Cancer therapy-related interstitial lung disease.

ABSTRACT: With the increasing utilization of cancer therapy, the incidence of lung injury associated with these treatments continues to rise. The recognition of pulmonary toxicity related to cancer therapy has become increasingly critical, for which interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common cause of mortality. Cancer therapy-related ILD (CT-ILD) can result from a variety of treatments including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and radiotherapy. CT-ILD may progress rapidly and even be life-threatening; therefore, prompt diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for effective management. This review aims to provide valuable information on the risk factors associated with CT-ILD; elucidate its underlying mechanisms; discuss its clinical features, imaging, and histological manifestations; and emphasize the clinical-related views of its diagnosis. In addition, this review provides an overview of grading, typing, and staging treatment strategies used for the management of CT-ILD.

The prognostic impact of severe grade immune checkpoint inhibitor related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Objective: To compare the prognostic differences between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with mild and severe checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis (CIP), and explore the causes of death and prognostic risk factors in NSCLC patients with severe CIP. Methods: A retrospective study of a cohort of 116 patients with unresectable stage III or IV NSCLC with any grade CIP from April 2016 to August 2022 were conducted. To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with different CIP grades, patients were divided into mild CIP group (grade 1-2, n=49) and severe CIP group (grade 3-5, n=67) according to the grade of CIP. To explore the OS-related risk factors in the severe CIP group, the patients were divided into a good prognosis (GP) group (≥ median OS, n=30) and a poor prognosis (PP) group (< median OS, n=37) based on whether their overall survival (OS) were greater than median OS. Baseline clinical and laboratory data were collected for analysis. Results: The median OS of all NSCLC patients combined with CIP was 11.4 months (95%CI, 8.070-16.100), The median OS for mild CIP and severe CIP was 22.1 months and 4.4 months respectively (HR=3.076, 95%CI, 1.904-4.970, P<0.0001). The results showed that the most common cause of death among severe CIP patients in the PP group was CIP and the most common cause in the GP group was tumor. The univariate regression analysis showed that suspension of antitumor therapy was a risk factor for poor prognosis (OR=3.598, 95%CI, 1.307-9.905, p=0.013). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that suspension of anti-tumor therapy (OR=4.24, 95%CI, 1.067-16.915, p=0.040) and elevated KL-6 (OR=1.002, 95%CI, 1.001-1.002, p<0.001) were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Conclusion: In conclusion, patients with severe CIP had a poor prognosis, especially those with elevated KL-6, and the main cause of death is immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis complicated with infection. In addition, anti-tumor therapy for severe CIP patients should be resumed in time and should not be delayed for too long.

Coexistence of a novel SRBD1-ALK, ALK-CACNA1D double-fusion in a lung adenocarcinoma patient and response to alectinib: A case report.

A Chinese male patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma experienced disease progression one and a half years after receiving first-line immunochemotherapy. The second biopsy was performed and tissue immunohistochemistry revealed Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, so he began to receive Alectinib treatment. Then the next generation sequencing found double fusion variants of S1 RNA binding domain 1 (SRBD1)- ALK and ALK- Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D (CACNA1D). After continuous Alectinib treatment for 7 months, almost complete response (CR) was achieved. The patient is currently taking Alectinib for 13 months, the condition is stable, and is waiting for the next cycle of efficacy evaluation.

International expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer complicated by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background: Lung cancer combined by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (LC-COPD) is a common comorbidity and their interaction with each other poses significant clinical challenges. However, there is a lack of well-established consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of LC-COPD. Methods: A panel of experts, comprising specialists in oncology, respiratory medicine, radiology, interventional medicine, and thoracic surgery, was convened. The panel was presented with a comprehensive review of the current evidence pertaining to LC-COPD. After thorough discussions, the panel reached a consensus on 17 recommendations with over 70% agreement in voting to enhance the management of LC-COPD and optimize the care of these patients. Results: The 17 statements focused on pathogenic mechanisms (n=2), general strategies (n=4), and clinical application in COPD (n=2) and lung cancer (n=9) were developed and modified. These statements provide guidance on early screening and treatment selection of LC-COPD, the interplay of lung cancer and COPD on treatment, and considerations during treatment. This consensus also emphasizes patient-centered and personalized treatment in the management of LC-COPD. Conclusions: The consensus highlights the need for concurrent treatment for both lung cancer and COPD in LC-COPD patients, while being mindful of the mutual influence of the two conditions on treatment and monitoring for adverse reactions.

