the lumbar spine in patients <20 yr of age. In children, mineral density was calculated using the chronological age and Z height. OP diagnosis was determined following adult and pediatric official position of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. A total of 116 patients were included, of which 62 (53.5%) were women. The median age was 25.8 yr. All patients received enzyme replacement therapy, with a median time of 9.4 yr. Normal BMD was found in 89 patients (76.7%), whereas low bone mass (LBM) or osteopenia was found in 15 patients (13%) and OP in 12 patients (10.3%). The analysis of the pediatric population revealed that 4 patients (9.3%) had LBM and 3 (7%) had OP (Z-score ≤ -2 + fractures height-adjusted by Z), whereas in the adult population (n = 73), 11 patients (15%) had LBM or osteopenia and 9 (12.3%) had OP. Bone marrow infiltration and the presence of fractures were significantly correlated with the presence of OP (p = 0.04 and <0.001, respectively). This is the first study in Argentina and in the region describing the frequency of OP or LBM in GD patients treated with imiglucerase using the official position of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.

Impact of assisted reproduction treatments on Spanish newborns: report of 14,119 pregnancies.

PURPOSE: To investigate neonatal malformation, prematurity, and stillbirth in singleton and multiple pregnancies derived from different Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART). METHODS: In this prospective cohort study data were collected, from private and public Spanish IVF units, during the years 2008 and 2009. During this period, 8,682 pregnancies were analysed from the initial 14,119 pregnancies reported. Pregnancies included in the study derived from IUI (n = 1,065), IVF (n = 838), ICSI (n = 5,080), FET (n = 1,404) and PGD (n = 295). This first analysis focuses primarily on neonatal malformation, prematurity, and stillbirth both in singleton and multiple pregnancies derived from different ART. Malformations were classified according to the WHO ICD 10 code. RESULTS: Malformations were found in 0.83 % of our newborns. No differences in malformations were observed between singletons or multiples independently of the ART used. There was a significant difference in prematurity rate among singletons depending on treatment but this association was not observed in multiple pregnancies. Stillbirth was significantly lower in singleton (0.72 %) than in multiple pregnancies (1.82 %). CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of malformations observed in ART newborns was similar to the rate observed in the normally-conceived Spanish population. Multiplicity seems to be the most important factor associated with an increased incidence of newborn complications such as prematurity or stillbirth.

Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on liver damage by a single dose of CCl(4) in male rats.

Functional and morphological alterations were generated by p.o. (per os) administration of a single oral dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4); 0.125 mL/kg b.w., equivalent to 293 mg/kg) to adult male Wistar rats. CCl(4) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 7478 ± 1044%) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 6964 ± 833%), compared to control rats; CCl(4) also significantly decreased serum concentration of albumin (23 ± 5.5%) and increased the concentration of malondialhdeyde (MDA) in liver (300 ± 33%). Furthermore, CCl(4) down-regulated the mRNA steady-state level of tumor necrosis factor a(TNF-a). CCl(4) produced necrosis in the central lobe area, extended to the periphery, nuclear alterations (pycnosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis), and cytoplasmic acidophilia. The pretreatment with 4 mg/kg (p.o.) of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE), for 5 days, prevented most of the damage caused by CCl(4): significantly decreased the serum activities of ALT and AST (54 and 65%, respectively), compared to CCl(4)-treated rats; GbE partially prevented the increase of liver MDA (55 ± 14%) and the decrease of albumin concentration to 12 ± 0.2%. This pretreatment prevented the down-regulation of TNF-a and up-regulated the interleukine 6 (IL-6) mRNA steady-state level. Moreover, the GbE reduced the amount of necrotic areas in the central lobe area, compared to CCl(4)-treated rats.

Discrete perturbation theory for the hard-core attractive and repulsive Yukawa potentials.

In this work we apply the discrete perturbation theory [A. L. Benavides and A. Gil-Villegas, Mol. Phys. 97, 1225 (1999)] to obtain an equation of state for the case of two continuous potentials: the hard-core attractive Yukawa potential and the hard-core repulsive Yukawa potential. The main advantage of the presented equation of state is that it is an explicit analytical expression in the parameters that characterize the intermolecular interactions. With a suitable choice of their inverse screening length parameter one can model the behavior of different systems. This feature allows us to make a systematic study of the effect of the variation in the parameters on the thermodynamic properties of this system. We analyze single phase properties at different conditions of density and temperature, and vapor-liquid phase diagrams for several values of the reduced inverse screening length parameter within the interval kappa( *)=0.1-5.0. The theoretical predictions are compared with available and new Monte Carlo simulation data. Good agreement is found for most of the cases and better predictions are found for the long-range ones. The Yukawa potential is an example of a family of hard-core plus a tail (attractive or repulsive) function that asymptotically goes to zero as the separations between particles increase. We would expect that similar results could be found for other potentials with these characteristics.

Autofluorescence as a tool to study mucus secretion in Eisenia foetida.

Autofluorescence in living cells is due to the presence of endogenous substances that emit fluorescence upon excitation by incidental light. A type of fluorescence, bioluminescence, has been suggested to be linked to mucus secretion in earthworms; however, the origin and the physiological function of this fluorescence are not clear. The aims of this work were to describe autofluorescence in the earthworm Eisenia foetida by SEM, CLSM, and fluorescence microscopy and to examine the possible mechanism of mucus secretion by video microscopy. Earthworms were stimulated either chemically or electrically to induce the secretion of yellow mucus, which was subsequently studied by video microscopy. Mucus was released from the body wall and near the mouth. This phenomenon was associated with autofluorescence and involved at least four distinct stages: release of vesicles, formation of granules, muscular contraction, and organization of strands. The fluorescent molecules were stored in vesicles bound to the membranes. These vesicles were intact when shed from the body. The vesicles were stable but also changed to a granular material or formed strands. Video analyses demonstrated that secretion was dependent on the type of stimulus.

