Comparison of analytical methods for profiling N- and O-linked glycans from cultured cell lines : HUPO Human Disease Glycomics/Proteome Initiative multi-institutional study.

The Human Disease Glycomics/Proteome Initiative (HGPI) is an activity in the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) supported by leading researchers from international institutes and aims at development of disease-related glycomics/glycoproteomics analysis techniques. Since 2004, the initiative has conducted three pilot studies. The first two were N- and O-glycan analyses of purified transferrin and immunoglobulin-G and assessed the most appropriate analytical approach employed at the time. This paper describes the third study, which was conducted to compare different approaches for quantitation of N- and O-linked glycans attached to proteins in crude biological samples. The preliminary analysis on cell pellets resulted in wildly varied glycan profiles, which was probably the consequence of variations in the pre-processing sample preparation methodologies. However, the reproducibility of the data was not improved dramatically in the subsequent analysis on cell lysate fractions prepared in a specified method by one lab. The study demonstrated the difficulty of carrying out a complete analysis of the glycome in crude samples by any single technology and the importance of rigorous optimization of the course of analysis from preprocessing to data interpretation. It suggests that another collaborative study employing the latest technologies in this rapidly evolving field will help to realize the requirements of carrying out the large-scale analysis of glycoproteins in complex cell samples.

Polysialic acid is present in mammalian semen as a post-translational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM and the polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII.

Fertilization in animals is a complex sequence of several biochemical events beginning with the insemination into the female reproductive tract and, finally, leading to embryogenesis. Studies by Kitajima and co-workers (Miyata, S., Sato, C., and Kitajima, K. (2007) Trends Glycosci. Glyc, 19, 85-98) demonstrated the presence of polysialic acid (polySia) on sea urchin sperm. Based on these results, we became interested in the potential involvement of sialic acid polymers in mammalian fertilization. Therefore, we isolated human sperm and performed analyses, including Western blotting and mild 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene-HPLC, that revealed the presence α2,8-linked polySia chains. Further analysis by a glyco-proteomics approach led to the identification of two polySia carriers. Interestingly, besides the neural cell adhesion molecule, the polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII has also been found to be a target for polysialylation. Further analysis of testis and epididymis tissue sections demonstrated that only epithelial cells of the caput were polySia-positive. During the epididymal transit, polySia carriers were partially integrated into the sperm membrane of the postacrosomal region. Because polySia is known to counteract histone as well as neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated cytotoxicity against host cells, which plays a role after insemination, we propose that polySia in semen represents a cytoprotective element to increase the number of vital sperm.

Soluble polysialylated NCAM: a novel player of the innate immune system in the lung.

Posttranslational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) by polysialic acid (polySia) is well studied in the nervous system and described as a dynamic modulator of plastic processes like precursor cell migration, axon fasciculation, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we describe a novel function of polysialylated NCAM (polySia-NCAM) in innate immunity of the lung. In mature lung tissue of healthy donors, polySia was exclusively attached to the transmembrane isoform NCAM-140 and located to intracellular compartments of epithelial cells. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, however, increased polySia levels and processing of the NCAM carrier were observed. Processing of polysialylated NCAM was reproduced in a mouse model by bleomycin administration leading to an activation of the inflammasome and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1ß. As shown in a cell culture model, polySia-NCAM-140 was kept in the late trans-Golgi apparatus of lung epithelial cells and stimulation by IL-1ß or lipopolysaccharide induced metalloprotease-mediated ectodomain shedding, resulting in the secretion of soluble polySia-NCAM. Interestingly, polySia chains of secreted NCAM neutralized the cytotoxic activity of extracellular histones as well as DNA/histone-network-containing "neutrophil extracellular traps", which are formed during invasion of microorganisms. Thus, shedding of polySia-NCAM by lung epithelial cells may provide a host-protective mechanism to reduce tissue damage during inflammatory processes.