Effects of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents on bone metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and anti-angiogenic agents in treating lung cancer patients with bone metastases (BMs), as it is unclear whether this combination is effective for this condition. Non-small cell lung cancer patients with BMs receiving ICIs were divided into experimental and control groups based on anti-angiogenic treatment. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method, with log-rank test for comparisons. Prognostic factors were determined by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The study included 95 patients. The experimental group (n = 42) had a higher disease control rate (DCR) (90.5% vs. 68.6%, p = .009), objective response rate (ORR) (35.7% vs. 24.5%, p = .235), and longer median bone PFS (14.3 months vs. 8.3 months, p = .011) for bone metastasis. However, there were no significant differences in overall DCR (92.8% vs. 86.7%, p = .339), ORR (64.3% vs. 62.3%, p = .839), and PFS (12.4 months vs. 11.6 months, p = 0.383) between the 2 groups. The experimental group had a lower incidence of skeleton-related events (SREs) (28.6% vs. 35.8%, p = .425), and SRE patients had shorter PFS (7.7 vs. 14.3 months, p < .001) and OS (12.1 vs. 19.0 months, p = .028). Anti-angiogenic therapy (HR = 0.55, p = .012) and SRE (HR = 2.93, p < .001) were identified as independent prognostic factors for bone metastatic PFS. Adverse events were slightly higher in the experimental group (29.3% vs. 18.9%, p = .238), but not statistically significant. The combination of ICIs and anti-angiogenic agents leads to a significant PFS for BMs and potentially decreases SRE.

A retrospective real-world experience of immunotherapy in patients with extensive stage small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of extensive stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) has only made modest progress in the past decade, with two immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), atezolizumab and durvalumab, approved for the treatment of SCLC by January 2022. However, currently, there is limited real-world data on ES-SCLC patients received immunotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively collected and analyzed the demographic and treatment data of ES-SCLC patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January 2017 to January 2022. Survival and prognosis information was obtained through follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 353 ES-SCLC patients were included, of which 165 received immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy as the first-line (FL) treatment (chemo-immune group), and 188 received chemotherapy (chemotherapy group). The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) of patients receiving immunotherapy as the FL treatment were better than the chemotherapy group (76.97% vs. 48.40%, p < 0.001, and 83.03% vs. 68.09%, p < 0.001). Moreover, the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of ES-SCLC patients receiving immunotherapy as the FL treatment were better than the chemotherapy group (6.7 months vs. 5.1 months, p < 0.001, and 12.5 months vs. 11.2 months, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the OS of ES-SCLC patients who received immunotherapy as second-line treatment was better than that in the chemotherapy group (15.9 months vs. 12.9 months, p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: ICIs combined with chemotherapy as the FL treatment could be beneficial to the ORR, DCR, PFS, and OS of ES-SCLC patients. Furthermore, ES-SCLC patients can benefit from ICIs in the second-line treatment, even if they had not received ICIs in the FL treatment.

Stratification of non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR actionable mutations based on drug-resistant stem cell genes.

EGFR-TKIs were used in NSCLC patients with actionable EGFR mutations and prolong prognosis. However, most patients treated with EGFR-TKIs developed resistance within around one year. This suggests that residual EGFR-TKIs resistant cells may eventually lead to relapse. Predicting resistance risk in patients will facilitate individualized management. Herein, we built an EGFR-TKIs resistance prediction (R-index) model and validate in cell line, mice, and cohort. We found significantly higher R-index value in resistant cell lines, mice models and relapsed patients. Patients with an elevated R-index had significantly shorter relapse time. We also found that the glycolysis pathway and the KRAS upregulation pathway were related to EGFR-TKIs resistance. MDSC is a significant immunosuppression factor in the resistant microenvironment. Our model provides an executable method for assessing patient resistance status based on transcriptional reprogramming and may contribute to the clinical translation of patient individual management and the study of unclear resistance mechanisms.

A case report and literature review on respiratory failure with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a life-threatening adverse event.

