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1.
Plant Genome ; : e20508, 2024 09 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39268657

ABSTRACT

Root-lesion nematodes (RLN) pose a significant threat to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by damaging the root system and causing up to 25% economic losses due to reduced yield. Worldwide commercially grown chickpea varieties lack significant genetic resistance to RLN, necessitating the identification of genetic variants contributing to natural resistance. This study identifies genomic loci responsible for resistance to the RLN, Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen, in chickpea by utilizing high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms from whole-genome sequencing data of 202 chickpea accessions. Phenotypic evaluations of the genetically diverse set of chickpea accessions in India and Australia revealed a wide range of responses from resistant to susceptible. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) employing Fixed and Random Model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU) and Bayesian-Information and Linkage-Disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK) models identified 44 marker-trait associations distributed across all chromosomes except Ca1. Crucially, genomic regions on Ca2 and Ca5 consistently display significant associations across locations. Of 25 candidate genes identified, five genes were putatively involved in RLN resistance response (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, heat shock proteins, MYB-like DNA-binding protein, zinc finger FYVE protein and pathogenesis-related thaumatin-like protein). One notably identified gene (Ca_10016) presents four haplotypes, where haplotypes 1-3 confer moderate susceptibility, and haplotype 4 contributes to high susceptibility to RLN. This information provides potential targets for marker development to enhance breeding for RLN resistance in chickpea. Additionally, five potential resistant genotypes (ICC3512, ICC8855, ICC5337, ICC8950, and ICC6537) to P. thornei were identified based on their performance at a specific location. The study's significance lies in its comprehensive approach, integrating multiple-location phenotypic evaluations, advanced GWAS models, and functional genomics to unravel the genetic basis of P. thornei resistance. The identified genomic regions, candidate genes, and haplotypes offer valuable insights for breeding strategies, paving the way for developing chickpea varieties resilient to P. thornei attack.

2.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 17178, 2024 07 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39060385

ABSTRACT

The growth-regulating factor (GRF) and GRF-interacting factor (GIF) families encode plant-specific transcription factors and play vital roles in plant development and stress response processes. Although GRF and GIF genes have been identified in various plant species, there have been no reports of the analysis and identification of the GRF and GIF transcription factor families in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). The present study identified seven CaGRFs, eleven CcGRFs, four CaGIFs, and four CcGIFs. The identified proteins were grouped into eight and three clades for GRFs and GIFs, respectively based on their phylogenetic relationships. A comprehensive in-silico analysis was performed to determine chromosomal location, sub-cellular localization, and types of regulatory elements present in the putative promoter region. Synteny analysis revealed that GRF and GIF genes showed diploid-polyploid topology in pigeonpea, but not in chickpea. Tissue-specific expression data at the vegetative and reproductive stages of the plant showed that GRFs and GIFs were strongly expressed in tissues like embryos, pods, and seeds, indicating that GRFs and GIFs play vital roles in plant growth and development. This research characterized GRF and GIF families and hints at their primary roles in the chickpea and pigeonpea growth and developmental process. Our findings provide potential gene resources and vital information on GRF and GIF gene families in chickpea and pigeonpea, which will help further understand the regulatory role of these gene families in plant growth and development.


Subject(s)
Cajanus , Cicer , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Proteins , Cajanus/genetics , Cajanus/growth & development , Cajanus/metabolism , Cicer/genetics , Cicer/metabolism , Cicer/growth & development , Gene Expression Profiling , Genome, Plant , Multigene Family , Phylogeny , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism
3.
Plant Biotechnol J ; 22(6): 1504-1515, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38206288

ABSTRACT

Professor Rajeev K. Varshney's transformative impact on crop genomics, genetics, and agriculture is the result of his passion, dedication, and unyielding commitment to harnessing the potential of genomics to address the most pressing challenges faced by the global agricultural community. Starting from a small town in India and reaching the global stage, Professor Varshney's academic and professional trajectory has inspired many scientists active in research today. His ground-breaking work, especially his effort to list orphan tropical crops to genomic resource-rich entities, has been transformative. Beyond his scientific achievements, Professor Varshney is recognized by his colleagues as an exemplary mentor, fostering the growth of future researchers, building institutional capacity, and strengthening scientific capability. His focus on translational genomics and strengthening seed system in developing countries for the improvement of agriculture has made a tangible impact on farmers' lives. His skills have been best utilized in roles at leading research centres where he has applied his expertise to deliver a new vision for crop improvement. These efforts have now been recognized by the Royal Society with the award of the Fellowship (FRS). As we mark this significant milestone in his career, we not only celebrate Professor Varshney's accomplishments but also his wider contributions that continue to transform the agricultural landscape.


