Evaluation of chronic perilunate dislocations: A comparative study of single-stage, two-stage ORIF, and salvage procedures.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for chronic perilunate dislocations using single-stage, two-stage, and salvage procedures. The study also compares these approaches with each other and with results from existing literature. METHODS: A total of 15 patients with chronic perilunate injuries from 2013 to 2019 were included in the study. Pre-operative and post-operative assessments were conducted using plain radiographs, with CT scans performed selectively for detailed morphology and fracture pattern analysis. Among the patients, 13 underwent ORIF, while 2 underwent salvage procedures. Among the ORIF cases, single-stage procedures were performed in 4 patients, and two-stage procedures in 9 patients. External fixators, including unilateral uniplanar external fixators (UUEF) and bilateral uniplanar external fixators (BUEF), were applied in 5 and 4 patients, respectively. Our methodology of treating chronic perilunate injuries has evolved over the years. We started with single stage ORIF then graduated to a two staged procedure initially using a external fixator as a carpal distractor applied only on the radial side and finally settling down with bilateral carpal distraction using external fixators both on the radial and ulnar sides. RESULTS: Among the 15 patients, 3 were lost to follow-up. Of these, one underwent four-corner fusion, while the remaining two had UUEF. The mean time interval between injury and surgery was 3.60 months. The post-operative mean scapholunate angle measured 52.46°, with a negative radio-lunate angle (indicating flexion) observed in two patients, while others showed a positive angle (indicating extension). Two cases exhibited nonunion and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the scaphoid, while one case presented with lunate AVN. Mid-carpal and radio-carpal arthritis was observed in 4 and 2 patients, respectively. Functional outcomes were evaluated using Mayo's wrist score categorized as good for two-stage BUEF cases and satisfactory for UUEF and single-stage procedures. CONCLUSION: Staged reduction utilizing the BUEF followed by open reduction has demonstrated superior outcomes when compared to UUEF, single-stage open reduction and salvage procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Acquired Hallux Varus Deformity Correction: Pivotless Distraction Technique.

Acquired hallux varus deformity secondary to postburn contracture is a rare condition. It causes cosmetic disfigurement, pain, and inability to wear a shoe. Soft-tissue procedures and tendon transfers have been described for correction; however, these may require multiple operations and the outcome may be poor. We report a 6-year-old neglected case of hallux varus deformity secondary to burn contracture successfully managed by contracture release with pivotless distraction technique using a biplanar distractor and skin grafting with Z-plasty in the same procedure. The deformity was corrected to a lesser extent and with good functional outcomes. The scar was excised and Z-plasty was performed. The medial joint capsule was released. We used gradual differential distraction with monitoring on sequential radiographs. Pain-free flexion of 45° and extension of 40° were achieved and the patient was able to wear shoes after 4 weeks postoperatively. Hallux varus is a multidimensional deformity. A severe and rigid deformity might not respond well to tendon transfers in a single stage. Our described technique can be used to correct rigid hallux varus deformity with preservation of joint function.

Outcome of human amniotic membrane wrap around neurorrhaphy in high radial nerve injury - a case report following monkey bite.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral nerve injury due to animal bite is a rare phenomenon. Most animal bites are from dogs. Monkey bites constitute a common risk, second only to dog bites, among travelers. Peripheral nerve injuries may occur due to a combination of monkey's strong jaws and sharp long teeth penetrating deep into the soft tissues. Such injuries are associated with increased perineural fibrosis. Human amniotic membrane (HAM) wrap around the nerve repair site reduces fibrotic response, prevents adhesions and scar formation thereby improving outcome. We report a case of "High Radial nerve palsy due to monkey bite, treated by neurorrhaphy with HAM wrap". METHOD: A 3-year old boy presented with wrist drop, and inability to extend the fingers and thumb of his right dominant hand, following a monkey bite over the distal arm. The diagnosis of high radial nerve injury was corroborated by high frequency ultrasound and electrodiagnostic studies. On exploration the radial nerve was found to be transected. An end to end repair was performed, with HAM wrap around the neurorrhaphy. RESULTS: Wrist dorsiflexion recovered at 2.5 months followed by active finger and thumb extension at 4 months with no infection or immune rejection. CONCLUSION: Nerve regeneration in our patient occurred at a faster rate as compared to the conventional 1 mm/day. This could be attributed to decreased perineural fibrosis, improved neurotropism due to the HAM wrap and neuronal plasticity in young brain in addition, the patient being a small child having better regenerative ability in comparison to an adult.