Neuromuscular associated respiratory failure is a rare toxicity of immunotherapy for malignant tumors. In most cases, it may overlap with the symptoms of the primary disease or myocarditis, myositis and myasthenia gravis, resulting in difficult etiological diagnosis. Early detection and optimal treatment are still topics that need attention. Here, a case of 51-year-old male lung cancer patient with sintilimab-associated myasthenia gravis, myositis, and myocarditis overlap syndrome involving the diaphragm who developed severe type II respiratory failure was reported. After high-dose methylprednisolone, immunoglobulin and pyridostigmine intravenous injection with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, the patient's symptoms improved significantly and was discharged. One year later, the patient received immunotherapy again due to tumor progression. After 53 days, he developed dyspnea again. Chest X-ray demonstrated marked elevation of the diaphragm, and the electromyogram demonstrated dysfunction of diaphragm. With rapid diagnosis and timely treatment, the patient was finally discharged safely. A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE was performed to identify all previously reported cases of immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated respiratory failure. The potential mechanisms of respiratory failure caused by ICI-associated diaphragmatic dysfunction may be related to T cell-mediated immune disturbances and we proposed possible diagnostic processes. For patients with unexplained respiratory failure who are receiving immunotherapy, standardized diagnostic strategies should be implemented immediately on admission before deciding whether to conduct a more invasive diagnostic procedure or empirical treatment.

Successful management of Epstein­Barr virus­associated severe checkpoint inhibitor­related pneumonitis: A case report.

A novel current treatment, immunotherapy, is normally effective for pulmonary lymphoepithelial carcinoma (pLELC). However, it is frequently accompanied by responses such as immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis (CIP), a rare immune adverse reaction that may be fatal in severe cases. pLELC is known to be linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), while associations between EBV and CIP in clinical settings have rarely been reported. A 57-year-old male patient with pLELC presented at our hospital with cough, expectoration, fever and dyspnea following his third course of immunotherapy at another hospital. Diagnosis of grade 4 CIP was confirmed. Simultaneously, a rapid increase in the EBV titer and response of CIP to corticosteroids were observed. The corticosteroids and antiviral drugs were then increased. In spite of his severe condition, the patient recovered within eight days. After discontinuing antiviral drugs, chest computed tomography indicated rapid lesion progression and significantly increased bilateral multiple metastases. To our knowledge, the present study was the first to report a case of CIP caused by EBV during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. It indicates that EBV may be associated with CIP development. As immunotherapy has off-target effects, clinicians should remain aware of combined corticosteroids and antivirals in similar cases.

A Risk-Scoring Model for Severe Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Pneumonitis: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP) is one of the most common serious and fatal adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The study sought to identify risk factors of all-grade and severe CIP and to construct a risk-scoring model specifically for severe CIP. METHODS: This observational, retrospective case-control study involved 666 lung cancer patients who received ICIs between April 2018 and March 2021. The study analyzed patient demographic, preexisting lung diseases, and the characteristics and treatment of lung cancer to determine the risk factors for all-grade and severe CIP. A risk score for severe CIP was developed and validated in a separate patient cohort of 187 patients. RESULTS: Among 666 patients, 95 patients were afflicted with CIP, of which 37 were severe cases. Multivariate analysis revealed age ≥ 65 years, current smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, squamous cell carcinoma, prior thoracic radiotherapy, and extra-thoracic radiotherapy during ICI were independently associated with CIP events. Five factors, emphysema (odds ratio [OR] 2.87), interstitial lung disease (OR 4.76), pleural effusion (OR 3.00), history of radiotherapy during ICI (OR 4.30), and single-agent immunotherapy (OR 2.44) were independently associated with severe CIP and were incorporated into a risk-score model (score ranging 0-17). The area under the model receiver operating characteristic curve for the model was 0.769 in the development cohort and 0.749 in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The simple risk-scoring model may predict severe CIP in lung cancer patients receiving ICIs. For patients with high scores, clinicians should use ICIs with caution or strengthen the monitoring of these patients.

Real-world data on severe lung cancer: a multicenter retrospective study.