Subject(s)
Crops, Agricultural , Genomics , Portraits as Topic , Agriculture/history , Crops, Agricultural/genetics , Genomics/history , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Portraits as Topic , Societies, Scientific/organization & administration
4.
Plant Genome ; 17(1): e20337, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37165696

ABSTRACT

Drought is one of the major constraints limiting chickpea productivity. To unravel complex mechanisms regulating drought response in chickpea, we generated transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics datasets from root tissues of four contrasting drought-responsive chickpea genotypes: ICC 4958, JG 11, and JG 11+ (drought-tolerant), and ICC 1882 (drought-sensitive) under control and drought stress conditions. Integration of transcriptomics and proteomics data identified enriched hub proteins encoding isoflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase, UDP-d-glucose/UDP-d-galactose 4-epimerase, and delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase. These proteins highlighted the involvement of pathways such as antibiotic biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in activating drought stress response mechanisms. Subsequently, the integration of metabolomics data identified six metabolites (fructose, galactose, glucose, myoinositol, galactinol, and raffinose) that showed a significant correlation with galactose metabolism. Integration of root-omics data also revealed some key candidate genes underlying the drought-responsive "QTL-hotspot" region. These results provided key insights into complex molecular mechanisms underlying drought stress response in chickpea.


Subject(s)
Cicer , Cicer/genetics , Multiomics , Plant Roots/genetics , Droughts , Galactose/metabolism , Uridine Diphosphate/metabolism
5.
Front Plant Sci ; 14: 1274759, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37929162

ABSTRACT

The rising global temperatures seriously threaten sustainable crop production, particularly the productivity and production of heat-sensitive crops like chickpeas. Multiple QTLs have been identified to enhance the heat stress tolerance in chickpeas, but their successful use in breeding programs remains limited. Towards this direction, we constructed a high-density genetic map spanning 2233.5 cM with 1069 markers. Using 138 QTLs reported earlier, we identified six Meta-QTL regions for heat tolerance whose confidence interval was reduced by 2.7-folds compared to the reported QTLs. Meta-QTLs identified on CaLG01 and CaLG06 harbor QTLs for important traits, including days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, days to flower initiation, days to pod initiation, number of filled pods, visual score, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, chlorophyll content, and harvest index. In addition, key genes identified in Meta-QTL regions like Pollen receptor-like kinase 3 (CaPRK3), Flowering-promoting factor 1 (CaFPF1), Flowering Locus C (CaFLC), Heat stress transcription factor A-5 (CaHsfsA5), and Pollen-specific leucine-rich repeat extensins (CaLRXs) play an important role in regulating the flowering time, pollen germination, and growth. The consensus genomic regions, and the key genes reported in this study can be used in genomics-assisted breeding for enhancing heat tolerance and developing heat-resilient chickpea cultivars.

7.
Plant Genome ; 16(3): e20340, 2023 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37211948

ABSTRACT

Fusarium wilt (FW) is one of the most significant biotic stresses limiting chickpea production worldwide. To dissect the molecular mechanism of FW resistance in chickpea, comparative transcriptome analyses of contrasting resistance sources of chickpea genotypes under control and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc) inoculated conditions were performed. The high-throughput transcriptome sequencing generated about 1137 million sequencing reads from 24 samples representing two resistant genotypes, two susceptible genotypes, and two near-isogenic lines under control and stress conditions at two-time points (7th- and 12th-day post-inoculation). The analysis identified 5182 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different combinations of chickpea genotypes. Functional annotation of these genes indicated their involvement in various biological processes such as defense response, cell wall biogenesis, secondary metabolism, and disease resistance. A significant number (382) of transcription factor encoding genes exhibited differential expression patterns under stress. Further, a considerable number of the identified DEGs (287) co-localized with previously reported quantitative trait locus for FW resistance. Several resistance/susceptibility-related genes, such as SERINE/THREONINE PROTEIN KINASE, DIRIGENT, and MLO exhibiting contrasting expression patterns in resistant and susceptible genotypes upon Foc inoculation, were identified. The results presented in the study provide valuable insights into the transcriptional dynamics associated with FW stress response in chickpea and provide candidate genes for the development of disease-resistant chickpea cultivars.


