Decoding the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Neurological Disorders.

For millennia, Cannabis sativa has served diverse roles, from medicinal applications to recreational use. Despite its extensive historical use, only a fraction of its components have been explored until recent times. The therapeutic potential of Cannabis and its constituents has garnered attention, with suggestions for treating various conditions such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and other Neurological disorders. Recent research, particularly on animal experimental models, has unveiled the neuroprotective properties of cannabis. This neuroprotective effect is orchestrated through numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. While the capacity of cannabinoids to safeguard neurons is evident, a significant challenge lies in determining the optimal cannabinoid receptor agonist and its application in clinical trials. The intricate interplay of cannabinoids with the endocannabinoid system, involving CB1 and CB2 receptors, underscores the need for precise understanding and targeted approaches. Unravelling the molecular intricacies of this interaction is vital to harness the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids effectively. As the exploration of cannabis components accelerates, there is a growing awareness of the need for nuanced strategies in utilizing cannabinoid receptor agonists in clinical settings. The evolving landscape of cannabis research presents exciting possibilities for developing targeted interventions that capitalize on the neuroprotective benefits of cannabinoids while navigating the complexities of receptor specificity and clinical applicability.

Bridging the GAP: Probiotic Douches Redefining the Feminine Hygiene.

Vaginal douching is a centuries-old practice which is still in use, especially among adolescents. "Probiotic douches" are the vaginal douches that are formulated with probiotics and are intended to restore or maintain the vaginal microbiome balance. Probiotic douches are a new type of feminine hygiene product that claims to promote a balanced vaginal microbiome and improve overall well-being. However, the evidence supporting the use of probiotics for vaginal health is limited because of the variability in probiotic strains and dosages studied, and the lack of more comprehensive, long-term clinical trials. Most of the existing scientific literature on probiotics focuses on oral probiotic supplements and vaginal probiotic suppositories. Some potential benefits of probiotic douches include restoring a balanced vaginal microbiota, preventing, or managing infections, supporting local immune function, reducing odor and discharge, and enhancing overall vaginal comfort. However, it is important to note that these benefits have not been definitively proven and remain a subject of ongoing research. There are also potential risks associated with their use including disruption of the natural vaginal ecosystem by introducing foreign substances, risk of infection, and stability issues with the formulation that may lead to negative consequences. This review attempts to comprehend the critical need for robust scientific research to guide the safe and effective incorporation of probiotic douches into modern feminine hygiene practices, revolutionizing women's health, and well-being.

Insights into medicinal attributes of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as anticancer agents.

Cancer ranks among the most life-threatening diseases worldwide and is continuously affecting all age groups. Consequently, many research studies are being carried out to develop new cancer treatments, but many of them experience resistance and cause severe toxicity to the patients. Therefore, there is a continuous need to design novel anticancer agents that are target-based, have a higher potency, and have minimal toxicity. The imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (IP) pharmacophore has been found to be a prominent moiety in the field of medicinal chemistry due to its vast biological properties. Also, it holds immense potential for combating cancer with minimal side effects, depending on the substitution patterns of the core structure. IPs exhibit significant capability in regulating various cellular pathways, offering possibilities for targeted anticancer effects. The present review summarizes the anticancer profile of numerous IP derivatives synthesized and developed by various researchers from 2016 till now, as inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR), protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and tubulin polymerization. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the anticancer activity afforded by the discussed IP compounds, emphasizing the structure-activity-relationships (SARs). The aim is also to underscore the potential therapeutic future of the IP moiety as a potent partial structure for upcoming cancer drug development and to aid researchers in the field of rational drug design.