Artificial and natural sialic acid precursors influence the angiogenic capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) represents the most common terminal carbohydrate residue in many mammalian glycoconjugates and is directly involved in a number of different physiological as well as pathological cellular processes. Endogenous sialic acids derive from the biosynthetic precursor molecule N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc). Interestingly, N-acyl-analogues of D-mannosamine (ManN) can also be incorporated and converted into corresponding artificial sialic acids by eukaryotic cells. Within this study, we optimized a protocol for the chemical synthesis of various peracetylated ManN derivatives resulting in yields of approximately 100%. Correct molecular structures of the obtained products ManNAc, N-propanoyl-ManN (ManNProp) and N-butyl-ManN (ManNBut) were verified by GC-, ESI-MS- and NMR-analyses. By applying these substances to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we could show that each derivative was metabolized to the corresponding N-acylneuraminic acid variant and subsequently incorporated into nascent glycoproteins. To investigate whether natural and/or artificial sialic acid precursors are able to modulate the angiogenic capacity of HUVECs, a spheroid assay was performed. By this means, an increase in total capillary length has been observed when cells incorporated N-butylneuraminic acid (Neu5But) into their glycoconjugates. In contrast, the natural precursor ManNAc inhibited the growth of capillaries. Thus, sialic acid precursors may represent useful agents to modulate blood vessel formation.

Polysialylation of the synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM 1) depends exclusively on the polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII in vivo.

Polysialic acid is a unique carbohydrate polymer specifically attached to a limited number of glycoproteins. Among them is synaptic cell adhesion molecule 1 (SynCAM 1), a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily composed of three extracellular Ig-like domains. Polysialylation of SynCAM 1 is cell type-specific and was exclusively found in NG2 cells, a class of multifunctional progenitor cells that form specialized synapses with neurons. Here, we studied the molecular requirements for SynCAM 1 polysialylation. Analysis of mice lacking one of the two polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII or ST8SiaIV, revealed that polysialylation of SynCAM 1 is exclusively mediated by ST8SiaII throughout postnatal brain development. Alternative splicing of the three variable exons 8a, 8b, and 8c can theoretically give rise to eight transmembrane isoforms of SynCAM 1. We detected seven transcript variants in the developing mouse brain, including three variants containing exon 8c, which was so far regarded as a cryptic exon in mice. Polysialylation of SynCAM 1 was restricted to four isoforms in perinatal brain. However, cell culture experiments demonstrated that all transmembrane isoforms of SynCAM 1 can be polysialylated by ST8SiaII. Moreover, analysis of domain deletion constructs revealed that Ig1, which harbors the polysialylation site, is not sufficient as an acceptor for ST8SiaII. The minimal polypeptide required for polysialylation contained Ig1 and Ig2, suggesting an important role for Ig2 as a docking site for ST8SiaII.

Glycomic strategy for efficient linkage analysis of di-, oligo- and polysialic acids.

Sialic acid polymers of glycoproteins and glycolipids are characterized by a high diversity in nature and are involved in distinct biological processes depending inter alia on the glycosidic linkages between the present sialic acid residues. Though suitable protocols are available for chain length and sialic acid determination, sensitive methods for linkage analysis of di-, oligo-, and polysialic acids (di/oligo/polySia) are still pending. In this study, we have established a highly sensitive glycomic strategy for this purpose which is based on permethylation of di/oligo/polySia after tagging their reducing ends with the fluorescent dye 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB). Using DMB-labeled sialic acid di/oligo/polymers glycosidic linkages could be efficiently determined and, optionally, the established working procedure can be combined with HPLC for in depth characterization of distinct di/oligo/polySia chains. Moreover, the outlined approach can be directly applied to mammalian tissue samples and linkage analysis of sialic acid polymers present in biopsy samples of neuroblastoma tissue demonstrating the usefulness of the outlined work flow to screen, for example, cancer tissue for the presence of distinct variants of di/oligo/polySia as potentially novel biomarkers. Hence, the described strategy offers a highly sensitive and efficient strategy for identification of glycosidic linkages in sialic acid di/oligo/polymers of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Deficits in sialylation impair podocyte maturation.