Subject(s)
Cicer , Fusarium , Fusarium/physiology , Cicer/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Disease Resistance/genetics , Transcriptome
8.
Front Plant Sci ; 14: 1123655, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36950360

ABSTRACT

Micronutrient malnutrition is a serious threat to the developing world's human population, which largely relies on a cereal-based diet that lacks diversity and micronutrients. Besides major cereals, millets represent the key sources of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals for people residing in the dryland tropics and drought-prone areas of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Millets serve as multi-purpose crops with several salient traits including tolerance to abiotic stresses, adaptation to diverse agro-ecologies, higher productivity in nutrient-poor soils, and rich nutritional characteristics. Considering the potential of millets in empowering smallholder farmers, adapting to changing climate, and transforming agrifood systems, the year 2023 has been declared by the United Nations as the International Year of Millets. In this review, we highlight recent genetic and genomic innovations that can be explored to enhance grain micronutrient density in millets. We summarize the advances made in high-throughput phenotyping to accurately measure grain micronutrient content in cereals. We shed light on genetic diversity in millet germplasm collections existing globally that can be exploited for developing nutrient-dense and high-yielding varieties to address food and nutritional security. Furthermore, we describe the progress made in the fields of genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics with an emphasis on enhancing the grain nutritional content for designing competitive biofortified varieties for the future. Considering the close genetic-relatedness within cereals, upcoming research should focus on identifying the genetic and genomic basis of nutritional traits in millets and introgressing them into major cereals through integrated omics approaches. Recent breakthroughs in the genome editing toolbox would be crucial for mainstreaming biofortification in millets.

9.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(2)2023 Jan 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36674889

ABSTRACT

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production is highly susceptible to heat stress (day/night temperatures above 32/20 °C). Identifying the molecular mechanisms and potential candidate genes underlying heat stress response is important for increasing chickpea productivity. Here, we used an RNA-seq approach to investigate the transcriptome dynamics of 48 samples which include the leaf and root tissues of six contrasting heat stress responsive chickpea genotypes at the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant development. A total of 14,544 unique, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified across different combinations studied. These DEGs were mainly involved in metabolic processes, cell wall remodeling, calcium signaling, and photosynthesis. Pathway analysis revealed the enrichment of metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and plant hormone signal transduction, under heat stress conditions. Furthermore, heat-responsive genes encoding bHLH, ERF, WRKY, and MYB transcription factors were differentially regulated in response to heat stress, and candidate genes underlying the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for heat tolerance component traits, which showed differential gene expression across tolerant and sensitive genotypes, were identified. Our study provides an important resource for dissecting the role of candidate genes associated with heat stress response and also paves the way for developing climate-resilient chickpea varieties for the future.


Subject(s)
Cicer , Thermotolerance , Cicer/physiology , Gene Expression Profiling , Transcriptome , Phenotype , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Stress, Physiological/genetics
10.
Front Nutr ; 9: 884381, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36438771

ABSTRACT

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), an important source of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) for millions of families in dryland tropics, helps in eradicating micronutrient malnutrition. The crop is rich in Fe and Zn, therefore, identification of the key genes operating the mineral pathways is an important step to accelerate the development of biofortified cultivars. In a first-of-its-kind experiment, leaf and root samples of a pearl millet inbred ICMB 1505 were exposed to combinations of Fe and Zn stress conditions using the hydroponics method, and a whole-genome transcriptome assay was carried out to characterize the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways. A total of 37,093 DEGs under different combinations of stress conditions were identified, of which, 7,023 and 9,996 DEGs were reported in the leaf and root stress treatments, respectively. Among the 10,194 unique DEGs, 8,605 were annotated to cellular, biological, and molecular functions and 458 DEGs were assigned to 39 pathways. The results revealed the expression of major genes related to the mugineic acid pathway, phytohormones, chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism during Fe and Zn stress. The cross-talks between the Fe and Zn provided information on their dual and opposite regulation of key uptake and transporter genes under Fe and Zn deficiency. SNP haplotypes in rice, maize, sorghum, and foxtail millet as well as in Arabidopsis using pearl millet Fe and Zn responsive genes could be used for designing the markers in staple crops. Our results will assist in developing Fe and Zn-efficient pearl millet varieties in biofortification breeding programs and precision delivery mechanisms to ameliorate malnutrition in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