Application of nano- and micro-particle-based approaches for selected bronchodilators in management of asthma.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the airways, posing a substantial health threat to a large number of people worldwide. Bronchodilators effectively alleviate symptoms of airway obstruction by inducing relaxation of the smooth muscles in the airways, thereby reducing breathlessness and enhancing overall quality of life. The drug targeting to lungs poses significant challenges; however, this issue can be resolved by employing nano- and micro-particles drug delivery systems. This review provides brief insights about underlying mechanisms of asthma, including the role of several inflammatory mediators that contribute to the development and progression of this disease. This article provides an overview of the physicochemical features, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action of particular groups of bronchodilators, including sympathomimetics, PDE-4 inhibitors (phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors), methylxanthines, and anticholinergics. This study presents a detailed summary of the most recent developments in incorporation of bronchodilators in nano- and micro-particle-based delivery systems which include solid lipid nanoparticles, bilosomes, novasomes, liposomes, polymeric nano- and micro-particles. Specifically, it focuses on breakthroughs in the categories of sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, PDE-4 inhibitors, and anticholinergics. These medications have the ability to specifically target alveolar macrophages, leading to a higher concentration of pharmaceuticals in the lung tissues.

Innovative approaches to wound healing: insights into interactive dressings and future directions.

The objective of this review is to provide an up-to-date and all-encompassing account of the recent advancements in the domain of interactive wound dressings. Considering the gap between the achieved and desired clinical outcomes with currently available or under-study wound healing therapies, newer more specific options based on the wound type and healing phase are reviewed. Starting from the comprehensive description of the wound healing process, a detailed classification of wound dressings is presented. Subsequently, we present an elaborate and significant discussion describing interactive (unconventional) wound dressings. Latter includes biopolymer-based, bioactive-containing and biosensor-based smart dressings, which are discussed in separate sections together with their applications and limitations. Moreover, recent (2-5 years) clinical trials, patents on unconventional dressings, marketed products, and other information on advanced wound care designs and techniques are discussed. Subsequently, the future research direction is highlighted, describing peptides, proteins, and human amniotic membranes as potential wound dressings. Finally, we conclude that this field needs further development and offers scope for integrating information on the healing process with newer technologies.

Fecal microbiome extract downregulates the expression of key proteins at the interface between airway remodelling and lung cancer pathogenesis in vitro.

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and it is caused by many factors including cigarette smoking. Despite numerous treatment strategies for LC, its five-year survival is still poor (<20 %), attributable to treatment resistance and lack of early diagnosis and intervention. Importantly, LC incidence is higher in patients affected by chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and LC shares with other CRDs common pathophysiological features including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and airway remodelling. Remodelling is a complex process resulting from the aberrant activation of tissue repair secondary to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage observed in the airways of CRD patients, and it is characterized by irreversible airway structural and functional alterations, concomitantly with tissue fibrosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), excessive collagen deposition, and thickening of the basement membrane. Many processes involved in remodelling, particularly EMT, are also fundamental for LC pathogenesis, highlighting a potential connection between CRDs and LC. This provides rationale for the development of novel treatment strategies aimed at targeting components of the remodelling pathways. In this study, we tested the in vitro therapeutic activity of rat fecal microbiome extract (FME) on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. We show that treatment with FME significantly downregulates the expression of six proteins whose function is at the forefront between airway remodelling and LC development: Snail, SPARC, MUC-1, Osteopontin, MMP-2, and HIF-1α. The results of this study, if confirmed by further investigations, provide proof-of-concept for a novel approach in the treatment of LC, focused on tackling the airway remodelling mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to develop LC observed in CRD patients.

The link between Alzheimer's disease and stroke: A detrimental synergism.

Being age-related disorders, both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke share multiple risk factors, such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) Ɛ4 genotype, and coexist in patients. Accumulation of amyloid-ß plaques and neurofibrillary tangled impair cognitive potential, leading to AD. Blocked blood flow in the neuronal tissues, causes neurodegeneration and cell death in stroke. AD is commonly characterized by cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which significantly elevates the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Patients with AD and stroke have been both reported to exhibit greater cognitive impairment, followed by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms shared between the two. The manuscript aims to elucidate the relationship between AD and stroke, as well as the common pathways and risk factors while understanding the preventive therapies that might limit the negative impacts of this correlation, with diagnostic modalities and current AD treatments. The authors provide a comprehensive review of the link and aid the healthcare professionals to identify suitable targets and risk factors, that may retard cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in patients. However, more intricate research is required in this regard and an interdisciplinary approach that would target both the vascular and neurodegenerative factors would improve the quality of life in AD patients.