Background: Severe lung cancer is a novel concept that describes a patient with poor performance status (PS; 2-4) but with a high probability of receiving survival benefit and improvement in the PS score. However, there is currently no relevant research or real-world data on those with severe lung cancer, such as incidence, cause, clinical features, and risk factors. Methods: The data from patients with advanced lung cancer attending multiple centers from January 1, 2022, to June 30, 2022, were collected for a cross-sectional study. In addition, data from fatal cases from January 1, 2019, to June 30, 2022, were retrospectively collected as another cohort. And we developed a questionnaire to assess clinicians' mastery of severe lung cancer. Results: Three participating institutes enrolled the data set of 1,725 patients, and the dataset of 269 fatal cases were included in another cohort; the incidence of severe lung cancer was 13.10% and 37.55%, respectively. Severe lung cancer patients were mainly stage IV elderly male patients without gene mutation and a history of resection. And the proportion of smoking and comorbidities in severe lung cancer patients is more than in non-severe lung cancer patients (50.4% vs. 40.8%, P=0.006; 46.9% vs. 36.4%, P=0.002). Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) (46.0%) accounted for the largest proportion of the primary causes of severe lung cancer in the cross-sectional study, while cancer-related symptoms (54.5%) accounted for the largest proportion of the primary causes of sever lung cancer in the 101 fatal cases. For the fatal cases, the overall survival of severe lung cancer patients caused by cancer-related symptoms was longer than that caused by treatment-related AEs (8 vs. 3 months; P=0.019). A total of 616 clinicians completed the questionnaire; 90.26% of clinicians agreed with the concept of severe lung cancer. Conclusions: The incidence of severe lung cancer cannot be ignored based on real-world data. Treatment-related AEs are gradually account for more of the causes of severe lung cancer, surpassing cancer-related symptoms and comorbidities. Furthermore, the prognosis of patients with advanced lung cancer who develop severe lung cancer due to treatment-related AEs is worse than cancer-related symptoms.

Sintilimab with chemotherapy as first-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic squamous non-small-cell lung cancer: a real-world data study.

PURPOSE: The ORIENT-12 study demonstrated the promising results of sintilimab combined with gemcitabine and platinum (GP) therapy in squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (sqNSCLC) patients. However, the efficacy of sintilimab plus paclitaxel/nab-paclitaxel and platinum (TP) in sqNSCLC is not yet known. METHODS: Real-life data were retrospectively collected from patients with untreated locally advanced or metastatic sqNSCLC who were treated with sintilimab plus TP (arm A) or sintilimab plus GP (arm B) between January 2019 and January 2021. Baseline characteristics, the efficacy of sintilimab, and adverse events were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were included (arm A, n = 32 and arm B, n = 20). The overall response rate was 59.4% in arm A and 40.0% in arm B. The median progression-free survival was 13.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.9-21.0) in arm A and 8.5 months (95% CI, 6.9-10.2) in arm B (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% CI, 0.30 to 1.25; p = 0.18). The median overall survival was 21.3 months (95% CI, 13.4-29.3) in arm A and 13.3 months (95% CI, 9.1-17.5) in arm B (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.28-1.36; p = 0.23). Adverse events of grade 3 or higher occurred in 37.5% of the patients in arm A and 55.0% of the patients in arm B. CONCLUSIONS: Sintilimab-TP may have similar clinical benefits compared with sintilimab-GP in patients with untreated advanced or metastatic sqNSCLC. These results require further validation by prospective randomized controlled studies.

Safety and efficacy of immunotherapy rechallenge following checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in advanced lung cancer patients: a retrospective multi-center cohort study.

Background: Checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is one of the most fatal immune-related adverse events (irAE). However, only limited data are available on rechallenge with ICIs after CIP. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of rechallenge after CIP in patients with advanced lung cancer to identify the potential populations that would benefit. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of advanced lung cancer patients who received further ICI treatment (rechallenge) or did not undergo re-administration after grade ≥1 CIP between May 2017 and May 2021. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated from first or second ICI initiation to disease progression (PFS1 and PFS2, respectively), death, or last follow-up (OS1 and OS2, respectively). The recurrence of CIP and new irAEs in these patients after ICI rechallenge were calculated. Results: Among 107 patients afflicted with CIP, 45 (42.1%) received ICI rechallenge. Multivariate analysis showed that severe grade (grades ≥3) and ground-glass opacity of pneumonitis lesions were negatively associated with rechallenge. Following rechallenge, 9 (20.0%) patients developed recurrent pneumonitis, and 11 (24.4%) developed a new irAE. Severe grade of CIP and poor performance status at initial CIP as well as levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), and absolute white blood cell and neutrophil counts at the time of ICI rechallenge were associated with a higher recurrence rate. The median (95% confidence interval) PFS1 and PFS2 were 17.9 (9.9-24.2) and 15.5 (5.5-25.6) months, respectively. The median (95% confidence interval) OS1 and OS2 were 23.5 (16.5-30.5) and 18.4 (10.1-26.7) months, respectively. Lower OS2 was observed in patients with severe grade of CIP and poor performance status at the initial CIP, recurrence of CIP, and in patients with high levels of CRP and IL-6 at rechallenge. Only IL-6 was found to affect OS2 on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: ICI rechallenge following CIP may be a promising treatment for patients with advanced lung cancer, particularly in those with low-grade of CIP and good performance status at initial CIP, and low levels of IL-6 and CRP at the time of initial challenge. Prospective studies are needed for further verification.

