Dysregulation of protein SUMOylation networks in Huntington's disease R6/2 mouse striatum.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat mutation in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. The mutation impacts neuronal protein homeostasis and cortical/striatal circuitry. SUMOylation is a post-translational modification with broad cellular effects including via modification of synaptic proteins. Here, we used an optimised SUMO protein-enrichment and mass spectrometry method to identify the protein SUMOylation/SUMO interaction proteome in the context of HD using R6/2 transgenic and non-transgenic (NT) mice. Significant changes in enrichment of SUMOylated and SUMO-interacting proteins were observed, including those involved in presynaptic function, cytomatrix at the active zone scaffolding, cytoskeleton organization, and glutamatergic signaling. Mitochondrial and RNA-binding proteins also showed altered enrichment. Modified SUMO-associated pathways in HD tissue include clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling, synaptogenesis signaling, synaptic long-term potentiation, and SNARE signaling. To evaluate how modulation of SUMOylation might influence functional measures of neuronal activity in HD cells in vitro, we utilised primary neuronal cultures from R6/2 and NT mice. A receptor internalization assay for the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGLUR7), a SUMO enriched protein in the mass spec, showed decreased internalization in R6/2 neurons compared to NT. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the E3 SUMO ligase Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT1 (Pias1), which can SUMO modify mGLUR7, prevented this HD phenotype. In addition, microelectrode array analysis of primary neuronal cultures indicated early hyperactivity in HD cells, while later timepoints demonstrated deficits in several measurements of neuronal activity within cortical neurons. HD phenotypes were rescued at selected timepoints following knockdown of Pias1. Collectively, our results provide a mouse brain SUMOome resource and show that significant alterations occur within the post-translational landscape of SUMO-protein interactions of synaptic proteins in HD mice, suggesting that targeting of synaptic SUMO networks may provide a proteostatic systems-based therapeutic approach for HD and other neurological. Disorders.

Molecular and immune pathobiology of human angiosarcoma.

Angiosarcoma is a rare endothelial-derived malignancy that is extremely diverse in anatomy, aetiology, molecular and immune characteristics. While novel therapeutic approaches incorporating targeted agents and immunotherapy have yielded significant improvements in patient outcomes across several cancers, their impact on angiosarcoma remains modest. Contributed by its heterogeneous nature, there is currently a lack of novel drug targets in this disease entity and no reliable biomarkers that predict response to conventional treatment. This review aims to examine the molecular and immune landscape of angiosarcoma in association with its aetiology, anatomical sites, prognosis and therapeutic options. We summarise current efforts to characterise angiosarcoma subtypes based on molecular and immune profiling. Finally, we highlight promising technologies such as single-cell spatial "omics" that may further our understanding of angiosarcoma and propose strategies that can be similarly applied for the study of other rare cancers.

Huntingtin contains an ubiquitin-binding domain and regulates lysosomal targeting of mitochondrial and RNA-binding proteins.

Understanding the normal function of the Huntingtin (HTT) protein is of significance in the design and implementation of therapeutic strategies for Huntington's disease (HD). Expansion of the CAG repeat in the HTT gene, encoding an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat within the HTT protein, causes HD and may compromise HTT's normal activity contributing to HD pathology. Here, we investigated the previously defined role of HTT in autophagy specifically through studying HTT's association with ubiquitin. We find that HTT interacts directly with ubiquitin in vitro. Tandem affinity purification was used to identify ubiquitinated and ubiquitin-associated proteins that copurify with a HTT N-terminal fragment under basal conditions. Copurification is enhanced by HTT polyQ expansion and reduced by mimicking HTT serine 421 phosphorylation. The identified HTT-interacting proteins include RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) involved in mRNA translation, proteins enriched in stress granules, the nuclear proteome, the defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) proteome and the brain-derived autophagosomal proteome. To determine whether the proteins interacting with HTT are autophagic targets, HTT knockout (KO) cells and immunoprecipitation of lysosomes were used to investigate autophagy in the absence of HTT. HTT KO was associated with reduced abundance of mitochondrial proteins in the lysosome, indicating a potential compromise in basal mitophagy, and increased lysosomal abundance of RBPs which may result from compensatory up-regulation of starvation-induced macroautophagy. We suggest HTT is critical for appropriate basal clearance of mitochondrial proteins and RBPs, hence reduced HTT proteostatic function with mutation may contribute to the neuropathology of HD.

