Renal Transplantation in Patients With Tuberculosis: A Single-center Experience From an Endemic Region.

Background: Despite being a common infection in end-stage kidney disease patients, there are no evidence-based guidelines to suggest the ideal time of transplantation in patients on antitubercular therapy (ATT). This study aimed to examine the outcome of transplantation in patients while on ATT compared with those without tuberculosis (TB). Methods: This was a retrospective study. Renal transplant recipients transplanted while on ATT were compared with a 1:1 matched group (for age, sex, diabetic status, and type of induction agent) of patients without TB at the time of transplant. Patient outcomes included relapse of TB and graft and patient survival. Results: There were 71 patients in each group. The mean duration for which ATT was given pretransplant was 3.8 ± 2.47 mo. The average total duration of ATT received was 12.27 ± 1.25 mo. Mortality in both the groups was similar (8.4% in the TB group versus 4.5% in the non-TB group; P = 0.49). None of the surviving patients had recurrence of TB during the follow-up. Death-censored graft survival (98.5% in the TB group versus 97% in the non-TB group; P = 1) and biopsy-proven acute rejection rates (9.86% in the TB group versus 8.45% in the non-TB group; P = 1) were also similar in both the groups. Conclusions: Successful transplantation in patients with end-stage kidney disease on ATT is possible without any deleterious effect on patient and graft survival and no risk of disease recurrence. Multicentric prospective studies are needed.

The Renal Histological Correlates of Refractory Renal Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation.

Background: Kidney dysfunction is common after liver transplantation (LT) and is often attributed to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). Very few studies have looked at histological causes. Material and methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of histological findings and diagnosis in all patients who underwent a kidney biopsy after LT from 2010 to 2020. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation or medians (25-75 interquartile range). Results: The study cohort consisted of 26 patients (25 males, 1 female), aged 55 ± 7 years at the time of the kidney biopsy. Kidney biopsies were done at 27.5 (6.7-60.7) months after LT. At the time of the kidney biopsy, the median serum creatinine was 2.10 (1.50-2.86) mg/dl and proteinuria was 3.8 (1.8-5.9) gm/day. Twenty-four (92%) patients were on CNIs. The diagnoses on kidney biopsies were diabetic nephropathy (n = 7), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 4), CNI nephrotoxicity (n = 3), IgA nephropathy (n = 4), chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 3), hypertensive nephropathy (n = 1), membranous glomerulonephritis (n = 1), acute on chronic interstitial nephritis (n = 1), and C1q nephropathy (n = 1), and the sample was inadequate in one patient. A total of sixteen patients had progression of kidney disease. The kidney function remained stable/improved in 6 (23%) patients, follow-up data were not available for 4 patients. Fourteen (53.8%) patients (including one with CNI nephrotoxicity) required hemodialysis at 13.5 (5.7-29) months after the kidney biopsy. Conclusion: Although the kidney biopsy diagnosed the cause of unexplained renal insufficiency in LT recipients, the majority of patients progressed to end-stage renal disease despite treatment modifications. The use of CNIs was an uncommon cause of renal impairment.

COVID-19 in Renal Transplant Recipients - A Single Center Experience from India.

Introduction: The information on the clinical outcome of renal transplant recipients getting COVID-19 infection is sparse. The aim of this study is to report a single-center experience of renal transplant recipients with COVID-19 from India. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 23 consecutive renal transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection presenting to our center from May 2020 to August 2020. Clinical parameters, laboratory values, imaging characteristics, and outcome of the patients were collected and analyzed. Results: Median follow-up duration was 36 (range: 10-110) days. Median age of patients was 54 (23-70) years, and 87% were male. Median duration since transplant was 69 (range: 15-132) months. The most common presenting feature was fever (82.6%), followed by breathlessness (43.5%) and cough (30.4%). Hospitalization rate was 52.2%, while 34.8% required ICU care. Severe to critical disease was seen in 39.1% of patients, and 17.4% required mechanical ventilation. Patients with severe disease had a higher incidence of lymphopenia (P = 0.005) when compared to the ones with mild to moderate disease. Acute kidney injury was seen in 39.1% of patients, and 13% required dialysis. Mortality rate was 13% overall, and 25% in those hospitalized. Conclusion: Renal transplant recipients with COVID-19 have a poor outcome. Although not all of them need hospitalization, they should be monitored closely. Immunosuppression minimization is an important part of the treatment strategy.

ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation in India: A Single-Center Experience of First Hundred Cases.

Aim: ABO-incompatible (ABOi) kidney transplantation overcomes immunological barrier of blood group incompatibility. There have been very few published experiences of ABOi kidney transplantation from India. We present our single-center experience of the first hundred ABOi kidney transplants. Material and Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study of consecutive first hundred ABOi kidney transplant with at least 6 months of follow-up. Results: During the study period (2011-2020), a total of 121 ABOi kidney transplants were performed. Of these, first hundred patients were analyzed. Median follow-up duration was 33 (10-101) months. Mean recipient and donor age were 41.5 ± 13 and 47.68 ± 11.25 years, respectively. Mean HLA mismatch was 4 ± 1.5. Median baseline anti-blood group antibody titer was 128 (2-1024). Most common recipient blood group was O. Patient and death censored graft survival was 93% and 94%, respectively, at median follow-up of 33 months. Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) rate was 17% with acute antibody-mediated rejection being 3%. Rate of infection was 37%, most common being urinary tract infection. Conclusion: ABOi kidney transplant patients had acceptable patient and graft survival as well as BPAR rates. With current preconditioning protocol, infection rate was high.

Treatment and Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Single-center Experience.

There is a paucity of literature about the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 after kidney transplantation in developing countries (e.g., India). We included 50 consecutive kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with COVID-19 from August 2020 to December 2020. The mean age was 50 ± 10 years, and the median interval since transplantation was 34 months. Fever (100%), cough (40%), and shortness of breath (32%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Mild disease occurred in 26 patients, moderate disease in 12, and severe disease in 12. All 24 patients with moderate-to-severe disease received remdesivir and high-dose steroids, whereas 17 of 26 patients with mild disease received favipiravir. Convalescent plasma was given to 13 of 24 patients with moderate-to-severe disease, and 7 of 12 patients with severe disease received tocilizumab. The median hospital stay was 7 days (interquartile range: 4-20 days). Of 30 patients who developed acute kidney injury, seven required renal replacement therapy and eight required mechanical ventilation. Eight patients with severe disease died. An age of >50 years, coughing, shortness of breath at presentation, C-reactive protein levels of >100 mg/dL, D-dimer levels of >1 mg/L, computed tomography severity scores of >20 at presentation, supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation correlated significantly with mortality in our cohort. COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients had a high mortality rate; however, remdesivir and high-dose steroids were associated with better outcomes compared with earlier studies.

Visceral Leishmaniasis After Kidney Transplant: An Unusual Presentation and Mode of Diagnosis.

Infection caused by Leishmania species has been increasingly reported in solid-organ transplant recipients since the first case report in 1979. Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in central and eastern regions of India. Clinical features may simulate a variety of other infections, and a high index of suspicion is required for the diagnosis. Early diagnosis of this endemic infection is likely to result in improved outcome. We describe an unusual presentation of leishmaniasis in a kidney allograft recipient with organomegaly and pancytopenia sans fever detected by isolation of amastigotes in duodenal biopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of this kind in a kidney transplant recipient.