Immune thrombocytopenia in a small cell lung cancer patient treated with atezolizumab: a case report.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), an enormous oncological breakthrough in the last 10 years, have become the standard treatments for several types of solid cancers. Although ICIs are generally well tolerated and result in favorable outcomes, they also cause unique immune-related adverse events (irAEs) across bodily systems and organs. Compared to most common irAEs, which occur in the endocrine, skin, pulmonary system, and gastrointestinal tract, haematological irAEs (haem-irAEs) are relatively rare but potentially life-threatening events that are occasionally irreversible and refractory. Currently, haem-irAEs are not sufficiently understood, management, and lack consensus, while other common irAEs have well been characterized and managed. The reports of ICI-related thrombocytopenia in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are rarely seen. Hence, we reported a rare case of severe steriod-resistant ICI-related thrombocytopenia after received chemotherapy plus anti-PD-L1 inhibitor in SCLC patient. Our case exemplifies the diagnosis, diagnosis of exclusion, treatment, and prognosis of thrombocytopenia in the pattern of combination therapy, meanwhile, the subject of diagnosis, therapies, therapeutic strategies for refractory type and incidence, potential biomarkers, mechanisms and prognosis in ICI-related thrombocytopenia have been fully discussed. Case Description: Herein, we present a 64-year-old man diagnosed advanced SCLC developed refractory immune-related severe thrombocytopenia, who achieved favorable outcomes of cancer following chemotherapy combined with atezolizumab administrated. Routine blood re-examination on the third day of 6th therapy showed a thrombocyte count of 11×109/L. Combined the medical history and the results of laboratory tests, the diagnosis of ICI-induced thrombocytopenia was confirmed. Despite large doses of methylprednisolone, immunoglobulin, and rituximab, intermittent platelet transfusion, thrombopoietin being administrated to the patient, there were no signs of platelet count and hemoglobin improvement. Currently, this is the first case about atezolizumab induced thrombocytopenia in SCLC patient, while there is extremely rare haem-irAEs reported in SCLC. Conclusions: Although ICI-related severe thrombocytopenia is rare, it may persist or even be fatal. Clinicians should pay more attention to its diagnosis and prompt treatment. Once developed thrombocytopenia, large doses of methylprednisolone, ntermittent platelet transfusion, thrombopoietin should be timely administrated, also plasma exchange or rilzabrutinib, other immunosuppressive drugs, or IL-6 inhibitor warrant apply if steriod-resistant.

Identification and validation of a ferroptosis-related prognostic risk-scoring model and key genes in small cell lung cancer.

Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive lung malignancy with high relapse rates and poor survival outcomes. Ferroptosis is a recently identified type of cell death caused by excessive intracellular iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, which may mediate tumor-infiltrating immune cells to influence anti-cancer immunity. But prognostic value of ferroptosis-related genes and its relationship with the treatment response of immunotherapies in SCLC have not been elucidated. Methods: The RNA-sequencing and clinical data of SCLC patients were downloaded from the cBioPortal database. A ferroptosis-related prognostic risk-scoring model was constructed based on univariable and multivariable Cox-regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curves and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the risk-scoring model. And the correlations between ferroptosis-related prognostic genes and immune microenvironment were explored. The IC50 values of anti-cancer drugs were downloaded from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database and the correlation analysis with the key gene thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was performed. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was employed to detect the expression of TXNIP in 20 SCLC patients who received first-line chemo-immunotherapy. Immunotherapeutic response according to iRECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours for immunotherapy trials) were recorded. Results: We constructed a risk-score successfully dividing patients in the low- and high-risk groups (with better and worse prognosis, respectively). The area under the curve (AUC) of this risk-scoring model was 0.812, showing it had good utility in predicting the prognosis of SCLC. Moreover, ferroptosis-related genes were associated with the degree of immune infiltration of SCLC. Most importantly, we found that the TXNIP expression was highly correlated with the degree of immune invasion and the efficacy of chemotherapy in combination with immunotherapy in SCLC patients. Conclusions: The ferroptosis-related prognostic risk-scoring model proposed in this study can potentially predict the prognosis of SCLC patients. TXNIP may serve as a potential biomarker to predict the prognosis and efficacy of chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy in SCLC patients.

