Anaemia is associated with poor overall survival but not with inferior local control in patients with muscle invasive bladder carcinoma treated by radical external beam radiotherapy. A retrospective study.

AIMS: The treatment of muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with radiotherapy allows organ preservation and is frequently used in the UK, especially in patients not medically fit for cystectomy. Anaemia is known to be an indicator of a poor response to radiotherapy in head and neck and cervical carcinomas. Here we describe the prevalence and type of anaemia in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and determine the effect anaemia has on treatment outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of notes was carried out on patients treated radically between 1992 and 1997. Potential patient, tumour and treatment prognostic indicators were reported. Patients were labelled as being anaemic if their pre-treatment haemoglobin level was below the normal range (below 13.5 g/dl for men and below 11.5 g/dl for women). The time to local failure, metastases and overall survival were recorded. Recurrence-free survival and overall survival actuarial estimations were carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by Log-rank testing. A multivariate analysis was carried out using the Cox regression method. RESULTS: Data on 100 patients were available for analysis. Most of the patients were not adequately staged by today's standards. Fifty-two patients were anaemic, with 75% of them having a normochromic, normocytic anaemia. The univariate analysis showed no significant difference in the time to local recurrence, a trend towards a shorter time to metastases and a significant reduction in overall survival in anaemic patients (P = 0.001). Two-year survival was 43% and 22% for non-anaemic and anaemic patients, respectively. A multivariate analysis using the covariates tumour stage, grade and serum creatinine found anaemia to be a poor prognostic indicator for overall survival (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Anaemia is highly prevalent in patients with bladder cancer. This retrospective study showed anaemic patients to have a worse outcome with radiotherapy treatment than patients with a normal haemoglobin level. This was not accounted for by a difference in local control, which may be expected from hypoxic radiobiological principles. Anaemia may be indicative of more aggressive malignancy or subclinical metastases.

Dermatomyositis as a paraneoplastic syndrome in carcinosarcoma of uterine origin.

Paraneoplastic syndromes are a collection of disorders affecting an organ or tissue caused by cancer but occurring at a site distant from the primary or metastases. Dermatomyositis can occur in association with malignancy as a paraneoplastic phenomenon. We present a case of a patient presenting simultaneously with an advanced carcinosarcoma of the uterus and dermatomyositis. The diagnoses, pathophysiology and treatment of these two conditions are discussed and current published studies reviewed.