12.
Front Plant Sci ; 13: 902536, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36035707

ABSTRACT

The ever-changing climate and the current COVID-19 pandemic compound the problems and seriously impact agriculture production, resulting in socio-economic insecurities and imposing health implications globally. Most of the poor and malnourished population in the developing countries depends on agriculture for food, income, and employment. Impact of climate change together with the COVID-19 outbreak revealed immense problems highlighting the importance of mainstreaming climate-resilient and low input crops with more contemporary agriculture practices. Orphan millets play a vital role in the poor and malnourished population's livelihood, food and nutrition security. Recognizing their unique potential, the United Nations-Food and Agriculture Organization has announced the year 2023 as the "International Year of Millets". However, despite the unique properties for present and future agriculture of orphan millets, their cultivation is declining in many countries. As a result, millets have gained attention from researchers which eventually decelerated "multi-omics" resource generation. This review summarizes the benefits of millets and major barriers/ bottlenecks in their improvement. We also discuss the pre- and post-harvest technologies; policies required to introduce and establish millets in mainstream agriculture. To improve and ensure the livelihood of the poor/malnourished population, intensive efforts are urgently needed in advancing the research and development, implementing pre- and post-harvest technological intervention strategies, and making favorable policies for orphan crops to accomplish food and nutrition security. National and international collaborations are also indispensable to address the uncertain effects of climate change and COVID-19.

13.
Cells ; 11(15)2022 08 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35954301

ABSTRACT

Chickpea is an inexpensive source of protein, minerals, and vitamins to the poor people living in arid and semi-arid regions of Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. New chickpea cultivars with enhanced levels of protein, Fe and Zn content are a medium-term strategy for supplying essential nutrients for human health and reducing malnutrition. In the current study, a chickpea reference set of 280 accessions, including landraces, breeding lines, and advanced cultivars, was evaluated for grain protein, Fe, Zn content and agronomic traits over two seasons. Using a mid-density 5k SNP array, 4603 highly informative SNPs distributed across the chickpea genome were used for GWAS analysis. Population structure analysis revealed three subpopulations (K = 3). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was extensive, and LD decay was relatively low. A total of 20 and 46 marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified for grain nutrient and agronomic traits, respectively, using FarmCPU and BLINK models. Of which seven SNPs for grain protein, twelve for Fe, and one for Zn content were distributed on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, and 7. The marker S4_4477846 on chr4 was found to be co-associated with grain protein over seasons. The markers S1_11613376 and S1_2772537 co-associated with grain Fe content under NSII and pooled seasons and S7_9379786 marker under NSI and pooled seasons. The markers S4_31996956 co-associated with grain Fe and days to maturity. SNP annotation of associated markers were found to be related to gene functions of metal ion binding, transporters, protein kinases, transcription factors, and many more functions involved in plant metabolism along with Fe and protein homeostasis. The identified significant MTAs has potential use in marker-assisted selection for developing nutrient-rich chickpea cultivars after validation in the breeding populations.


Subject(s)
Cicer , Grain Proteins , Biomarkers , Cicer/genetics , Edible Grain , Genome-Wide Association Study , Humans , Nutrients , Phenotype
14.
Plant Biotechnol J ; 20(9): 1701-1715, 2022 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35534989

ABSTRACT

Chickpea production is vulnerable to drought stress. Identifying the genetic components underlying drought adaptation is crucial for enhancing chickpea productivity. Here, we present the fine mapping and characterization of 'QTL-hotspot', a genomic region controlling chickpea growth with positive consequences on crop production under drought. We report that a non-synonymous substitution in the transcription factor CaTIFY4b regulates seed weight and organ size in chickpea. Ectopic expression of CaTIFY4b in Medicago truncatula enhances root growth under water deficit. Our results suggest that allelic variation in 'QTL-hotspot' improves pre-anthesis water use, transpiration efficiency, root architecture and canopy development, enabling high-yield performance under terminal drought conditions. Gene expression analysis indicated that CaTIFY4b may regulate organ size under water deficit by modulating the expression of GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR1 (GIF1), a transcriptional co-activator of Growth-Regulating Factors. Taken together, our study offers new insights into the role of CaTIFY4b and on diverse physiological and molecular mechanisms underpinning chickpea growth and production under specific drought scenarios.