Epineurotomy for leprous, high ulnar neuropathy: defining a safe corridor based on the epineural vascular anatomy.

BACKGROUND: Leprous neuropathy is treatable but still a source of disability worldwide. Multidrug therapy (MDT) and oral steroids are the main stay of treatment. Ulnar nerve, at the elbow, is commonly involved. Nerve decompression may be required in selected cases by an epineurotomy (internal neurolysis). The preferred surface of ulnar nerve for performing this procedure to minimize iatrogenic vascular compromise is a matter of debate. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We describe the epineural vessel arrangement on the medial and lateral surface of ulnar nerve around the medial epicondyle while performing epineurotomy for leprous neuropathy. METHODS: We enrolled patients of symptomatic leprous ulnar neuropathy of less than one year duration on MDT that did not respond to steroids, for surgical decompression. Ten patients underwent epineurotomy of ulnar nerves (N = 11) around medial epicondyle. The epineural vessels were classified as per Sunderland's classification of arteriae nervorum. The number of epineural vessels was assessed on the medial and lateral surface of the ulnar nerve adjoining the medial epicondyle. The epineurotomy incision was placed over the surface of ulnar nerve having relatively less vessels. RESULTS: The mean number of epineural vessels on the medial surface was 9.72 (range; 7-14) and on the lateral surface were 4.72 (range; 3-6). The average number of vessels per cm2 of the medial and lateral surface of the nerve was 0.94 and 0.48, respectively. The most common type of epineural vessel was type 3 on both medial and lateral surface of the nerve. Lateral epineurotomy was performed in all 11 cases. All the patients had relief from neuropathic pain. The mean VAS score improved from 3.20 ± 0.89 to 0.50 ± 0.34 at 2 years follow-up (p = 0.02). The mean motor score improved from 9.31 ± 4.12 to 15.42 ± 3.10 and sensory score improved from 40.0 ± 30.70 to 85 ± 9.90 at two years follow-up (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Lateral surface (facing the medial epicondyle) of ulnar nerve has a lesser density of epineural vessels in comparison to its medial (subcutaneous) surface. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This anatomical understanding may be helpful in minimizing the iatrogenic vascular compromise of ulnar nerve while performing its epineurotomy around the medial epicondyle for leprous neuropathy. The findings may be extrapolated to other clinical indications of epineurotomy of ulnar nerve, for example, in cubital tunnel syndrome, traumatic ulnar neuroma in continuity, and benign ulnar nerve tumors.

Bioavailable turmeric extract for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, non-inferiority trial versus paracetamol.

BACKGROUND: To compare the efficacy and safety of bioavailable turmeric extract versus paracetamol in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: In this randomized, non-inferiority, controlled clinical study, patients of knee OA were randomized to receive bioavailable turmeric extract (BCM-95®) 500 mg capsule two times daily or paracetamol 650 mg tablet three times daily for 6 weeks. The primary outcome measure was Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale. The secondary outcome measures were WOMAC total, WOMAC stiffness, and WOMAC physical function scores. Responder analysis of individual patients at different levels (≥ 20%, ≥ 50%, and ≥ 70%) for WOMAC score was calculated. TNF alpha and CRP levels were evaluated and adverse events (AE) were also recorded. RESULTS: Seventy-one and seventy-three knee OA patients, respectively in bioavailable turmeric extract and paracetamol groups, completed the study. Non-inferiority (equivalence) test showed that WOMAC scores were equivalent in both the groups (p value < 0.05) in all the domains within the equivalence limit defined by effect size (Cohen's d) of 0.5 whereas CRP and TNF-α were better reduced with turmeric extract than paracetamol. After 6 weeks of treatment, WOMAC total score, pain, stiffness, and function scores got a significant improvement of 23.59, 32.09, 28.5, and 20.25% respectively with turmeric extract. In the turmeric extract group, 18% of patients got more than 50% improvement and 3% of patients got more than 70% improvement in WOMAC pain and function/stiffness score and none of the patients in the paracetamol group met the criteria. CRP and TNF-α got significantly reduced (37.21 and 74.81% respectively) in the turmeric extract group. Adverse events reported were mild and comparatively less in the turmeric extract group (5.48%) than in the paracetamol group (12.68%). CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that bioavailable turmeric extract is as effective as paracetamol in reducing pain and other symptoms of knee osteoarthritis and found to be safe and more effective in reducing CRP and TNF-α. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2017/02/007962 . Registered on 27 February 2017.