The role of sialylation in kidney biology is not fully understood. The synthesis of sialoglycoconjugates, which form the outermost structures of animal cells, requires CMP-sialic acid, which is a product of the nuclear enzyme CMAS. We used a knock-in strategy to create a mouse with point mutations in the canonical nuclear localization signal of CMAS, which relocated the enzyme to the cytoplasm of transfected cells without affecting its activity. Although insufficient to prevent nuclear entry in mice, the mutation led to a drastically reduced concentration of nuclear-expressed enzyme. Mice homozygous for the mutation died from kidney failure within 72 hours after birth. The Cmas(nls) mouse exhibited podocyte foot process effacement, absence of slit diaphragms, and massive proteinuria, recapitulating features of nephrin-knockout mice and of patients with Finnish-type congenital nephrotic syndrome. Although the Cmas(nls) mouse displayed normal sialylation in all organs including kidney, a critical shortage of CMP-sialic acid prevented sialylation of nephrin and podocalyxin in the maturing podocyte where it is required during the formation of foot processes. Accordingly, the sialylation defects progressed with time and paralleled the morphologic changes. In summary, sialylation is critical during the development of the glomerular filtration barrier and required for the proper function of nephrin. Whether altered sialylation impairs nephrin function in human disease requires further study.

O-Glycosylation of snails.

The glycosylation abilities of snails deserve attention, because snail species serve as intermediate hosts in the developmental cycles of some human and cattle parasites. In analogy to many other host-pathogen relations, the glycosylation of snail proteins may likewise contribute to these host-parasite interactions. Here we present an overview on the O-glycan structures of 8 different snails (land and water snails, with or without shell): Arion lusitanicus, Achatina fulica, Biomphalaria glabrata, Cepaea hortensis, Clea helena, Helix pomatia, Limax maximus and Planorbarius corneus. The O-glycans were released from the purified snail proteins by ß-elimination. Further analysis was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and - for the main structures - by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Snail O-glycans are built from the four monosaccharide constituents: N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, mannose and fucose. An additional modification is a methylation of the hexoses. The common trisaccharide core structure was determined in Arion lusitanicus to be N-acetylgalactosamine linked to the protein elongated by two 4-O-methylated galactose residues. Further elongations by methylated and unmethylated galactose and mannose residues and/or fucose are present. The typical snail O-glycan structures are different to those so far described. Similar to snail N-glycan structures they display methylated hexose residues.

Mass spectrometric comparison of N-glycan profiles from Caenorhabditis elegans mutant embryos.

The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-characterized eukaryotic model organism. Recent glycomic analyses of the glycosylation potential of this worm revealed an extremely high structural variability of its N-glycans. Moreover, the glycan patterns of each developmental stage appeared to be unique. In this study we have determined the N-glycan profiles of wild-type embryos in comparison to mutant embryos arresting embryogenesis early before differentiation and causing extensive transformations of cell identities, which allows to follow the diversification of N-glycans during development using mass spectrometry. As a striking feature, wild-type embryos obtained from liquid culture expressed a less heterogeneous oligosaccharide pattern than embryos recovered from agar plates. N-glycan profiles of mutant embryos displayed, in part, distinct differences in comparison to wild-type embryos suggesting alterations in oligosaccharide trimming and processing, which may be linked to specific cell fate alterations in the embryos.

Elucidation of a novel lacto-N-decaose core structure in human milk using nonlinear analytical technique combinations.

Detailed structural analysis of high molecular weight human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) is still a challenging task. Here we present a modular strategy for a flexible de novo structural characterization of this class of molecules. The protocol combines established techniques such as separation by two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography with different types of mass spectrometry, exoglycosidase digestion, and linkage analysis in an individual glycan-based manner. As a proof of principle, this approach was applied to two distinct HMO isomers representing a difucosylated octaose core and a trifucosylated decaose core. Obtained data revealed the presence of one terminal Lewis A and one internal Lewis X epitope in the case of the octaose and led to the identification of this molecule as a difucosylated iso-lacto-N-octaose. The trifucosylated, doubly branched lacto-N-neo-decaose was shown to represent a new type of HMO core structure in which the branched antenna is linked to carbon atom 3 of the innermost galactosyl residue. Hence, using this analytical protocol a novel HMO structure could be defined. Our results further demonstrate that a combination of different techniques may be required for de novo structural analysis of these molecules.