Proposed clinical phases for the improvement of personalized treatment of checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis.

Background: Checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP) is a lethal immune-related adverse event. However, the development process of CIP, which may provide insight into more effective management, has not been extensively examined. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis of 56 patients who developed CIP. Clinical characteristics, radiological features, histologic features, and laboratory tests were analyzed. After a comprehensive analysis, we proposed acute, subacute, and chronic phases of CIP and summarized each phase's characteristics. Results: There were 51 patients in the acute phase, 22 in the subacute phase, and 11 in the chronic phase. The median interval time from the beginning of CIP to the different phases was calculated (acute phase: ≤4.9 weeks; subacute phase: 4.9~13.1 weeks; and chronic phase: ≥13.1 weeks). The symptoms relieved from the acute phase to the chronic phase, and the CIP grade and Performance Status score decreased (P<0.05). The main change in radiologic features was the absorption of the lesions, and 3 (3/11) patients in the chronic phase had persistent traction bronchiectasis. For histologic features, most patients had acute fibrinous pneumonitis in the acute phase (5/8), and most had organizing pneumonia in the subacute phase (5/6). Other histologic changes advanced over time, with the lesions entering a state of fibrosis. Moreover, the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) increased in the acute phase and decreased as CIP progressed (IL-6: 17.9 vs. 9.8 vs. 5.7, P=0.018; IL-10: 4.6 vs 3.0 vs. 2.0, P=0.041; hsCRP: 88.2 vs. 19.4 vs. 14.4, P=0.005). Conclusions: The general development process of CIP can be divided into acute, subacute, and chronic phases, upon which a better management strategy might be based devised.

Comprehensive characterization reveals sputum supernatant as a valuable alternative liquid biopsy for genome profiling in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Sputum biopsies offer unique advantages such as non-invasiveness and convenient collection. The one investigation so far on sputum for genome profiling in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) suggested promising performance. However, it remains undefined whether clinicohistologic characteristics were associated with performance and how this knowledge could help guide choice of liquid biopsy. METHODS: Targeted sequencing with a 520-gene panel was performed on prospectively collected matched tumor tissue (TIS), plasma (PLA), and sputum supernatant (SPU) from 71 aNSCLC patients (NCT05034445). Genomic alteration detection was characterized in a series of aspects and interrogated for association with 14 clinicohistologic features. Nomograms were constructed with logistic regression for predicting the liquid biopsy type with greater sensitivity. RESULTS: Compared with PLA, SPU showed comparable quality control metrics, mutation detection rate (SPU: 67.6%, PLA: 70.4%), concordance with tumor tissue (67.6% vs. 73.2%), and correlation with tissue-based tumor mutation burden levels (r = 0.92 vs. 0.94). For driver alterations, detection was less sensitive with SPU (50.0%) than PLA (63.5%) in the entire cohort but similarly or more sensitive in patients with centrally located lung tumors or smoking history or for altered ALK or KRAS. Two nomograms were constructed and enabled predicting the probability of superior sensitivity with SPU with moderate to borderline high accuracy. CONCLUSION: In addition to demonstrating comparable performance in multiple aspects, this study is the first to propose nomograms for choosing liquid biopsy based on clinicohistologic characteristics. Future research is warranted to delineate the clinical utility of sputum for genome profiling.

The Treatment Status of Patients in NSCLC With RET Fusion Under the Prelude of Selective RET-TKI Application in China: A Multicenter Retrospective Research.