Enhancing the oral bioavailability of fisetin: polysaccharide-based self nano-emulsifying spheroids for colon-targeted delivery.

Fisetin (FS) is a flavonoid that possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against ulcerative colitis. FS shows poor dissolution rate and permeability. An attempt has been made to develop colon-targeted solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SNEDDS) of FS. Initially, liquid (L) SNEDDS were prepared by loading FS into isotropic mixture of L-SNEDDS was prepared using Labrafil M 1944 CS, Transcutol P, and Tween 80. These L-SNEDDS were further converted into solid (S) SNEDDS by mixing the isotropic mixture with 1:1:1 ratio of guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG) and pectin (PC) [GG:XG:PC (1:1:1)]. Aerosil-200 (A-200) was added to enhance their flow characteristics. Further, they were converted into spheroids by extrusion-spheronization technique. The solid-state characterization of S-SNEDDS was done by SEM, DSC, and PXRD, which revealed that the crystalline form of FS was converted into the amorphous form. In the dissolution study, S-SNEDDS spheroids [GG:XG:PC (1:1:1)] exhibited less than 20% drug release within the first 5 h, followed by rapid release of the drug between the 5th and 10th h, indicating its release at colonic site. The site-specific delivery of FS to colon via FS-S-SNEDDS spheroids was confirmed by conducting pharmacokinetic studies on rats. Wherein, results showed delay in absorption of FS loaded in spheroids up to 5 h and achievement of Cmax at 7h, whereas L-SNEDDS showed rapid absorption of FS. Furthermore, FS-L-SNEDDS and FS-S-SNEDDS spheroids [GG:XG:PC (1:1:1)] increased oral bioavailability of FS by 6.86-fold and 4.44-fold, respectively, as compared to unprocessed FS.

Impact of Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Various Inflammatory Diseases.

Inflammation is an individual's physiological response to a sequence of physical, chemical, or infectious stressors acting mainly to provide localized protection. Although inflammation is a protective and thus beneficial process, its excess or prolonged action can be harmful to the body. An increasing number of the population worldwide are changing their lifestyles, which leads to a rise in inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcerative colitis, cancer, and many more. Their treatment is based majorly on the pharmacological approach. However, natural products or bioactive compounds are of great significance in inflammation therapy because they show minimum side effects and maximum bioavailability. Therefore, it is critical to investigate bioactive substances that can modify target functions associated with oxidative stress defense and might be used to achieve various health benefits. This review accentuates the essence of bioactive chemicals used in the treatment of inflammation and other inflammatory illnesses. These bioactive compounds can be of any origin, such as plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, marine invertebrates, etc. Bioactive compounds derived from plant sources, such as glycyrrhizin, lignans, lycopene, resveratrol, indoles, and phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, work mainly by reducing oxidative stress and thereby preventing various inflammatory disorders. A large diversity of these anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds has also been discovered in marine environments, giving rise to an increase in the interest of various scientists in marine invertebrates and microbes. The vast diversity of microbes found in the marine environment represents an enormous supply to extract novel compounds, such as from bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, microalgae, tiny invertebrates, etc. In the present review, an attempt has been made to summarize such novel bioactive compounds that help prevent inflammatory responses via different mechanisms of action.

Harnessing the role of microneedles as sensors: current status and future perspectives.

In recent years, microneedles (MNs) have been transformed to serve a wide range of applications in the biomedical field. Their role as sensors in wearable devices has provided an alternative to blood-based monitoring of health and diagnostic methods. Hence, they have become a topic of research interest for several scientists working in the biomedical field. These MNs as sensors offer the continuous monitoring of biomarkers like glucose, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides and electrolyte ions, which can therefore screen for and diagnose disease conditions in humans. The present review focuses on types of MN sensors and their applications. Various clinical trials and bottlenecks of MN R&D are also discussed.

