Formoterol Acting via ß2-Adrenoreceptor Restores Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Parkinson's Disease-Related UQCRC1 Mutation and Improves Mitochondrial Homeostasis Including Dynamic and Transport.

Formoterol, a ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2AR) agonist, shows promise in various diseases, but its effectiveness in Parkinson's disease (PD) is debated, with unclear regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. This study employed a cell model featuring mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1 (UQCRC1) variants associated with familial parkinsonism, demonstrating mitochondrial dysfunction and dynamic imbalance, exploring the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of formoterol. Results revealed that 24-h formoterol treatment enhanced cell proliferation, viability, and neuroprotection against oxidative stress. Mitochondrial function, encompassing DNA copy number, repatriation, and complex III-linked respiration, was comprehensively restored, along with the dynamic rebalance of fusion/fission events. Formoterol reduced extensive hypertubulation, in contrast to mitophagy, by significantly upregulating protein Drp-1, in contrast to fusion protein Mfn2, mitophagy-related protein Parkin. The upstream mechanism involved the restoration of ERK signaling and the inhibition of Akt overactivity, contingent on the activation of ß2-adrenergic receptors. Formoterol additionally aided in segregating healthy mitochondria for distribution and transport, therefore normalizing mitochondrial arrangement in mutant cells. This study provides preliminary evidence that formoterol offers neuroprotection, acting as a mitochondrial dynamic balance regulator, making it a promising therapeutic candidate for PD.

Association of leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number with longitudinal C-reactive protein levels and survival in older adults: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Systemic chronic inflammation occurs with age. The association of the leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number, a measure of mitochondrial function in aging, with the temporal profile of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and mortality risk remains uncertain. The objectives of this study were to examine the association of the leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number with longitudinal high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and the association of the longitudinal high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels with mortality risk. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 3928 adults aged ≥ 55 years without systemic inflammation in the baseline examination of the Healthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan, which started in 2009. Each participant received leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number measurement using a fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction at baseline, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein measurements at baseline and the follow-up examination five years later, and the ascertainment of all-cause death (until November 30, 2021). The relationships among the leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number, longitudinal serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, and time to all-cause mortality were examined using the joint longitudinal and survival modeling analysis. RESULTS: Of the 3928 participants (mean age: 69 years; 2060 [52%] were women), 837 (21%) died during follow-up. In the adjusted analysis, one standard deviation lower natural log-transformed baseline leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number was associated with an increase of 0.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02 to 0.08) standard deviation in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in subsequent years. An increase of 1 standard deviation in instantaneous high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality of 1.22 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.30). Similar results were obtained after further adjusting for baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (HR [95% CI], 1.27 [1.16 to 1.38]) and after excluding those with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein above 10 mg/L (HR [95% CI], 1.21[1.11 to 1.31]) or 3 mg/L (HR [95% CI], 1.19 [1.06 to 1.31]) during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A lower leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number was associated with persistently higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Moreover, these higher time-varying high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were instantaneously associated with a higher risk of death.

Mitochondrial Transplantation Moderately Ameliorates Retinal Degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons Rats.

Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells possess high mitochondria content for energy production, which is required for phagocytosis and vision cycle metabolism. The mitochondrial integrity in RPE cells helps the homeostasis of photoreceptor turnover and prevents retina aging and degeneration. Mitochondrial transplantation benefits the recovery of several acute inflammatory diseases, leading us to investigate the effects of mitochondrial transplantation on retina degeneration. Allogeneic mitochondria were isolated and delivered into the vitreous chamber in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, which exhibit inherited and early-onset retina degeneration. The progress of retina degeneration was examined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual evoked potential (VEP) to determine the retina thickness and integrity of afferent electrical signals from affected eyes, respectively. We found that mitochondria engraftment moderately attenuated the degeneration of retinal layers in RCS rats by histological examination. This result was consistent with the OCT measurement of retina thickness around the optic disc. The VEP analysis revealed that the peak one (N1) latency, representing the arriving time of electrical impulse from the retina to cortex, was substantially maintained as the normal value after the mitochondrial transplantation. This result suggests that the intra-vitreous transplanted mitochondria ameliorate the degeneration of photoreceptors in RCS rats and might be potential for clinical application.

Regulation of mitochondrial fusion and mitophagy by intra-tumoral delivery of membrane-fused mitochondria or Midiv-1 enhances sensitivity to doxorubicin in triple-negative breast cancer.