Grafalon® vs. Thymoglobulin® as an Induction Agent in Renal Transplantation - A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Antihuman thymocyte immunoglobulin, used as an induction agent in renal transplantation, is of two types - thymoglobulin and grafalon (formerly ATG-Fresenius). In this study, we compared outcomes with these two agents. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective study of patients transplanted from January 2017 to October 2019, who received either grafalon or thymoglobulin induction. Grafalon or thymoglobulin was given at 6 and 3 mg/kg, respectively, followed by standard triple immunosuppression of tacrolimus, MMF, and prednisolone. RESULTS: Median follow up was 22 (3-36) months. Thymoglobulin was given to 255 patients, whereas 78 patients received grafalon. Baseline demographics were similar between the two groups although significantly more patients in the grafalon group received ABO incompatible transplant (15% vs. 4.3%; P = 0.002). Patient survival was similar between the two groups (99% in grafalon vs. 98.8% in thymoglobulin; P = 1.0). Death censored graft survival was also similar (99% in grafalon vs. 100% in thymoglobulin; P = 0.23). Biopsy proven acute rejection (BPAR) was significantly higher in the grafalon group (12.8% vs. 5.1%, P = 0.04). The significance persisted after multivariable regression analysis (P = 0.02). Other outcomes such as infection rate and estimated glomerular filtration rate on last follow up were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Grafalon (6 mg/kg dose) when used as an induction agent was associated with significantly higher rate of BPARs as compared to thymoglobulin (3 mg/kg dose) although with comparable short-term patient and death censored graft survival, graft function, and infection rates.

A retrospective multi-center experience of renal transplants from India during COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a sudden drop in renal transplant numbers across India in the initial months of 2020. Although the transplant numbers increased with easing of lockdown, the outcome of these transplants remains unknown. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, multi-center study done across eight different transplant centers in India. All the transplants done from January 30, 2020 to December 31, 2020 were included. The primary outcomes studied were patient and death censored graft survival as well as incidence of COVID-19 infection and its outcomes. RESULTS: During the study period a total of 297 kidney transplants were done. After a median follow up of 265 days the patient and death censored graft survival was 95.3% and 97.6%, respectively. Forty-one patients (13.8%) developed COVID-19 post-transplant. Majority (58.5%) were asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic and the case fatality ratio was 14.6%. On multivariable logistic regression analysis older age was associated with higher likelihood of COVID-19 infection (odds ratio 1.038; CI 1.002-1.077). CONCLUSIONS: Patient and graft outcome of kidney transplants done during the COVID-19 pandemic in India was acceptable. The incidence of COVID-19 was 13.8% with a high case fatality ratio.

Microbiological Spectrum and Outcomes of Acute Pyelonephritis in North Indian Population.

A wide range of causative organisms can cause acute pyelonephritis (APN). However, in recent times, these pathogens have increasingly become resistant to most of the antibiotics making treatment difficult. This was a prospective observational single-center study with a aim to study the microbiological spectrum, resistance patterns, and clinical outcome of patients with APN conducted in a private tertiary care hospital in India. All adult patients hospitalized in the department of nephrology at our institute with a diagnosis of APN from February 2016 to May 2017 were included. Patients <18 years of age, kidney-transplant recipients, and pregnant patients were excluded. Demographic details, clinical symptoms, signs, and radiological and laboratory data including urine and blood cultures of all patients were recorded. The details of treatment received and outcomes in hospital and after discharge were noted. Patients were followed up three months post discharge. Decision of antibiotic and duration of antibiotics was documented by treating nephrologists. Quantitative data were presented in terms of means and standard deviation. Student's "t" test was used for comparison of quantitative outcome parameters. P <0.05 is considered statistically significant. SPSS software version 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. A total of 89 patients with a mean age of 50.33 ± 13.9 years, of which 61.8% were males and were studied; 82/89 had complicated pyelonephritis. The most common risk factor for APN was diabetes mellitus in 64 (72%). Most common symptom was fever in 80 (90%). A triad of fever, flank pain, and dysuria was present only in 27 (30.33%). Overall, 15 patients (16.8%) had severe pyelonephritis requiring intensive care unit admission. The most common organism isolated was Escherichia coli in 26/49 (53%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae in 12 (24.40%). Twenty-two (58%) isolates were extended-spectrum beta lactamase producers. Six (12.20%) were resistant to carbapenems and two (4%) were pan-resistant. All 89 were treated with intravenous antibiotics. Older patients, those with diabetes, with poor glycemic control, and with emphysematous pyelonephritis and patients in whom ESBL organisms were grown had poor outcome. Piperacillin tazobactam, aminopenicillins, cefoperazone sulbactam, and carbapenems (in severe pyelonephritis) can be considered as the empirical antibiotic of choice.