ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Little is known about whether and to what extent gender differences affect the stimulation children receive at home, which is crucial to child development. The aim of this study was to document the differences, if any, in the quality of psychosocial stimulation boys and girls receive at home in middle childhood in rural Bangladesh. METHODS: This study was done as a part of a long-term follow-up study of a cluster randomized controlled trial in 2015. The Middle Childhood-Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (MC-HOME) was adapted and used to measure the quality of home stimulation. Post hoc analysis of the long-term follow-up study was done. Data were analysed using t-test and chi-squared test for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to control for confounders. RESULTS: A total of 372 child-mother dyads participated in the study. Socio-economic and anthropometric characteristics of the boys and girls did not differ except that more girls had electricity at home (p = .027). Girls were found significantly advantaged over boys in total MC-HOME scores (p = .014) at age around 8 years. CONCLUSIONS: These findings will play a role for child development policy formulation in Bangladesh. However, though the difference is statistically significant, the strength of relationship is very weak and may not be of functional importance.
Subject(s)
Child Development/physiology , Parenting/psychology , Psychosocial Deprivation , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Sexism/psychology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Bangladesh/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cluster Analysis , Educational Status , Family Characteristics , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Nutritional Status , Sex Factors , Sexism/ethnologyABSTRACT
To investigate the kinetics of both the potentiation and desensitization of the response of ionotropic GABA receptors (GABA(A) receptors) in the presence of various compounds, we expressed receptors composed of alpha(1) and beta(1) subunits by injecting cells with the cRNAs synthesized from cloned bovine GABA(A) receptor cDNAs and measured the electrical responses of the cells electrophysiologically with or without the compounds. The potentiation of the GABA(A) receptor-mediated response was quantitatively analyzed using a simple model with the assumption that the receptors have two identical binding sites for GABA molecules with a dissociation constant of K(1), and one potentiation site for the compound with a dissociation constant of K(p), and that the binding of the compound to the potentiation site only increases the affinity of the GABA binding sites, changing K(1) to K(1p). The estimated K(p) and K(1p) were dependent on the functional groups and the chain length of the compounds. These results could be satisfactorily analyzed using this simple model. The potentiation of the GABA(A) receptor-mediated response by the components of essential oils used for aromatherapy was also examined. These compounds accelerated the decay of the response, possibly due to desensitization of the receptors, which was also analyzed on the basis of the model.
Subject(s)
Alcohols/pharmacology , Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism , Animals , Binding Sites , Binding, Competitive , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electrophysiology , Female , Kinetics , Microinjections/methods , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Oocytes/drug effects , Oocytes/physiology , Protein Subunits , RNA, Complementary/biosynthesis , Xenopus laevisABSTRACT
To study the effects of bisphenol-A (BPA) known to have estrogenic actions, and its derivatives, 3,5-dimethylphenol (DMP) and p-t-butylphenol (TBP), on ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, GABA(A) receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting both poly(A)+ RNA prepared from rat whole brain and cRNAs synthesized from cloned cDNAs of alpha1 and beta1 subunit of the bovine receptors, and their electrical responses were measured by the voltage clamping method. BPA caused the potentiation and inhibition of the former receptor-responses, while it caused only inhibition of the latter ones. In the presence of low concentrations of GABA, DMP and TBP potentiated the responses of both receptors. DMP and TBP also increased the rate of decay of the response, possibly by desensitization of the receptors when GABA solution was continuously bath-applied. Diethyl terephthalate (DTP), which is also known to have estrogenic actions, had little effect on both the responses and the decay of both receptors.