Identifying dysregulated regions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through chromatin accessibility outliers.

The high heritability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) contrasts with its low molecular diagnosis rate post-genetic testing, pointing to potential undiscovered genetic factors. To aid the exploration of these factors, we introduced EpiOut, an algorithm to identify chromatin accessibility outliers that are regions exhibiting divergent accessibility from the population baseline in a single or few samples. Annotation of accessible regions with histone chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and Hi-C indicates that outliers are concentrated in functional loci, especially among promoters interacting with active enhancers. Across different omics levels, outliers are robustly replicated, and chromatin accessibility outliers are reliable predictors of gene expression outliers and aberrant protein levels. When promoter accessibility does not align with gene expression, our results indicate that molecular aberrations are more likely to be linked to post-transcriptional regulation rather than transcriptional regulation. Our findings demonstrate that the outlier detection paradigm can uncover dysregulated regions in rare diseases. EpiOut is available at github.com/uci-cbcl/EpiOut.

Latest Advances in Chondrocyte-Based Cartilage Repair.

Chondrocyte-based cell therapy has been used for more than 30 years and is still considered to be a promising method of cartilage repair despite some limitations. This review introduces the latest developments of four generations of autologous chondrocyte implantation and current autologous chondrocyte products. The regeneration of cartilage from adult chondrocytes is limited by culture-induced dedifferentiation and patient age. Cartibeads is an innovative three-step method to produce high-quality hyaline cartilage microtissues, and it is developed from adult dedifferentiated chondrocytes with a high number of cell passages. In addition, allogeneic chondrocyte therapies using the Quantum hollow-fiber bioreactor and several signaling pathways involved in chondrocyte-based cartilage repair are mentioned, such as WNT signaling, the BMP-2/WISP1 pathway, and the FGF19 pathway.

Chemical and Electrochemical Characterization of Hot-Pressed Li6PS5Cl Solid State Electrolyte: Operating Pressure-Invariant High Ionic Conductivity.

Sulfide solid state electrolytes (SSE) are among the most promising materials in the effort to replace liquid electrolytes, largely due to their comparable ionic conductivities. Among the sulfide SSEs, Argyrodites (Li6PS5X, X=Cl, Br, I) further stand out due to their high theoretical ionic conductivity (~1×10-2 S cm-1) and interfacial stability against reactive metal anodes such as lithium. Generally, solid state electrolyte pellets are pressed from powder feedstock at room temperature, however, pellets fabricated by cold pressing consistently result in low bulk density and high porosity, facilitating interfacial degradation reactions and allowing dendrites to propagate through the pores and grain boundaries. Here, we demonstrate the mechanical and electrochemical implications of hot-pressing standalone LPSCl SSE pellets with near-theoretical ionic conductivity, superior cycling performance, and enhanced mechanical stability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) analysis reveal no chemical changes to the Argyrodite surface after hot pressing up to 250 °C. Moreover, we use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to understand mechanical stability of Argyrodite SSE pellets as a function of externally applied pressure, demonstrating for the first time pressed standalone Argyrodite pellets with near-theoretical conductivities at external pressures below 14 MPa.

Simultaneous detection of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes with the open source, cloud-based, CZ ID pipeline.

Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) pathogens represent urgent threats to human health, and their surveillance is of paramount importance. Metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) has revolutionized such efforts, but remains challenging due to the lack of open-access bioinformatics tools capable of simultaneously analyzing both microbial and AMR gene sequences. To address this need, we developed the CZ ID AMR module, an open-access, cloud-based workflow designed to integrate detection of both microbes and AMR genes in mNGS and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. It leverages the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database and associated Resistance Gene Identifier software, and works synergistically with the CZ ID short-read mNGS module to enable broad detection of both microbes and AMR genes. We highlight diverse applications of the AMR module through analysis of both publicly available and newly generated mNGS and WGS data from four clinical cohort studies and an environmental surveillance project. Through genomic investigations of bacterial sepsis and pneumonia cases, hospital outbreaks, and wastewater surveillance data, we gain a deeper understanding of infectious agents and their resistomes, highlighting the value of integrating microbial identification and AMR profiling for both research and public health. We leverage additional functionalities of the CZ ID mNGS platform to couple resistome profiling with the assessment of phylogenetic relationships between nosocomial pathogens, and further demonstrate the potential to capture the longitudinal dynamics of pathogen and AMR genes in hospital acquired bacterial infections. In sum, the new AMR module advances the capabilities of the open-access CZ ID microbial bioinformatics platform by integrating pathogen detection and AMR profiling from mNGS and WGS data. Its development represents a critical step toward democratizing pathogen genomic analysis and supporting collaborative efforts to combat the growing threat of AMR.

Simultaneous detection of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes with the open source, cloud-based, CZ ID pipeline.

Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) pathogens represent urgent threats to human health, and their surveillance is of paramount importance. Metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) has revolutionized such efforts, but remains challenging due to the lack of open-access bioinformatics tools capable of simultaneously analyzing both microbial and AMR gene sequences. To address this need, we developed the Chan Zuckerberg ID (CZ ID) AMR module, an open-access, cloud-based workflow designed to integrate detection of both microbes and AMR genes in mNGS and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. It leverages the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database and associated Resistance Gene Identifier software, and works synergistically with the CZ ID short-read mNGS module to enable broad detection of both microbes and AMR genes. We highlight diverse applications of the AMR module through analysis of both publicly available and newly generated mNGS and WGS data from four clinical cohort studies and an environmental surveillance project. Through genomic investigations of bacterial sepsis and pneumonia cases, hospital outbreaks, and wastewater surveillance data, we gain a deeper understanding of infectious agents and their resistomes, highlighting the value of integrating microbial identification and AMR profiling for both research and public health. We leverage additional functionalities of the CZ ID mNGS platform to couple resistome profiling with the assessment of phylogenetic relationships between nosocomial pathogens, and further demonstrate the potential to capture the longitudinal dynamics of pathogen and AMR genes in hospital acquired bacterial infections. In sum, the new AMR module advances the capabilities of the open-access CZ ID microbial bioinformatics platform by integrating pathogen detection and AMR profiling from mNGS and WGS data. Its development represents a critical step toward democratizing pathogen genomic analysis and supporting collaborative efforts to combat the growing threat of AMR.

Transplanted human neural stem cells rescue phenotypes in zQ175 Huntington's disease mice and innervate the striatum.

Huntington's disease (HD), a genetic neurodegenerative disorder, primarily affects the striatum and cortex with progressive loss of medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) and pyramidal neurons, disrupting cortico-striatal circuitry. A promising regenerative therapeutic strategy of transplanting human neural stem cells (hNSCs) is challenged by the need for long-term functional integration. We previously described that, with short-term hNSC transplantation into the striatum of HD R6/2 mice, human cells differentiated into electrophysiologically active immature neurons, improving behavior and biochemical deficits. Here, we show that long-term (8 months) implantation of hNSCs into the striatum of HD zQ175 mice ameliorates behavioral deficits, increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, and reduces mutant huntingtin (mHTT) accumulation. Patch clamp recordings, immunohistochemistry, single-nucleus RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and electron microscopy demonstrate that hNSCs differentiate into diverse neuronal populations, including MSN- and interneuron-like cells, and form connections. Single-nucleus RNA-seq analysis also shows restoration of several mHTT-mediated transcriptional changes of endogenous striatal HD mouse cells. Remarkably, engrafted cells receive synaptic inputs, innervate host neurons, and improve membrane and synaptic properties. Overall, the findings support hNSC transplantation for further evaluation and clinical development for HD.