Role of MMP-9 and NF-κB in Diabetic Retinopathy: Progression and Potential Role of Bioflavonoids in the Mitigation of Diabetic Retinopathy.

"Diabetes mellitus" is a chronic metabolic disorder manifested by elevated blood glucose levels, primarily due to insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin. Long-term diabetes results in persistent complications like retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, causing significant health risks. The most alarming microvascular consequence allied with diabetes is "diabetic retinopathy," distinguished by the proliferation of anomalous blood vessels in the eye, mainly in the retina, resulting in visual impairment, diabetic macular edema, and retinal detachment if left untreated. According to estimates, 27.0% of people with diabetes worldwide have retinopathy, which leads to 0.4 million blindness cases. It is believed that mitochondrial damage and the production of inflammatory mediators are the early indicators of diabetic retinopathy before any histological changes occur in the retina. Moreover, it is evident that augmented oxidative stress in the retina further initiates the NF-κB/MMP-9 downstream signaling pathway. Interestingly, these downstream regulators, Nuclear Factor Kappa B [NF- kB] and matrix metalloproteinases 9 [MMP-9], have been recognized as important regulators of the inception and advancement of diabetic retinopathy. This diabetes and oxidative stress-induced MMP-9 are believed to regulate various cellular functions, including angiogenesis and apoptosis, causing blood-retinal barrier breakdown and tight junction protein degradation that further leads to diabetic retinopathy. Thus, there is an emergency need for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Emerging treatment options include anti-VEGF, laser treatment, and eye surgery, but these have certain limitations. This comprehensive review explores the mechanisms of MMP-9 and NF-kB involvement in diabetic retinopathy and bioflavonoids' therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action in inhibiting MMP-9 activity and suppressing NF-kB-mediated inflammation. Clinical evidence supporting the use of bioflavonoids in mitigating diabetic complications and future perspectives are also examined.

Revolutionizing lung health: Exploring the latest breakthroughs and future prospects of synbiotic nanostructures in lung diseases.

The escalating prevalence of lung diseases underscores the need for innovative therapies. Dysbiosis in human body microbiome has emerged as a significant factor in these diseases, indicating a potential role for synbiotics in restoring microbial equilibrium. However, effective delivery of synbiotics to the target site remains challenging. Here, we aim to explore suitable nanoparticles for encapsulating synbiotics tailored for applications in lung diseases. Nanoencapsulation has emerged as a prominent strategy to address the delivery challenges of synbiotics in this context. Through a comprehensive review, we assess the potential of nanoparticles in facilitating synbiotic delivery and their structural adaptability for this purpose. Our review reveals that nanoparticles such as nanocellulose, starch, and chitosan exhibit high potential for synbiotic encapsulation. These offer flexibility in structure design and synthesis, making them promising candidates for addressing delivery challenges in lung diseases. Furthermore, our analysis highlights that synbiotics, when compared to probiotics alone, demonstrate superior anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities. This review underscores the promising role of nanoparticle-encapsulated synbiotics as a targeted and effective therapeutic approach for lung diseases, contributing valuable insights into the potential of nanomedicine in revolutionizing treatment strategies for respiratory conditions, ultimately paving the way for future advancements in this field.

Revolutionizing pediatric neuroblastoma treatment: unraveling new molecular targets for precision interventions.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most frequent solid tumor in pediatric cases, contributing to around 15% of childhood cancer-related deaths. The wide-ranging genetic, morphological, and clinical diversity within NB complicates the success of current treatment methods. Acquiring an in-depth understanding of genetic alterations implicated in the development of NB is essential for creating safer and more efficient therapies for this severe condition. Several molecular signatures are being studied as potential targets for developing new treatments for NB patients. In this article, we have examined the molecular factors and genetic irregularities, including those within insulin gene enhancer binding protein 1 (ISL1), dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 (DPYSL3), receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) and murine double minute 2-tumor protein 53 (MDM2-P53) that play an essential role in the development of NB. A thorough summary of the molecular targeted treatments currently being studied in pre-clinical and clinical trials has been described. Recent studies of immunotherapeutic agents used in NB are also studied in this article. Moreover, we explore potential future directions to discover new targets and treatments to enhance existing therapies and ultimately improve treatment outcomes and survival rates for NB patients.

