ABSTRACT
Arsenic exposure is a significant public health issue, with harmful effects caused by its use in commercial products such as car batteries, pesticides, and herbicides. Arsenic has three main compounds: inorganic, organic, and arsine gas. Inorganic arsenic compounds in water are highly toxic. The daily intake of arsenic from food and beverages is between 20 and 300 mcg/day. Arsenic is known for its carcinogenic properties and is classified as a human carcinogen by different institutions. Exposure can lead to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and epigenetic deregulation, which can cause endocrine disorders, altered signal transduction pathways, and cell proliferation. In addition, arsenic can easily cross the placenta, making it a critical concern for maternal and fetal health. Exposure can lead to complications such as gestational diabetes, anemia, low birth weight, miscarriage, and congenital anomalies. Female babies are particularly vulnerable to the negative impact of arsenic exposure, with a higher risk of low weight for gestational age and congenital cardiac anomalies. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor and regulate the levels of arsenic in drinking water and food sources to prevent these adverse health outcomes. Further research is necessary to fully understand the impact of arsenic exposure on human health, especially during pregnancy and infancy, by implementing preventative measures and monitoring the levels of arsenic in the environment.
ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetic mastopathy is an uncommon complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) of long-term evolution which can be confused with breast cancer. Therefore, it is important to know this entity. Clinical case: The aim of the present study is to show the characteristics of mastography and breast ultrasound (US) in a 64-year-old Mexican woman with DM of 27 years of evolution treated with insulin. This patient presented increased volume in both breasts secondary to diabetic mastopathy. We describe the utility of the US-guided core-needle biopsy as well. Conclusion: Diabetic mastopathy is a rare morphological change, which requires clinical correlation and sets out the differential diagnosis in physical examination and imaging studies of breast cancer. Breast US is the most useful diagnostic tool to evaluate a palpable nodule in a patient with suspected diabetic mastopathy and the biopsy is the gold standard test which allows the diagnosis.
Introducción: La mastopatía diabética es una complicación infrecuente de diabetes mellitus (DM) de larga evolución que puede confundirse con cáncer. Por lo tanto, es importante reconocerla. Caso clínico: El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar las características de mastografía y ultrasonido (USG) en una mujer mexicana de 64 años con DM de 27 años de evolución, tratada con insulina, que presentó aumento de volumen en ambas mamas secundario a mastopatía diabética. También describimos la utilidad de la biopsia con aguja de corte guiada por USG. Conclusión: La mastopatía diabética es una alteración morfológica rara que requiere de correlación clínica y que plantea el diagnóstico diferencial en la exploración física y en estudios de imagen de cáncer de mama. El USG es la herramienta de diagnóstico más útil para evaluar un nódulo palpable en una paciente con sospecha de mastopatía diabética y la biopsia es la prueba de oro que permite establecer el diagnóstico.
Subject(s)
Breast Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Breast Diseases/etiology , Female , Humans , Mammography , Middle Aged , Ultrasonography, MammaryABSTRACT
Sorption of Zn with struvite was assessed both during and after mineral formation at pH 9.0 for 1-100 µM (0.065-6.54 mg L(-1)) aqueous Zn. The Zn loadings of recovered solids were lower when Zn was present during struvite precipitation compared to when Zn was added to struvite-bearing solutions. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy confirmed that Zn added to struvite-bearing solutions at concentrations≤5 µM sorbed as both octahedral and tetrahedral complexes (Zn-O 1.98-2.03 Å), with evidence for bidentate configuration (Zn-P 3.18 Å). Bidentate complexes were incorporated into the near-surface structure, contributing to distortion of the struvite ν3 PO4(3-) band in the Fourier transform infrared spectra. At Zn concentrations>5 µM, tetrahedral monodentate adsorbates (Zn-O 1.98 Å) dominated, transitioning to a Zn-phosphate precipitate at 100 µM. When Zn is present during struvite precipitation, octahedral monodentate sorbates detected at 1 µM (Zn-O 2.08-2.10 Å; Zn-P 3.60-3.64 Å) polymerized at 5-50 µM, ultimately forming a Zn-hydroxide precipitate at 100 µM. The lowest initial Zn concentrations (0.065 mg L(-1)) and resultant solid loadings from precipitation experiments (13 mg kg(-1)) are consistent with those reported for struvite recovered from wastewater, suggesting that similar Zn sorption processes may occur in more complex systems.