Primary Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Distal Tibia Crossing the Open Physis.

Crossing the barrier of an open physis by primary aneurysmal bone cyst is an exceptional phenomenon. We present a rare case of primary active aneurysmal bone cyst of the distal tibia in a 15-year-old boy in whom the lesion had crossed the open lateral distal tibia physis. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathologic findings. The lesion was successfully treated by extended curettage and allograft impaction. The patient was asymptomatic when last seen at 30 months.

Comparison of MRI, [18F]FDG PET/CT, and 99mTc-UBI 29-41 scintigraphy for postoperative spondylodiscitis-a prospective multicenter study.

PURPOSE: Postoperative infection still constitutes an important complication of spine surgery, and the optimal imaging modality for diagnosing postoperative spine infection has not yet been established. The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to assess the diagnostic performance of three imaging modalities in patients with suspected postoperative spine infection: MRI, [18F]FDG PET/CT, and SPECT/CT with 99mTc-UBI 29-41. METHODS: Patients had to undergo at least 2 out of the 3 imaging modalities investigated. Sixty-three patients enrolled fulfilled such criteria and were included in the final analysis: 15 patients underwent all 3 imaging modalities, while 48 patients underwent at least 2 imaging modalities (MRI + PET/CT, MRI + SPECT/CT, or PET/CT + SPECT/CT). Final diagnosis of postoperative spinal infection was based either on biopsy or on follow-up for at least 6 months. The MRI, PET/CT, and SPECT/CT scans were read blindly by experts at designated core laboratories. Spine surgery included metallic implants in 46/63 patients (73%); postoperative spine infection was diagnosed in 30/63 patients (48%). RESULTS: Significant discriminants between infection and no infection included fever (P = 0.041), discharge at the wound site (P < 0.0001), and elevated CRP (P = 0.042). There was no difference in the frequency of infection between patients who underwent surgery involving spinal implants versus those who did not. The diagnostic performances of MRI and [18F]FDG PET/CT analyzed as independent groups were equivalent, with values of the area under the ROC curve equal to 0.78 (95% CI: 0.64-0.92) and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64-0.98), respectively. SPECT/CT with 99mTc-UBI 29-41 yielded either unacceptably low sensitivity (44%) or unacceptably low specificity (41%) when adopting more or less stringent interpretation criteria. The best diagnostic performance was observed when combining the results of MRI with those of [18F]FDG PET/CT, with an area under the ROC curve equal to 0.938 (95% CI: 0.80-1.00). CONCLUSION: [18F]FDG PET/CT and MRI both possess equally satisfactory diagnostic performance in patients with suspected postoperative spine infection, the best diagnostic performance being obtained by combining MRI with [18F]FDG PET/CT. The diagnostic performance of SPECT/CT with 99mTc-UBI 29-41 was suboptimal in the postoperative clinical setting explored with the present study.

Functional Outcome of Early, Selective Surgical Nerve Decompression in Leprous Neuropathy.