Nanoelectrospray-MS( n ) of native and permethylated glycans.

The profound biological relevance of protein and lipid glycosylation has made glycomics (i.e., the comprehensive study of all glycans in a cell or organism), an indispensable field of research in the life sciences. Consequently, numerous strategies have been developed for a high-throughput analysis of complex glycan mixtures, with mass spectrometry (MS) playing a key role. In particular, nanoelectrospray ionization (ESI-) MS( n ), employing multiple cycles of isolation and fragmentation of native or derivatized precursor ions, is recognized as a highly valuable tool in this context, as it allows, at least in part, structural characterization of glycans without prior fractionation. This chapter describes suitable work flows for this purpose and illustrates both advantages and limitations for this type of analysis. Furthermore, the use of newly developed software tools for data handling is outlined.

EUROCarbDB: An open-access platform for glycoinformatics.

The EUROCarbDB project is a design study for a technical framework, which provides sophisticated, freely accessible, open-source informatics tools and databases to support glycobiology and glycomic research. EUROCarbDB is a relational database containing glycan structures, their biological context and, when available, primary and interpreted analytical data from high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Database content can be accessed via a web-based user interface. The database is complemented by a suite of glycoinformatics tools, specifically designed to assist the elucidation and submission of glycan structure and experimental data when used in conjunction with contemporary carbohydrate research workflows. All software tools and source code are licensed under the terms of the Lesser General Public License, and publicly contributed structures and data are freely accessible. The public test version of the web interface to the EUROCarbDB can be found at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/eurocarb.

Structural and functional analysis of glycosphingolipids of Schistosoma mansoni.

Glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous membrane components that play important roles in signal transduction events thereby affecting many cellular functions, including modulation of the immune response. Whereas many studies focus on the functional roles of glycosphingolipids in mammals, relatively little is known about the structures of glycosphingolipids of pathogenic organisms, and how such pathogen-derived glycosphingolipids influence immune functions of their hosts. Many different glycosphingolipids of the human parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni have been structurally characterized. Recent evidence indicates that glycosphingolipids isolated from different life-cycle stages of the parasite have the potential to modulate the function of human dendritic cells, a cell population that is crucial to regulate adaptive immunity in the host. A remarkable finding in this context is that glycosphingolipids derived from adult worms induce maturation of dendritic cells, in contrast to glycosphingolipids of eggs or cercariae. The glycosphingolipid-induced dendritic cell activation requires intact fucose residues on the glycolipids, and is induced via a mechanism that involves both the dendritic cell receptors TLR4 and DC-SIGN. In this chapter, we describe methods to extract glycosphingolipids from the different life-cycle stages of the parasite, techniques to separate them by thin-layer chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography as well as strategies to structurally characterize the glycan and ceramide moieties of the glycosphingolipids. Moreover, an overview is provided of the structural diversity in the glycosphingolipid-derived glycan moieties found in this helminth. Finally, we discuss methods used to isolate monocyte-derived dendritic cells from human blood and to study the modulation of dendritic cell function by these molecules.

N-Glycosylation patterns of hemolymph glycoproteins from Biomphalaria glabrata strains expressing different susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni infection.