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Processing for Clinical Applications Using a Closed Semi-Automated Workflow.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are currently being explored as a promising cell-based therapeutic modality for various diseases, with more market approvals for clinical use expected over the next few years. To facilitate this transition, addressing the bottlenecks of scale, lot-to-lot reproducibility, cost, regulatory compliance, and quality control is critical. These challenges can be addressed by closing the process and adopting automated manufacturing platforms. In this study, we developed a closed and semi-automated process for passaging and harvesting Wharton's jelly (WJ)-derived hMSCs (WJ-hMSCs) from multi-layered flasks using counterflow centrifugation. The WJ-hMSCs were expanded using regulatory compliant serum-free xeno-free (SFM XF) medium, and they showed comparable cell proliferation (population doubling) and morphology to WJ-hMSCs expanded in classic serum-containing media. Our closed semi-automated harvesting protocol demonstrated high cell recovery (~98%) and viability (~99%). The cells washed and concentrated using counterflow centrifugation maintained WJ-hMSC surface marker expression, colony-forming units (CFU-F), trilineage differentiation potential, and cytokine secretion profiles. The semi-automated cell harvesting protocol developed in the study can be easily applied for the small- to medium-scale processing of various adherent and suspension cells by directly connecting to different cell expansion platforms to perform volume reduction, washing, and harvesting with a low output volume.

Large-scale differentiation of iPSC-derived motor neurons from ALS and control subjects.

Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to understand the mechanisms of neurological disease holds great promise; however, there is a lack of well-curated lines from a large array of participants. Answer ALS has generated over 1,000 iPSC lines from control and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients along with clinical and whole-genome sequencing data. The current report summarizes cell marker and gene expression in motor neuron cultures derived from 92 healthy control and 341 ALS participants using a 32-day differentiation protocol. This is the largest set of iPSCs to be differentiated into motor neurons, and characterization suggests that cell composition and sex are significant sources of variability that need to be carefully controlled for in future studies. These data are reported as a resource for the scientific community that will utilize Answer ALS data for disease modeling using a wider array of omics being made available for these samples.

Single-nuclei transcriptome analysis of Huntington disease iPSC and mouse astrocytes implicates maturation and functional deficits.

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene that alters cellular homeostasis, particularly in the striatum and cortex. Astrocyte signaling that establishes and maintains neuronal functions are often altered under pathological conditions. We performed single-nuclei RNA-sequencing on human HD patient-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes and on striatal and cortical tissue from R6/2 HD mice to investigate high-resolution HD astrocyte cell state transitions. We observed altered maturation and glutamate signaling in HD human and mouse astrocytes. Human HD astrocytes also showed upregulated actin-mediated signaling, suggesting that some states may be cell-autonomous and human specific. In both species, astrogliogenesis transcription factors may drive HD astrocyte maturation deficits, which are supported by rescued climbing deficits in HD drosophila with NFIA knockdown. Thus, dysregulated HD astrocyte states may induce dysfunctional astrocytic properties, in part due to maturation deficits influenced by astrogliogenesis transcription factor dysregulation.