Background: Leprous neuropathy is a significant, yet preventable, cause of disability worldwide. Decompressive surgery and oral steroids have been used along with Multi Drug Therapy (MDT) for treating leprous neuropathy with varied success as reported in literature. Methods: We prospectively studied 16 peripheral nerves in 10 patients with leprous neuropathy of less than a year duration and not responding to steroid therapy in 3 weeks. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group-A (decompressive nerve surgery was done within 12 weeks of onset of neurological deficit), and Group-B (nerve decompression was performed after 12 weeks from onset of neurological deficit). Post-operatively patients were assessed for regression of deformity, sensory, motor, vasomotor recovery and neuropathic pain. Results: Median age of patients was 32 years (range; 18 years to 46 years). Mean motor score and mean grip strength was significantly better for group A patients at 2 years follow-up (p < 0.05). Mean sensory score improved significantly in both the groups (p < 0.05). Similarly, mean VAS score for neuropathic pain improved significantly in both the groups (p < 0.05). Recovery of autonomic function was observed in 3 nerves in group A and 1 in group B. Conclusions: The cases who underwent nerve decompression surgery within 12 weeks had better functional outcomes, especially in terms of motor recovery, than those who were operated after that. Studies involving larger number of patients are required to draw firm conclusions.

Aggressive Osteoblastoma Involving the Navicular Bone of Foot: A Rare Tumor in a Unique Location.

Aggressive osteoblastoma (AO) is a rare variant of osteoblastoma characterized histologically by epithelioid osteoblasts and clinically by local recurrences if not excised completely. Aggressive osteoblastoma has been described in various unusual sites; however, based on our search of the literature, involvement of the tarsal navicular has not been previously described. Herein, we report what we believe to be the first case of aggressive osteoblastoma involving the tarsal navicular in a 35-year-old woman. The tumor showed osteoid surrounded by epithelioid cells along with numerous osteoclastic giant cells. Absence of necrosis, mitosis, and infiltration into the surrounding native bone helped rule out the possibility of low-grade osteosarcoma.

Complex, Multidirectional Carpometacarpal Dislocations: A Case Report.

CASE: We present a rare combined convergent-divergent carpometacarpal (CMC) fracture dislocation with median nerve involvement in a young adult after a motorbike accident. Radiographs revealed a volar dislocation of the second and fifth metacarpals and dorsal dislocation of the third and fourth metacarpals with bases of the second and fifth metacarpals found to be converging in the coronal plane. Open reduction and fixation was performed with carpal tunnel release. CONCLUSION: Combined convergent-divergent CMC fracture dislocation should be kept as a differential while evaluating CMC dislocations. Metacarpal cascade line (posteroanterior view) and 2 lateral views (radial side up and ulnar side up) with computed tomography scan (3-dimensional reconstruction) prove to be vital in such high-energy trauma.

Electrocuted Hip: Late Consequences of Electrical Shock Injuries of Orthopaedic Relevance: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

CASE: A 43-year-old man suffered household electric shock from 220 V alternating current when he accidently touched a live wire with his left hand. Subsequently, he was diagnosed to have osteonecrosis of the left femoral head and underwent total hip arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the electric current could have thrombosed the terminal subsynovial vessels of the femoral head, leading to osteonecrosis. To the best of authors' knowledge, only 2 cases of osteonecrosis of the hip after electric shock have been reported in the literature. A literature review of the delayed consequences of electric shock injuries pertaining to orthopaedics is also presented.

Unusual Triad of Bifid Median Nerve, Persistent Median Artery, and Aberrant Muscle Causing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Case Report.

CASE: A 15-year-old boy presented with intermittent pain, in the left nondominant hand, for the past 3 years. He recently developed numbness in the radial 3 and a half digits. Ultrasonography revealed a bifid median nerve (BMN) with a persistent median artery (PMA). An open carpal tunnel release was performed, which revealed an accessory lumbrical muscle in addition to the BMN and a PMA. CONCLUSION: The surgeon should be aware of the possible coexistence of 3 anomalous structures while performing carpal tunnel release in a young patient.

