ABSTRACT
Prostasomes, a secretory particle from prostate gland in human seminal fluid plays a role in enhancing the fertility and its absence or less presence will lead to male infertility. Very few fertility associated proteins were detected in prostasomes. In order to isolate the prostasomes from ejaculated semen, the characterization was done using biochemical, molecular and in silico methods. The objective of current work on prostasomes is to identify a novel protein biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of male infertility. Semen samples were collected, primary semen analysis was done and prostasomes were isolated from ejaculated semen of fertile and infertile categories. Biochemical parameters like protein content, total antioxidant capacity, cholesterol content were evaluated in prostasomes. The critical expressed protein was identified by using SDS page and MALDI TOF techniques. Isolated particle from the semen samples was confirmed as prostasomes from SEM analysis and particle size analyzer. In MALDI results, the maximum hit was obtained against Clusterin that been reported to be involved in capacitation and motility of sperm. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics were carried out on Clusterin and elucidate the structural insights in the dynamic system. Overall, our study reported the novel biomarker Clusterin in prostasomes for diagnosis and prognosis of male infertility.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Subject(s)
Clusterin , Infertility, Male , Biomarkers/metabolism , Clusterin/metabolism , Humans , Infertility, Male/diagnosis , Infertility, Male/metabolism , Male , Prognosis , Prostate/metabolism , Semen/metabolismABSTRACT
Semen parameters are been found as a key factor to evaluate the count and morphology in the given semen sample. The deep knowledge of male infertility will unravel with semen parameters correlated with molecular and biochemical parameters. The current research study is to identify the motility associated protein and its structure through the in-silico approach. Semen samples were collected and initial analysis including semen parameters was analyzed by using the World Health Organization protocol. Semen biochemical parameters, namely, seminal plasma protein concentration, fructose content, and glucosidase content were calculated and evaluated for correlation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) were carried out for identification of Septin-4 presence in the semen sample. Mascot search was done for protein conformation and in-silico characterization of Septin-4 by structural modeling in Iterative Threading Assembly Refinement (I-TASSER). Twenty-five nanoseconds molecular dynamics (MD) simulations results showed the stable nature of Septin-4 in the dynamic system. Overall, our results showed the presence of motility-associated protein in normospermia and control samples and not in the case of asthenospermia and oligoasthenospermia. Molecular techniques characterized the presence of Septin-4 and as a novel biomarker for infertility diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
Our review focused on nanomaterials-based toxicity evaluation and its exposure to the human and aquatic animals when it was leached and contaminated in the environment. Ecotoxicological assessment and its mechanism mainly affect the skin covering layers and its preventive barriers that protect the foreign particles' skin. Nanoscale materials are essential in the medical field, especially in biomedical and commercial applications such as nanomedicine and drug delivery, mainly in therapeutic treatments. However, various commercial formulations of pharmaceutical drugs are manufactured through a series of clinical trials. The role of such drugs and their metabolites has not met the requirement of an individual's need at the early stage of the treatments except few drugs and medicines with minimal or no side effects. Therefore, biology and medicines are taken up the advantages of nano scaled drugs and formulations for the treatment of various diseases. The present study identifies and analyses the different nanoparticles and their chemical components on the skin and their effects due to penetration. There are advantageous factors available to facilitate positive and negative contact between dermal layers. It creates a new agenda for an established application that is mainly based on skin diseases.
ABSTRACT
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining attention among the cell biologists and researchers over the last two decades. Prostasomes are considered to be (Evs) secreted by prostate epithelial cells into the semen during emission or ejaculation. Prostasomes contain various proteins required for immune regulation namely, amino and dipeptidyl peptidase; endopeptidase (neutral); decay accelerating factor; angiotensin-converting enzyme. Sperm cells need a few prerequisites in order to fertilize the egg. The role of prostasomes in enhancing the male fertility was reviewed extensively throughout the manuscript. Also, prostasomes have an immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory, antibacterial role in the female reproductive tract, and in some cases they can be used as immunocontraceptive agent to regulate the fertility status. This review will give insights to many active researchers in the field of prostasomal research and male infertility/fertility research. This review will open many unanswered mechanisms of prostasomes with respect to structure-function analysis, fatty acids patterns in diagnosis as well as prognosis of male infertility/fertility. More scientific reports are in need to support the mechanism of prostasomes and its role in immunomodulation. The development of prostasomes as a biomarker for the prostate cancer is still miserable with a lot of controversial results by various researchers.