Pediatric hand fractures detection on radiographs: do localization cues improve diagnostic performance?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy and interpretation time for detection of pediatric fractures on hand radiographs with and without localization cues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive children, who underwent radiographic examinations after injury, over 2 years (2019-2021) and with > 2 weeks of follow-up to confirm the presence or absence of a fracture, were included. Four readers, blinded to history and diagnosis, retrospectively reviewed all images twice, without and with cue, at least 1 week apart and after randomization, to determine the presence or absence of a fracture, and if present, anatomic location and diagnostic confidence were recorded. Interpretation time for each study was also recorded and averaged across readers. Inter-reader agreement was calculated using Fleiss' kappa. Diagnostic accuracy and interpretation time were compared between examinations using sensitivity, specificity, and Mann-Whitney U correlation. RESULTS: Study group included 92 children (61 boys, 31 girls; 10.8 ± 3.4 years) with and 40 (31 boys, 9 girls; 10.9 ± 3.7 years) without fractures. Cue improved inter-reader agreement (κ = 0.47 to 0.62). While the specificity decreased (63 to 62%), sensitivity (75 to 78%), diagnostic accuracy (71 to 73%), and confidence improved (78 to 87%, p < 0.01), and interpretation time (median: 40 to 22 s, p < 0.001) reduced with examinations with localization cue. Specifically, examinations with fracture and cue had the shortest interpretation time (median: 16 s), whereas examinations without fracture and without cue had the longest interpretation time (median: 48 s). CONCLUSION: Localization cues increased inter-reader agreement and diagnostic confidence, reduced interpretation time in the detection of fractures on pediatric hand radiographs, while maintaining diagnostic accuracy.

An altered extracellular matrix-integrin interface contributes to Huntington's disease-associated CNS dysfunction in glial and vascular cells.

Astrocytes and brain endothelial cells are components of the neurovascular unit that comprises the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and their dysfunction contributes to pathogenesis in Huntington's disease (HD). Defining the contribution of these cells to disease can inform cell-type-specific effects and uncover new disease-modifying therapeutic targets. These cells express integrin (ITG) adhesion receptors that anchor the cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) to maintain the integrity of the BBB. We used HD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) modeling to study the ECM-ITG interface in astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells and found ECM-ITG dysregulation in human iPSC-derived cells that may contribute to the dysfunction of the BBB in HD. This disruption has functional consequences since reducing ITG expression in glia in an HD Drosophila model suppressed disease-associated CNS dysfunction. Since ITGs can be targeted therapeutically and manipulating ITG signaling prevents neurodegeneration in other diseases, defining the role of ITGs in HD may provide a novel strategy of intervention to slow CNS pathophysiology to treat HD.

Huntington disease oligodendrocyte maturation deficits revealed by single-nucleus RNAseq are rescued by thiamine-biotin supplementation.

The complexity of affected brain regions and cell types is a challenge for Huntington's disease (HD) treatment. Here we use single nucleus RNA sequencing to investigate molecular pathology in the cortex and striatum from R6/2 mice and human HD post-mortem tissue. We identify cell type-specific and -agnostic signatures suggesting oligodendrocytes (OLs) and oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) are arrested in intermediate maturation states. OL-lineage regulators OLIG1 and OLIG2 are negatively correlated with CAG length in human OPCs, and ATACseq analysis of HD mouse NeuN-negative cells shows decreased accessibility regulated by OL maturation genes. The data implicates glucose and lipid metabolism in abnormal cell maturation and identify PRKCE and Thiamine Pyrophosphokinase 1 (TPK1) as central genes. Thiamine/biotin treatment of R6/1 HD mice to compensate for TPK1 dysregulation restores OL maturation and rescues neuronal pathology. Our insights into HD OL pathology spans multiple brain regions and link OL maturation deficits to abnormal thiamine metabolism.

Mechanotransduction through adhesion molecules: Emerging roles in regulating the stem cell niche.

Stem cells have been shown to play an important role in regenerative medicine due to their proliferative and differentiation potential. The challenge, however, lies in regulating and controlling their potential for this purpose. Stem cells are regulated by growth factors as well as an array of biochemical and mechanical signals. While the role of biochemical signals and growth factors in regulating stem cell homeostasis is well explored, the role of mechanical signals has only just started to be investigated. Stem cells interact with their niche or to other stem cells via adhesion molecules that eventually transduce mechanical cues to maintain their homeostatic function. Here, we present a comprehensive review on our current understanding of the influence of the forces perceived by cell adhesion molecules on the regulation of stem cells. Additionally, we provide insights on how this deeper understanding of mechanobiology of stem cells has translated toward therapeutics.

A longitudinal resource for studying connectome development and its psychiatric associations during childhood.