Background: Rearranged during transfection (RET) fusion is a kind of uncommon mutation (about 1%) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) (selpercatinib and pralsetinib) have been available, there are no real-world data about the difference in the efficacy between RET-TKI and other regimens in China. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis of 49 patients with RET-fusion-positive NSCLC. The characteristics and the clinical outcomes with RET-TKI, multi-kinase inhibitor (MKI), systematic chemotherapy, and immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens were evaluated. Results: Of the 92 treatments in patients included, RET-TKI was administered 24 times (26.1%), systematic chemotherapy was 35 times (38.0%), ICI-based regimens was 26 times (28.3%), and MKI was 7 times (7.6%). RET-TKI had a higher objective response rate than the chemotherapy and ICI-based regimens (63.6% vs. 14.3% vs. 21.0%, p < 0.001). The median progress-free survival (mPFS) of RET-TKI, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and MKI was 16.9 (95% CI: 1.8-32.0) months, 11.9 (95% CI: 7.7-16.1) months, 6.7 (95% CI: 2.9-10.5) months, and 2.8 (95% CI: 1.1-4.4) months, respectively. The mPFS of RET-TKI was longer than MKI and immunotherapy (p < 0.001), while without difference with chemotherapy (p = 0.096). Moreover, chemotherapy had longer mPFS than MKI (p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, patients with brain metastases in RET-TKI treatment had worse mPFS than the one of patients without brain metastases (6.1 (95% CI: 0.0-13.9) months and 8.5 (95% CI: 6.3-10.6) months, p = 0.012). For patients having chemotherapy with or without angiogenesis inhibitors, the mPFS was 12.0 (95% CI: 11.05-13.02) months and 9.1 (95% CI: 8.31-9.89) months (p = 0.468). In the group of ICI-based regimens, the expression level of PD-L1 did not affect the mPFS of ICI [PD-L1 (+) vs. PD-L1 (-): 4.7 (95% CI: 1.8-9.0) months vs. 7.6 (95% CI: 1.1-14.0) months, p = 0.910]. For overall patients, ECOG PS score, therapy lines, and therapeutic regimens were the independent factors affecting the prognosis. Conclusions: In RET-fusion-positive NSCLC, RET-TKI is the best choice for a better response rate and PFS. In addition, chemotherapy which may bring a good PFS, is still a good choice for this group of patients.

[Dual Immunotherapy in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: 
the Progress and Clinical Application].

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy combination regimens have been widely used in the first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC), but patients with low PD-L1 expression have limited objective response and survival benefits. Existing treatment regimens are still difficult to fully meet the clinical needs of patients in the real world. Therefore, researchers are still exploring novel superactive treatment options to further improve the efficacy and survival prognosis of different sub-groups in NSCLC. Dual immunotherapy [such as the combination of PD-1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors] has shown considerable long-term survival benefits in a variety of tumors and has also shown broad clinical prospects in NSCLC. In addition to exploring different emerging combination options, how to accurately identify the optimal-benefit groups through predictive biomarkers and how to effectively manage the safety of combination immunotherapy through multidisciplinary collaboration are also the focus of dual immunotherapy. This article reviews the mechanism of action, research progress, predictive biomarkers and future exploration directions of dual immunotherapy.
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Serum neurofilament light chain or glial fibrillary acidic protein in the diagnosis and prognosis of brain metastases.

INTRODUCTION: Brain metastases (BM) remains the most cumbersome disease burden in patients with lung cancer. This study aimed to investigate whether serum brain injury biomarkers can indicate BM, to further establish related diagnostic models, or to predict prognosis of BM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of patients diagnosed with lung cancer with BM (BM group), with lung cancer without BM (NBM group), and healthy participants (control group). Serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected at baseline. We identified and integrated the risk factors of BM to establish diagnostic models. RESULTS: A total of 158 patients were included (n = 37, 57, and 64 in the BM, NBM, and control groups, respectively). Serum biomarker levels were significantly higher in the NBM group than in the control group. Higher serum NfL and GFAP concentrations were associated with BM (odds ratios, 3.06 and 1.79, respectively). NfL (area under curve [AUC] = 0.77, p < 0.001) and GFAP (AUC = 0.64, p = 0.02) had diagnostic value for BM. The final diagnostic model included NfL level, age, Karnofsky Performance Status. The model had an AUC value of 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.92). High NfL concentration was correlated with poor overall survival of patients with BM (hazard ratio, 3.31; 95% CI 1.22-9.04; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Serum NfL and GFAP could be potential diagnostic biomarkers for BM in patients with lung cancer. We established a model that can provide individual diagnoses of BM. Higher NfL level may be associated with poor prognosis of patients with BM.