Comparative analyses of the N-glycosylation pattern of hemolymph glycoproteins from Biomphalaria glabrata strains Puerto Rico (BgPR) and Salvador (BgBS-90), differing in their susceptibility towards Schistosoma mansoni infection, were performed by Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Obtained data demonstrated an enhanced expression of serologically cross-reacting, fucosylated carbohydrate epitopes by the highly susceptible BgPR-strain in comparison to the resistant BgBS-90-strain. In particular, glycoproteins of BgPR snails exhibited larger amounts of glycans with (ß1-2)-linked xylose or terminal Fuc(α1-3)GalNAc(ß1-4)[±Fuc(α1-3)]GlcNAc(ß1-)-units which are known to mediate cross-reactivity with schistosomal glycoconjugates. This finding could be corroborated by immunohistochemical studies showing again an enhanced expression of such carbohydrate epitopes in BgPR tissue. Hence, our results provide evidence for a correlation of B. glabrata susceptibility towards S. mansoni infection and the expression of carbohydrate determinants shared by the parasite and its intermediate host.

Synaptic cell adhesion molecule SynCAM 1 is a target for polysialylation in postnatal mouse brain.

Among the large set of cell surface glycan structures, the carbohydrate polymer polysialic acid (polySia) plays an important role in vertebrate brain development and synaptic plasticity. The main carrier of polySia in the nervous system is the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM. As polySia with chain lengths of more than 40 sialic acid residues was still observed in brain of newborn Ncam(-/-) mice, we performed a glycoproteomics approach to identify the underlying protein scaffolds. Affinity purification of polysialylated molecules from Ncam(-/-) brain followed by peptide mass fingerprinting led to the identification of the synaptic cell adhesion molecule SynCAM 1 as a so far unknown polySia carrier. SynCAM 1 belongs to the Ig superfamily and is a powerful inducer of synapse formation. Importantly, the appearance of polysialylated SynCAM 1 was not restricted to the Ncam(-/-) background but was found to the same extent in perinatal brain of WT mice. PolySia was located on N-glycans of the first Ig domain, which is known to be involved in homo- and heterophilic SynCAM 1 interactions. Both polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, were able to polysialylate SynCAM 1 in vitro, and polysialylation of SynCAM 1 completely abolished homophilic binding. Analysis of serial sections of perinatal Ncam(-/-) brain revealed that polySia-SynCAM 1 is expressed exclusively by NG2 cells, a multifunctional glia population that can receive glutamatergic input via unique neuron-NG2 cell synapses. Our findings sug-gest that polySia may act as a dynamic modulator of SynCAM 1 functions during integration of NG2 cells into neural networks.

Quantification of nucleotide-activated sialic acids by a combination of reduction and fluorescent labeling.

Sialic acids usually represent the terminal monosaccharide of glycoconjugates and are directly involved in many biological processes. The cellular concentration of their nucleotide-activated form is one pacemaker for the highly variable sialylation of glycoconjugates. Hence, the determination of CMP-sialic acid levels is an important factor to understand the complex glycosylation machinery of cells and to standardize the production of glycotherapeutics. We have established a highly sensitive strategy to quantify the concentration of nucleotide-activated sialic acid by a combination of reduction and fluorescent labeling using the fluorophore 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB). The labeling with DMB requires free keto as well as carboxyl groups of the sialic acid molecule. Reduction of the keto group prior to the labeling process precludes the labeling of nonactivated sialic acids. Since the keto group is protected against reduction by the CMP-substitution, labeling of nucleotide-activated sialic acids is still feasible after reduction. Subsequent combination of the DMB-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) application with mass spectrometric approaches, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray-ionization (ESI)-MS, allows the unambiguous identification of both natural and modified CMP-sialic acids and localization of potential substituents. Thus, the described strategy offers a sensitive detection, identification, and quantification of nucleotide-activated sialic acid derivatives in the femtomole range without the need for nucleotide-activated standards.

Determination of 3-O- and 4-O-methylated monosaccharide constituents in snail glycans.

The N- and O-glycans of Arianta arbustorum, Achatina fulica, Arion lusitanicus and Planorbarius corneus were analysed for their monosaccharide pattern by reversed-phase HPLC after labelling with 2-aminobenzoic acid or 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Glucosamine, galactosamine, mannose, galactose, glucose, fucose and xylose were identified. Furthermore, three different methylated sugars were detected: 3-O-methyl-mannose and 3-O-methyl-galactose were confirmed to be a common snail feature; 4-O-methyl-galactose was detected for the first time in snails.