Most psychiatric disorders are chronic, associated with high levels of disability and distress, and present during pediatric development. Scientific innovation increasingly allows researchers to probe brain-behavior relationships in the developing human. As a result, ambitions to (1) establish normative pediatric brain development trajectories akin to growth curves, (2) characterize reliable metrics for distinguishing illness, and (3) develop clinically useful tools to assist in the diagnosis and management of mental health and learning disorders have gained significant momentum. To this end, the NKI-Rockland Sample initiative was created to probe lifespan development as a large-scale multimodal dataset. The NKI-Rockland Sample Longitudinal Discovery of Brain Development Trajectories substudy (N = 369) is a 24- to 30-month multi-cohort longitudinal pediatric investigation (ages 6.0-17.0 at enrollment) carried out in a community-ascertained sample. Data include psychiatric diagnostic, medical, behavioral, and cognitive phenotyping, as well as multimodal brain imaging (resting fMRI, diffusion MRI, morphometric MRI, arterial spin labeling), genetics, and actigraphy. Herein, we present the rationale, design, and implementation of the Longitudinal Discovery of Brain Development Trajectories protocol.

Answer ALS, a large-scale resource for sporadic and familial ALS combining clinical and multi-omics data from induced pluripotent cell lines.

Answer ALS is a biological and clinical resource of patient-derived, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines, multi-omic data derived from iPS neurons and longitudinal clinical and smartphone data from over 1,000 patients with ALS. This resource provides population-level biological and clinical data that may be employed to identify clinical-molecular-biochemical subtypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A unique smartphone-based system was employed to collect deep clinical data, including fine motor activity, speech, breathing and linguistics/cognition. The iPS spinal neurons were blood derived from each patient and these cells underwent multi-omic analytics including whole-genome sequencing, RNA transcriptomics, ATAC-sequencing and proteomics. The intent of these data is for the generation of integrated clinical and biological signatures using bioinformatics, statistics and computational biology to establish patterns that may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease, including subgroup identification. A web portal for open-source sharing of all data was developed for widespread community-based data analytics.

Multiple Functional Brain Networks Related to Pain Perception Revealed by fMRI.

The rise of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has led to a deeper understanding of cortical processing of pain. Central to these advances has been the identification and analysis of "functional networks", often derived from groups of pre-selected pain regions. In this study our main objective was to identify functional brain networks related to pain perception by examining whole-brain activation, avoiding the need for a priori selection of regions. We applied a data-driven technique-Constrained Principal Component Analysis for fMRI (fMRI-CPCA)-that identifies networks without assuming their anatomical or temporal properties. Open-source fMRI data collected during a thermal pain task (33 healthy participants) were subjected to fMRI-CPCA for network extraction, and networks were associated with pain perception by modelling subjective pain ratings as a function of network activation intensities. Three functional networks emerged: a sensorimotor response network, a salience-mediated attention network, and the default-mode network. Together, these networks constituted a brain state that explained variability in pain perception, both within and between individuals, demonstrating the potential of data-driven, whole-brain functional network techniques for the analysis of pain imaging data.

An integrated multi-omic analysis of iPSC-derived motor neurons from C9ORF72 ALS patients.

Neurodegenerative diseases are challenging for systems biology because of the lack of reliable animal models or patient samples at early disease stages. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could address these challenges. We investigated DNA, RNA, epigenetics, and proteins in iPSC-derived motor neurons from patients with ALS carrying hexanucleotide expansions in C9ORF72. Using integrative computational methods combining all omics datasets, we identified novel and known dysregulated pathways. We used a C9ORF72 Drosophila model to distinguish pathways contributing to disease phenotypes from compensatory ones and confirmed alterations in some pathways in postmortem spinal cord tissue of patients with ALS. A different differentiation protocol was used to derive a separate set of C9ORF72 and control motor neurons. Many individual -omics differed by protocol, but some core dysregulated pathways were consistent. This strategy of analyzing patient-specific neurons provides disease-related outcomes with small numbers of heterogeneous lines and reduces variation from single-omics to elucidate network-based signatures.