Polysaccharide-fecal microbiota-based colon-targeted self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of curcumin for treating polycystic ovarian syndrome.

The gut microbiome is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Modulating the gut microbiome can lead to eubiosis and treatment of various metabolic conditions. However, there is no proper study assessing the delivery of microbial technology for the treatment of such conditions. The present study involves the development of guar gum-pectin-based solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing curcumin (CCM) and fecal microbiota extract (FME) for the treatment of PCOS. The optimized S-SNEDDS containing FME and CCM was prepared by dissolving CCM (25 mg) in an isotropic mixture consisting of Labrafil M 1944 CS, Transcutol P, and Tween-80 and solidified using lactose monohydrate, aerosil-200, guar gum, and pectin (colon-targeted CCM solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system [CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS]). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation was carried out on letrozole-induced female Wistar rats. The results of pharmacokinetic studies indicated about 13.11 and 23.48-fold increase in AUC of CCM-loaded colon-targeted S-SNEDDS without FME (CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS (WFME)) and CCM-loaded colon-targeted S-SNEDDS with FME [(CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS (FME)) as compared to unprocessed CCM. The pharmacodynamic study indicated excellent recovery/reversal in the rats treated with CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS low and high dose containing FME (group 13 and group 14) in a dose-dependent manner. The developed formulation showcasing its improved bioavailability, targeted action, and therapeutic activity in ameliorating PCOS can be utilized as an adjuvant therapy for developing a dosage form, scale-up, and technology transfer.

Predictive Modelling in pharmacokinetics: from in-silico simulations to personalized medicine.

INTRODUCTION: Pharmacokinetic parameters assessment is a critical aspect of drug discovery and development, yet challenges persist due to limited training data. Despite advancements in machine learning and in-silico predictions, scarcity of data hampers accurate prediction of drug candidates' pharmacokinetic properties. AREAS COVERED: The study highlights current developments in human pharmacokinetic prediction, talks about attempts to apply synthetic approaches for molecular design, and searches several databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The article stresses importance of rigorous analysis of machine learning model performance in assessing progress and explores molecular modeling (MM) techniques, descriptors, and mathematical approaches. Transitioning to clinical drug development, article highlights AI (Artificial Intelligence) based computer models optimizing trial design, patient selection, dosing strategies, and biomarker identification. In-silico models, including molecular interactomes and virtual patients, predict drug performance across diverse profiles, underlining the need to align model results with clinical studies for reliability. Specialized training for human specialists in navigating predictive models is deemed critical. Pharmacogenomics, integral to personalized medicine, utilizes predictive modeling to anticipate patient responses, contributing to more efficient healthcare system. Challenges in realizing potential of predictive modeling, including ethical considerations and data privacy concerns, are acknowledged. EXPERT OPINION: AI models are crucial in drug development, optimizing trials, patient selection, dosing, and biomarker identification and hold promise for streamlining clinical investigations.

Computational insights into KRAS G12C inhibition: exploring possible repurposing of Azacitidine and Ribavirin.

Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) stands out as the most prevalent mutated oncogene, playing a crucial role in the initiation and progression of various cancer types, including colorectal, lung and pancreatic cancer. The oncogenic modifications of KRAS are intricately linked to tumor development and are identified in 22% of cancer patients. This has spurred the necessity to explore inhibition mechanisms, with the aim of investigating and repurposing existing drugs for diagnosing cancers dependent on KRAS G12C In this investigation, 26 nucleoside-based drugs were collected from literature to assess their effectiveness against KRAS G12C. The study incorporates in-silico molecular simulations and molecular docking examinations of these nucleoside-derived drugs with the KRAS G12C protein using Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 5V71. The docking outcomes indicated that two drugs, Azacitidine and Ribavirin, exhibited substantial binding affinities of -8.7 and -8.3 kcal/mol, respectively. These drugs demonstrated stability in binding to the active site of the protein during simulation studies. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) analyses indicated that the complexes closely adhered to an equilibrium RMSD value ranging from 0.17 to 0.2 nm. Additionally, % occupancies, bond angles and the length of hydrogen bonds were calculated. These findings suggest that Azacitidine and Ribavirin may potentially serve as candidates for repurposing in individuals with KRAS-dependent cancers.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Integrating Nanotechnological Advancements of Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs into Rheumatoid Arthritis Management.