Study of Anatomical Variations of 1,2 Intercompartmental Supraretinacular Artery-Based Vascularized Bone Graft in Cadavers.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe the anatomy of the 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery (1,2 ICSRA), including the location of the perforators, number of perforators, and proximal and distal origins of the artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was done by dissecting both wrists of 11 fresh-frozen cadavers. In each specimen, skin incision and dissections were done in the forearm by the Henry approach. Radial artery was identified and cannulated and dye was injected. The dye consisted of the mixture of polyvinyl chloride and acetone in the ratio of 1:4, to which red-colored resin was added. The artery of interest 1,2 ICSRA was dissected and its anatomical characteristics such as distal origin, proximal origin, number of perforators, and largest perforator were measured. RESULTS: Of the 22 wrists dissected, only in 19 wrists we were able to recognize the perforators. Average number of perforators seen was 3.05 (range 1-5). Average distance of the largest perforator from the radial styloid was 11.79 mm (range 6-19 mm). The average distance of the distal origin of 1,2 ICSRA from the radial styloid was 6.71 mm distal to radial styloid. It ranged from 16 mm distal to styloid process to 6 mm proximal to the styloid process. The average distance of proximal origin of 1,2 ICSRA from the radial styloid was 40.52 mm proximal to the radial styloid (range 25-66 mm). The maximum density of perforators of 2.84 was noticed to be in the region of 6-18 mm from the distal articular margin. CONCLUSION: The distal origin of 1,2 ICSRA in our study was much more distal in comparison to the western population. The detailed anatomy of the 1,2 ICSRA presented in this study may guide in planning and dissection to maximize the vascularity of a pedicled bone graft based on this vessel for the management of scaphoid nonunions and other carpal pathologies.

Flexor tendon repair with amniotic membrane.

PURPOSE: Flexor tendon adhesion to tissues is one of the most frequent complications reported after flexor tendon repair. The human amniotic membrane (HAM) was used to wrap the tendon repair site to decrease fibrotic response and tendon adhesion. METHODS: A total of 19 patients with flexor tendon injuries were subjected to surgical repair. The repair site was wrapped with human amniotic membrane (HAM) in nine cases. The remaining ten cases served as controls as no HAM wrap was used. The clinical outcome was assessed by pain, range of motion, and pinch strength. The healing of repair was evaluated with high-frequency ultrasound; the biologic response was assessed with two inflammatory mediators, i.e., interleukin-6 and TGF-beta-1. RESULTS: HAM wrap cases recorded less pain, higher total active range of motion, and better tendon glide on ultrasonography at follow-up (6-18 months). The levels of serum inflammatory biologic markers decreased in majority of HAM cases whereas they increased in controls at two to six weeks post-operatively. No infection/immune rejection phenomenon was seen in HAM wrap cases. CONCLUSIONS: HAM wrap around the tendon repair site resulted in quicker function and qualitatively better tendon healing on ultrasound, with a decrease of the biologic response.

Correction to: Flexor tendon repair with amniotic membrane.

The original publication of this paper contain an error in Fig. 3.

Functional evaluation of early tendon transfer for thumb opposition in median nerve palsy.

BACKGROUND: There is paucity of literature on early tendon transfer in surgical rehabilitation of hands with median nerve injuries. Since the single most important functional deficit in median nerve palsy is the loss of thumb opposition, we evaluated the results of early tendon transfer in restoration of thumb opposition. METHODS: This prospective study involved 10 cases of isolated median nerve paralysis (axonotmesis or neurotmesis) that underwent early tendon transfer for restoration of thumb opposition. A pre- and post-operative evaluation in terms of power and precision grip strength and range of opposition of thumb was done. Median nerve exploration was performed in 4 cases and was supplemented by a tendon transfer for thumb opposition. The extensor indicis proprius (EIP) opponensplasty was performed in nine out of ten cases. In one case where the patient had scarring over the EIP tendon, palmaris longus (PL) opponensplasty was performed. RESULTS: The median age at injury was 29 years (range; 8 years-57 years). Minimum period of follow-up was 6 months. Six patients who underwent EIP transfer had excellent opposition while 3 had good opposition. The patient, in whom PL opponensplasty was done, had an excellent opposition. The median time for return to work was 2.75 months.There was significant improvement in the power grip and all three types of precision grip at 6 months follow-up. The percentage deficit in the affected hand compared to the normal hand was significantly reduced. There was no case of tendon pull out in our study, nor did any of our patients have an extensor lag following EIP transfer. CONCLUSION: Early tendon transfer has a unique role in the management of median nerve palsy hand and we suggest this procedure should be considered in both high and low lesions.