Subject(s)
Cicer , Droughts , Adaptation, Physiological/genetics , Cicer/genetics , Genetic Variation/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Water/metabolism
17.
Nature ; 599(7886): 622-627, 2021 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34759320

ABSTRACT

Zero hunger and good health could be realized by 2030 through effective conservation, characterization and utilization of germplasm resources1. So far, few chickpea (Cicer arietinum) germplasm accessions have been characterized at the genome sequence level2. Here we present a detailed map of variation in 3,171 cultivated and 195 wild accessions to provide publicly available resources for chickpea genomics research and breeding. We constructed a chickpea pan-genome to describe genomic diversity across cultivated chickpea and its wild progenitor accessions. A divergence tree using genes present in around 80% of individuals in one species allowed us to estimate the divergence of Cicer over the last 21 million years. Our analysis found chromosomal segments and genes that show signatures of selection during domestication, migration and improvement. The chromosomal locations of deleterious mutations responsible for limited genetic diversity and decreased fitness were identified in elite germplasm. We identified superior haplotypes for improvement-related traits in landraces that can be introgressed into elite breeding lines through haplotype-based breeding, and found targets for purging deleterious alleles through genomics-assisted breeding and/or gene editing. Finally, we propose three crop breeding strategies based on genomic prediction to enhance crop productivity for 16 traits while avoiding the erosion of genetic diversity through optimal contribution selection (OCS)-based pre-breeding. The predicted performance for 100-seed weight, an important yield-related trait, increased by up to 23% and 12% with OCS- and haplotype-based genomic approaches, respectively.


Subject(s)
Cicer/genetics , Genetic Variation , Genome, Plant/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Crops, Agricultural/genetics , Haplotypes/genetics , Plant Breeding , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
18.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 17491, 2021 09 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34471168

ABSTRACT

The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, is one of the major plant-parasitic nematode species causing significant yield losses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). In order to identify the underlying mechanisms of resistance to P. thornei, the transcriptomes of control and inoculated roots of three chickpea genotypes viz. D05253 > F3TMWR2AB001 (resistant advanced breeding line), PBA HatTrick (moderately resistant cultivar), and Kyabra (susceptible cultivar) were studied at 20 and 50 days post inoculation using the RNA-seq approach. On analyzing the 633.3 million reads generated, 962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Comparative analysis revealed that the majority of DEGs upregulated in the resistant genotype were downregulated in the moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes. Transcription factor families WRKY and bZIP were uniquely expressed in the resistant genotype. The genes Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 10, Protein lifeguard-like, Protein detoxification, Bidirectional sugar transporter Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters1 (SWEET1), and Subtilisin-like protease were found to play cross-functional roles in the resistant chickpea genotype against P. thornei. The identified candidate genes for resistance to P. thornei in chickpea can be explored further to develop markers and accelerate the introgression of P. thornei resistance into elite chickpea cultivars.


Subject(s)
Cicer/genetics , Disease Resistance/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Diseases/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Transcriptome , Tylenchoidea/physiology , Animals , Cicer/immunology , Cicer/parasitology , Disease Resistance/immunology , Host-Parasite Interactions , Plant Diseases/parasitology , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Roots/genetics , Plant Roots/immunology , Plant Roots/parasitology
19.
Funct Integr Genomics ; 21(3-4): 313-330, 2021 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34013486

ABSTRACT

Beyond the most crucial roles of RNA molecules as a messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNAs, the regulatory role of many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in plant biology has been recognized. ncRNAs act as riboregulators by recognizing specific nucleic acid targets through homologous sequence interactions to regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. Regulatory ncRNAs, ranging from small to long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), exert their control over a vast array of biological processes. Based on the mode of biogenesis and their function, ncRNAs evolved into different forms that include microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), miRNA variants (isomiRs), lncRNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs), and derived ncRNAs. This article explains the different classes of ncRNAs and their role in plant development and stress responses. Furthermore, the applications of regulatory ncRNAs in crop improvement, targeting agriculturally important traits, have been discussed.


Subject(s)
Plants , RNA, Untranslated , MicroRNAs/genetics , Plants/genetics , RNA, Long Noncoding , RNA, Small Interfering , RNA, Untranslated/genetics
20.
Plant Genome ; 14(2): e20098, 2021 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33949787

ABSTRACT

In recent years, generation of large-scale data from genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, epigenome, and others, has become routine in several plant species. Most of these datasets in different crop species, however, were studied independently and as a result, full insight could not be gained on the molecular basis of complex traits and biological networks. A systems biology approach involving integration of multiple omics data, modeling, and prediction of the cellular functions is required to understand the flow of biological information that underlies complex traits. In this context, systems biology with multiomics data integration is crucial and allows a holistic understanding of the dynamic system with the different levels of biological organization interacting with external environment for a phenotypic expression. Here, we present recent progress made in the area of various omics studies-integrative and systems biology approaches with a special focus on application to crop improvement. We have also discussed the challenges and opportunities in multiomics data integration, modeling, and understanding of the biology of complex traits underpinning yield and stress tolerance in major cereals and legumes.


Subject(s)
Systems Biology , Transcriptome , Genome , Phenotype
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