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is a class of anti-rheumatic medicines that are frequently prescribed to patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, and azathioprine are examples of non-biologic DMARDs that are being used for alleviating pain and preventing disease progression. Biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) like infliximab, rituximab, etanercept, adalimumab, tocilizumab, certolizumab pegol, and abatacept have greater effectiveness with fewer adverse effects in comparison to non-biologic DMARDs. This review article delineates the classification of DMARDs and their characteristic attributes. The poor aqueous solubility or permeability causes the limited oral bioavailability of synthetic DMARDs, while the high molecular weights along with the bulky structures of bDMARDs have posed few obstacles in their drug delivery and need to be addressed through the development of nanoformulations like cubosomes, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposome, niosomes, and nanostructured lipid carrier. The main focus of this review article is to highlight the potential role of nanotechnology in the drug delivery of DMARDs for increasing solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability for the improved management of RA. This article also focusses on the different aspects of nanoparticles like their applications in biologics, biocompatibility, body clearance, scalability, drug loading, and stability issues.

Opening avenues for treatment of neurodegenerative disease using post-biotics: Breakthroughs and bottlenecks in clinical translation.

Recent studies have indicated the significant involvement of the gut microbiome in both human physiology and pathology. Additionally, therapeutic interventions based on microbiome approaches have been employed to enhance overall health and address various diseases including aging and neurodegenerative disease (ND). Researchers have explored potential links between these areas, investigating the potential pathogenic or therapeutic effects of intestinal microbiota in diseases. This article provides a summary of established interactions between the gut microbiome and ND. Post-biotic is believed to mediate its neuroprotection by elevating the level of dopamine and reducing the level of α-synuclein in substantia nigra, protecting the loss of dopaminergic neurons, reducing the aggregation of NFT, reducing the deposition of amyloid ß peptide plagues and ameliorating motor deficits. Moreover, mediates its neuroprotective activity by inhibiting the inflammatory response (decreasing the expression of TNFα, iNOS expression, free radical formation, overexpression of HIF-1α), apoptosis (i.e. active caspase-3, TNF-α, maintains the level of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) and promoting BDNF secretion. It is also reported to have good antioxidant activity. This review offers an overview of the latest findings from both preclinical and clinical trials concerning the use of post-biotics in ND.

Exploring the Intersection of Geophysics and Diagnostic Imaging in the Health Sciences.

To develop diagnostic imaging approaches, this paper emphasizes the transformational potential of merging geophysics with health sciences. Diagnostic imaging technology improvements have transformed the health sciences by enabling earlier and more precise disease identification, individualized therapy, and improved patient care. This review article examines the connection between geophysics and diagnostic imaging in the field of health sciences. Geophysics, which is typically used to explore Earth's subsurface, has provided new uses of its methodology in the medical field, providing innovative solutions to pressing medical problems. The article examines the different geophysical techniques like electrical imaging, seismic imaging, and geophysics and their corresponding imaging techniques used in health sciences like tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, etc. The examination includes the description, similarities, differences, and challenges associated with these techniques and how modified geophysical techniques can be used in imaging methods in health sciences. Examining the progression of each method from geophysics to medical imaging and its contributions to illness diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring are highlighted. Also, the utilization of geophysical data analysis techniques like signal processing and inversion techniques in image processing in health sciences has been briefly explained, along with different mathematical and computational tools in geophysics and how they can be implemented for image processing in health sciences. The key findings include the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence in geophysics-driven medical imaging, demonstrating the revolutionary effects of data-driven methods on precision, speed, and predictive modeling.