[Improvement of epidemiological surveillance of meningococcus infection and it's selective prophylaxis in troops].

The article is devoted to a critical analyze of existent system of epidemiological surveillance for morbidity of meningococcus infection among population and military service men, and to condition and perspectives of immuno- and chemoprophylaxis of correspondent generalized forms of diseases in the world, Russia and it's Army and NAVY. It is proposed a differentiated approach to realization of these measures in organized (military) collectives on the base of microbiological monitoring of epidemic officials (serogroups) of causative agents, on the base of prediction of morbidity by generalized forms and on the base of clinical-epidemical diagnostics at early stages of development of epidemic process.

[Epidemiological significance of HIV-infections in military personnel]. / Epidemiologicheskaia znachimost' zabolevaemosti voennosluzhashchikh VICh-infektsiei.

The increase in HIV-infection incidence in the RF Armed Forces requires the study of modern epidemiology of this infection, the improvement of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures to prevent the contamination of units and ships and to eliminate the epidemiologic foci in time. The epidemiological situation connected with HIV-infection in Russia and the Armed Forces has the general patterns. The maximal incidence is registered in servicemen living in HIV unfavorable territories of the country. In 2001 the structure of HIV transmission in the military collectives was the following: sexual--51%, parenteral (drug addiction)--45%, parenteral (use of one shaving set)--1%, parenteral (tattooing)--1%, uncertain--2%. The high military epidemiological significance of HIV-infection requires the improvement of preventive forms and methods taking into account the main causes and factors that determine the epidemiological situation in Army and Navy.

[Essential measures of an organizational-medical character aimed atdecreasing the incidence of diseases of the circulatory system and mortality caused by them in modern Russia]. / Neobkhodimye meropriiatiia organizatsionno-meditsinskogo kharaktera, napravlennye na umen'shenie zabolevaemosti bolezniami sistemy krovoobrashcheniia i smertnosti ot nikh v sovremennoi Roccii.

Mortality caused by diseases of the circulatory system is analyzed on the basis of files of the Ministry of Health and of the State Statistical Committee of Russia and the results are correlated to the objective parameters reflecting the potentialities of cardiological service in Russia and the actual status of prophylaxis, including regular check-ups. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations offered.

[The main approaches to reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Russia]. / Osnovnye napravleniya snizheniya zabolevayemosti i smertnosti ot serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevaniy v Rossii.

Analysis of medical statistical data and of the socioeconomic situation in the country brought the authors to a conclusion that at present the principal factors responsible for cardiovascular diseases, specifically, coronary disease and cerebrovascular disorders, are environmental factors, such as chronic stress, alcoholism and hard drinking, violation of social and hygienic norms of labor, and a number of factors related to medicine: no prophylactic check-ups and unavailability of effective drugs. "Internal risk factors" should not be disregarded as well: hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, etc. Based on their results, the authors propose measures aimed at limitation of overall stress exposures, alcoholism and hard drinking control, sociohygienic labor protection, re-creation of a system of effective prophylactic check-ups, and making present-day effective drugs available for the population.

[The treatment of hypertension patients by using graded physical training under hospital conditions]. / Lechenie bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu s pomoshch'iu dozirovannykh fizicheskikh trenirovok v usloviiakh statsionara.

The effect of controlled muscular training was investigated for stage I, II and III essential hypertension inpatients. This mode of treatment produced good therapeutic results obtained without administration of hypotensive drugs.

[Mathematical modeling of the kinematics of a pilot's head while catapulting into an air stream]. / Matematicheskoe modelirovanie kinematiki golovy letchika pri katapul'tirovanii v vozdushnyi potok.

The trajectories of head movements in the helmet and velocities of impact contact with the seat and anterior of the cockpit were calculated as applied to every stage of the catapulting process and mass-inertia parameters of helmets taken into account. Kinematic models were used to describe biomechanic parameters of the head-neck system. Special attention was given to the case of catapulting to the air flow. The effect upon the nod of aerodynamic forces acting on the human body and the catapult ejection seat at air flow velocities of 700-800 and 1300 km/hr was calculated.

[Potentiation of the hypotensive effect of labetalol in hypertensive patients treated to maintain sodium balance in the body]. / Potentsirovanie gipotenzivnogo éffekta labetaolola u bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu pri vozdeistvii na balans natriia v organizme.

Hypotensive activity of labetalol therapy alone or in combination with the diuretic agent oxodolin or with low-sodium diet (about 110 mmol/day) and potassium cooking salt substitute "Sanasol" (60% sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium gluconate, magnesium asparaginate, etc.) was studied in 67 patients with second- or third-stage essential hypertension and 14 patients with nephrogenic hypertension. Central hemodynamic changes were assessed by means of radiocardiography and tetrapolar rheography. Combined treatment had better hypotensive effect in moderate and severe hypertension (diastolic arterial BP above 110 mm Hg). The diuretic-labetalol combination made possible a 25-45% reduction in the adrenoblocker dose. The effect of combined hypotensive treatment was similar in patients with different central hemodynamic types. Low-sodium diet with potassium substitute was well tolerated by the patients.

[Urinary sodium excretion in women with hypertension and various indicators of hemodynamics and pressor hormone levels]. / Ekskretsiia natriia s mochoi u zhenshchin, bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu, s razlichnymi pokazateliami gemodinamiki i urovnem pressornykh gormonov.

Urinary sodium excretion was assessed in women with essential hypertension as an indicator of dietary sodium consumption. Groups of individuals with low (below 120 mmol/day), medium and high (above 180 mmol/day) excretion were identified. Patients with high sodium excretion levels showed slower withdrawal rates, as well as high total peripheral resistance and low cardiac output values. At the labile hypertension stage, these patients demonstrated an increase in total metabolic sodium owing to its growing residual fraction, and expanded interstitial fluid volume. Changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity showed close correlation with changes in sodium balance. Urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion decreased in patients with labile hypertension who had the highest sodium excretion levels, and increased considerably in stable hypertension. Hypertension was particularly severe in patients who excreted over 180 mmol sodium daily whereas patients who excreted less than 120 mmol in the presence of stable hypertension had normal values of total metabolic sodium and cardiac output, and moderately elevated peripheral vascular resistance.

[Use of prazosin in patients with hypertension]. / Primenenie prazozina u bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu.

Clinical trials of the alpha-adreno-blocker prazosin (Pratsiol as produced by "Orion", Finland) were carried out in 42 patients with essential hypertension, stages 2-3 by WHO classification, and 3 patients with nephrogenic hypertension. Daily doses of the drug varied between 3 and 20 mg. Good hypotensive effect was noted in 51% of patients whose cardiac index had not originally exceeded 4.5 r/min/m2 and showed no basic rise under the effect of treatment, total peripheral resistance was never below 1200 din X sec X cm-5, and heart rate kept below 80 beats per minute. In cases of higher cardiac index and heart rate values, prazosin had little or no effect. A daily dose of 8-10 mg may be considered an optimum regimen. Sinus tachycardia was the most common of side-effects. The drug was particularly effective where hypertension was combined with bradycardia.

[Optimal method of the hypotensive treatment of hypertension with diuretics and sodium chloride substitutes]. / Metod optimizatsii gipotenzivnoi terapii bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu diuretikami i zameniteliami povarennoi soli.

The therapeutic efficacy of combined and separate application of a diuretic (brinaldix) and beta-adrenoblocker (visken) was compared in the treatment of 69 patients with essential hypertension running a stable course; the patients were kept on a low-sodium diet (4-6 g NaCl daily) and given a potassium substitute for NaCl.