Theoretical prediction of multiple fluid-fluid transitions in monocomponent fluids.

The authors use the analytical equation of state obtained by the discrete perturbation theory [A. L. Benavides and A. Gil-Villegas, Mol. Phys. 97, 1225 (1999)] to study the phase diagram of fluids with discrete spherical potentials formed by a repulsive square-shoulder plus an attractive square-well interaction (SS+SW). This interaction is characterized by the usual energy and size parameters plus three dimensionless parameters: two of them measuring the widths of the SS and the SW and the third the relative height of the SS. The matter of interest is that, for certain values of the interaction parameters, the SS+SW systems exhibit more than one first-order fluid-fluid transition. The evidence that several real substances (such as water, phosphorus, carbon, and silica, among others) exhibit an extra liquid-liquid transition has drawn interest into the study of interactions responsible for this behavior. The simple SS+SW fluid is one of the systems that, in spite of being spherically symmetric, shows multiple fluid-fluid transitions. In this work the authors investigate systematically the effect on the phase diagram of varying the interaction parameters. The use of an analytical free-energy equation gives a clear thermodynamic picture of the emergence of different types of critical points, throwing new light on the phase behavior of these fluids and thus clarifying previous results obtained by other techniques. The interplay of attractive and repulsive forces with several scale lengths produces very rich phase diagrams, including cases with three critical points. The region of the interaction-parameter space where multiple critical points appear is mapped for various families of interactions.

The ATP levels in kidneys and blood are mainly decreased by acute ingestion of tullidora (Karwinskia humboldtiana).

Our previous acute toxicity studies with Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) in rats showed renal hemodynamic changes with a marked increase in the fractional excretion of sodium and morphological damage. To analyse the effects of Kh or 'tullidora' on energetic metabolism, a single dose of an oral preparation from the seed fruits was given to Wistar rats (1.25 g/kg). In tullidora-treated rats there was 8% mortality. ATP concentrations in renal tissue decreased significantly (control: 53.85+/-3.34, tullidora 38.28+/-5.31 micromol/g fresh tissue, P<0.05). Total blood (54.8+/-0.96, tullidora: 40.2+/-1.55 micromol/dL, P<0.01) and haemoglobin-ATP concentrations (3.69+/-0.12, tullidora: 2.56+/-0.11 micromol/g, P<0.01) were also significantly diminished. Moreover, the total protein in renal cortex from tullidora-treated rats decreased as compared to control group (control: 71.43+/-2.88, tullidora: 55.20+/-4.06 mg/g fresh tissue, P<0.05). In contrast, Na+-K+-ATPase activity in tullidora-treated animals was not different from control rats. These findings might partially explain the acute effects and mortality observed in the Kh treated rats.

Non-heart-beating donors: an excellent choice to increase the donor pool.

A specific program was adopted to obtain organs, for transplant purposes from people who die at home or in the street from sudden or unexpected death (type I non-heart-beating donors [NHBD] according to the Maastricht classification). The objective of our program was to increase the donor pool by obtaining organs from well-selected potential donors who die at home, work, or in the street and are maintained on advanced life support (ALS) until hospital arrival. The great number of people who die in a previously healthy situation constitute an excellent source of organs for transplant purposes. Our program includes pre- and in-hospital attendance. Prehospital attendance is based on application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in situ and ALS until arrival at hospital. In hospital, specific preservation maneuvers must be performed and family assessment and judge permission obtained. In the last 15 years, we developed a kidney transplant program with better results than transplants performed with organs obtained from encephalic death donors (EDD). A specific NHBD subprogram for lung transplant was developed with excellent results as well. We are now improving the liver transplant program. NHBD are an important source of human tissues, including pancreas islets. It is clear that NHBD are a great source of organs and tissues for transplant, and that this kind of program must be established in all countries in which legal regulations allow it.

Glutathione S-transferases and esterases in placenta after normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies.

Severe pre-eclampsia reduced significantly (P<0.05) by 68+/-6 per cent (mean+/-sem, n=10) the maximal velocity (V(max)) and, consequently, reduced significantly by 60+/-7 per cent the catalytic efficiency (C(E)) of placental glutathione transferase pi, assayed with ethacrynic acid. Mild and severe pre-eclampsia reduced significantly by 82+/-5 per cent (mean+/-sem, n=5) and by 41+/-5 per cent (mean+/-sem, n=10), respectively, the V(max)and, consequently, reduced significantly by 72+/-7 and by 33+/-13 per cent, respectively, the C(E)of esterase, assayed with p-nitrophenyl acetate. Furthermore, severe pre-eclampsia increased significantly by 296+/-78 per cent the Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) of total GST, assayed with chlorodinitrobenzene and, consequently, decreased significantly the C(E)by 83+/-3 per cent. On the other hand, the concentrations of total and non-protein thiols did not change significantly in placental homogenates from patients with mild or severe pre-eclampsia compared to normal pregnancies. These findings would indicate a decreased capacity of the glutathione transferases and esterase detoxification systems to protect the fetus from drugs prescribed to pregnant women suffering pre-eclampsia, mainly in the severe phase.