Mass spectrometric fragmentation analysis of oligosialic and polysialic acids.

Oligosialic and polysialic acids (oligo/polySia) are characterized by high structural diversity, because of different types of sialic acids and glycosidic linkages. Although several methods have been described for the analysis of oligo/polySia, only high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in conjunction with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene labeling, fluorometric C7/C9 detection, Western blotting, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS) of lactonized oligo/polySia species, require submicrogram amounts of analyte. Since these methods do not provide detailed structural information, this study is focused on the characterization of oligo/polySia by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). MALDI-TOF-MS/MS and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), employing up to three cycles of ion isolation and fragmentation in an ion trap, have been used for the characterization of nonderivatized glycans, oligoSia species modified at their reducing or nonreducing ends, as well as partially O-acetylated oligoSia derivatives. The obtained spectra were dominated by simultaneous cleavage of glycosidic linkages and the corresponding lactone ring, whereas classical cross-ring fragments were of minor abundance. However, the combined use of the two different types of fragmentation analysis allowed a sensitive and detailed characterization of both short-chained oligoSia and long polySia species. Furthermore, oxidation of the nonreducing end sugar moiety enabled sequence determination and localization of acetylated and nonacetylated sialic acid residues.

Characterization of the acidic N-linked glycans of the zona pellucida of prepuberal pigs by a mass spectrometric approach.

Oocyte maturation is a prerequisite for successful fertilization. Growing evidence suggests that not only the oocyte but also the surrounding zona pellucida has to undergo maturational changes. In the pig, two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis demonstrated an acidic shift of the zona pellucida glycoproteins of about 1.5-2.0 pH units during the maturation process. These findings were corroborated by histological studies that indicated the synthesis of acidic glycoconjugates in the cumulus cells and an increased occurrence of acidic glycans in the zona pellucida after oocyte maturation. In order to provide structural data on prepuberal zona pellucida N-glycosylation, N-glycans were released from prepuberal zona pellucida glycoproteins by N-glycosidase F and studied by mass spectrometry before and after desialylation and treatment with endo-beta-galactosidase. Our results verified the presence of high-mannose-type Man(5)GlcNAc(2) compounds as well as diantennary N-glycans as major neutral species, whereas sialylated diantennary and triantennary species constituted the dominant non-sulfated acidic sugar chains. The major acidic N-glycans of prepuberal animals, however, represented mono-sulfated diantennary, triantennary and tetraantennary oligosaccharides carrying, in part, N-acetyllactosamine repeating units as well as additional Neu5Ac or Neu5Gc residues. Glycans comprising more than one sulfate residue were not detected. In contrast to the literature data on zona pellucida glycoprotein-N-glycans of cyclic animals, our data thus reveal a lower degree in glycan sulfation of the prepuberal zona pellucida.

O-glycosylation pattern of CD24 from mouse brain.

The cell adhesion molecule CD24 is a highly glycosylated glycoprotein that plays important roles in the central nervous system, the immune system and in tumor biology. Since CD24 comprises only a short protein core of approximately 30 amino acids and low conservation among species, it has been proposed that the functions of CD24 are mediated by its glycosylation pattern. Our present study provides evidence that interaction of CD24 with the cell adhesion molecule L1 is mediated by O-linked glycans carrying alpha2,3-linked sialic acid. Furthermore, de-N-glycosylated CD24 was shown to promote or inhibit neurite outgrowth of cerebellar neurons or dorsal root ganglion neurons, respectively, to the same extent as untreated CD24. Therefore, this study is focused on the structural elucidation of the chemically released, permethylated CD24 O-glycans by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Our analyses revealed the occurrence of a diverse mixture of mucin-type and O-mannosyl glycans carrying, in part, functionally relevant epitopes, such as 3-linked sialic acid, disialyl motifs, Le(X), sialyl-Le(X) or HNK-1 units. Hence, our data provide the basis for further studies on the contribution of carbohydrate determinants to CD24-mediated biological activities.