Juncturae Tendinum Transfer for Extensor Tendon Reconstruction: A Case Report.

CASE: A 9-year-old girl, with a history of crush injury to her right hand 2 years ago, presented with inability to extend her index finger. Exploration revealed segmental loss of extensor tendons to the index finger with a pre-existing scar in the route of tendon transfer. The juncturae tendinum (JT) between extensor digitorum communis of the middle and ring fingers (Von Schroeder -3y) was transferred to reconstruct the extensor tendon. At 1-year follow-up, finger extension was restored, with improved grasp and release. CONCLUSION: JT transfer could prove useful in reconstructing zone II extensor tendon injuries with scarring and fibrosis in the route of conventional tendon transfer/graft.

Ventral scapular osteochondroma excision through 'triangle of auscultation': A case series.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical intervention through the 'triangle of auscultation' is less morbid to patients, as it is devoid of muscles and provides an easy access to tumours arising on the ventral aspect of scapula especially near inferior angle. METHOD: Three patients presented to us with pseudo-winging of scapula and an audible thud on abduction of the arm. A bony mass, painful in two and painless in one patient, was palpable along the anterior aspect of the inferior angle of scapula. A clinical diagnosis of osteochondroma was made which was corroborated by X-rays and computed tomography (CT) imaging. Ventral scapular osteochondroma excision is challenging due to multiple muscle attachments, requiring extensive soft tissue dissection and muscular release. Numerous blood vessels and nerves in the vicinity may also add to the degree of difficulty. This necessitates the need of a minimally invasive and muscle-sparing procedure. We hereby describe a novel surgical approach to the ventral aspect of scapula through the triangle of auscultation for excision of scapular osteochondroma. RESULTS: Pseudo-winging disappeared following surgery. Snapping of the scapula resolved with early, full shoulder range of motion. Quick disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score improved from mean 20.2 preoperatively to 0 postoperatively at 3 months in all the patients. CONCLUSION: The approach is simple with minimal blood loss as it does not involve splitting or cutting of trapezius, rhomboid major or subscapularis muscles.

Functional evaluation of early tendon transfer for foot drop.

AIM: Early tendon transfer has shown good outcomes in peripheral nerve injuries of upper limb. However, there is lack of knowledge on early tendon transfer for peripheral nerve palsy in lower limb. This study has been designed to study the functional outcomes of early tendon transfer in the lower limb, particularly for foot drop. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 30 cases of foot drop due to traumatic sciatic/common peroneal nerve (CPN) palsy between September 2012 and March 2016. We performed nerve exploration with repair and early tendon transfer in all patients. All patients were followed up for a minimum period of 24 months. Functional evaluation was carried out using Stanmore assessment questionnaire. RESULTS: At the end of 24 months postoperatively, the Stanmore assessment questionnaire score showed a significant improvement from a mean preoperative score of 17.5 to mean postoperative score of 86.2. All patients were free of ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). All patients were subjectively satisfied. Time to return to original job was 5.2 months on an average. Ankle dorsiflexion of the operated limb was comparable to the normal limb in cases where there was nerve recovery. Planovalgus foot, a known complication of this procedure, was noted in 24 patients. However, it was not disabling to any patient. CONCLUSION: Early tendon transfer in CPN palsy/sciatic nerve palsy has a definite place in the management of the injured patient. The transfer, if appropriately carried out, acts as a helper, an internal splint, a substitute, or perhaps all of the three at varying times in the rehabilitative phase of the patient. Dorsiflexor clearance in swing phase of locomotion was quickly restored in all patients, obviating the need for AFO.

Primary leiomyosarcoma of femur.

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone is exceedingly rare. In this case, we describe a middle-aged female with a primary leiomyosarcoma of the distal femur. The patient was treated by hip disarticulation. The patient continues to be disease-free at one-year follow-up.