Increasing mitochondrial fusion by intra-tumoral grafting of membrane-fused mitochondria created with Pep-1 conjugation (P-Mito) contributes to breast cancer treatment, but it needs to be validated. Using mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 (Mdivi-1, Mdi) to disturb mitochondrial dynamics, we showed that the antitumor action of P-Mito in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer depends upon mitochondrial fusion and that Mdi treatment alone is ineffective. P-Mito significantly enhanced Doxorubicin (Dox) sensitivity by inducing mitochondrial fusion and mitophagy, and the same efficiency was also achieved with Mdi by inhibiting mitophagy. Cell death was induced via the p53 pathway and AIF nuclear translocation in the case of P-Mito, versus the caspase-dependent pathway for Mdi. Notably, both mitochondrial treatments reduced oxidative stress and blood vessel density of xenograft tumors, especially P-Mito, which was accompanied by inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B activation. Furthermore, through enrichment analysis, four microRNAs in serum microvesicles induced by P-Mito caused expression of predicted targets via the PI3K-Akt pathway, and significantly impacted regulation of nuclear processes and myeloid cell differentiation. Clustering of gene-sets implicated a major steroid catabolic network. This study showed diverse roles of mitochondria in breast cancer and revealed effective adjuvant therapy targeting mitochondrial fusion and mitophagy.

Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Increases Removal of the ATXN3 Polyglutamine Repeat, Reducing Cerebellar Degeneration and Improving Motor Dysfunction in Murine Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a well-known antioxidant, has been explored as a treatment in several neurodegenerative diseases, but its utility in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) has not been explored. Herein, the protective effect of CoQ10 was examined using a transgenic mouse model of SCA3 onset. These results demonstrated that a diet supplemented with CoQ10 significantly improved murine locomotion, revealed by rotarod and open-field tests, compared with untreated controls. Additionally, a histological analysis showed the stratification of cerebellar layers indistinguishable from that of wild-type littermates. The increased survival of Purkinje cells was reflected by the reduced abundance of TUNEL-positive nuclei and apoptosis markers of activated p53, as well as lower levels of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. CoQ10 effects were related to the facilitation of the autophagy-mediated clearance of mutant ataxin-3 protein, as evidenced by the increased expression of heat shock protein 27 and autophagic markers p62, Beclin-1 and LC3II. The expression of antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and 2 (SOD2), but not of glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2), were restored in 84Q SCA3 mice treated with CoQ10 to levels even higher than those measured in wild-type control mice. Furthermore, CoQ10 treatment also prevented skeletal muscle weight loss and muscle atrophy in diseased mice, revealed by significantly increased muscle fiber area and upregulated muscle protein synthesis pathways. In summary, our results demonstrated biochemical and pharmacological bases for the possible use of CoQ10 in SCA3 therapy.

The relationship between pulse pressure with plasma PCSK9 and interleukin-6 among patients with acute ischemic stroke and dyslipidemia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A high plasma concentration of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 is characteristic of a prothrombotic state in cardiovascular diseases. Elevated inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6, are associated with worse outcomes after ischemic stroke. We aimed to study the role of plasma PCSK9 and IL-6 in acute ischemic stroke with dyslipidemia. METHODS: We divided 123 enrolled patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke into normotensive and high blood pressure groups and further into high and low pulse pressure subgroups. Clinical characteristics and inflammatory and metabolic parameters, including plasma PCSK9 and IL-6, were recorded. RESULTS: After the analysis of the normotensive and BP groups, there were positive correlations between PP and carotid stenosis (P = 0.031) and plaque numbers (P = 0.013) and between National Institute of Health Stroke Scale scores (P = 0.019) and carotid stenosis severity (P = 0.021) and resistance index (P = 0.04). There was a significant association between plasma cholesterol and PCSK9 (P = 0.044) in the low PP subgroup and IL-6 (P = 0.042) in the high PP subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that plasma PCSK9 levels were associated with the low PP subgroup, while IL-6 was associated with the high PP subgroup. Dyslipidemia control is also necessary for those who had a stroke and who have high PP. Further investigation to assess the role of PCSK9 and IL-6 in patients with stroke is required for early treatment and secondary prevention.

In Vitro Efficacy and Molecular Mechanism of Curcumin Analog in Pathological Regulation of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3.

Unlike other nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activators, the mechanism of action of curcumin analog, ASC-JM17 (JM17), in regulating oxidative homeostasis remains unknown. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an inherited polyglutamine neurodegenerative disease caused mainly by polyglutamine neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. Presently, we compared actions of JM17 with those of known Nrf2 activators, omaveloxolone (RTA-408) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF), using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells with stable transfection of full-length ataxin-3 protein with 78 CAG repeats (MJD78) to clarify the resulting pathological mechanism by assaying mitochondrial function, mutant ataxin-3 protein toxicity, and oxidative stress. JM17, 1 µM, comprehensively restored mitochondrial function, decreased mutant protein aggregates, and attenuated intracellular/mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Although JM17 induced dose-dependent Nrf2 activation, a low dose of JM17 (less than 5 µM) still had a better antioxidant ability compared to the other Nrf2 activators and specifically increased mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 in an Nrf2-dependent manner as shown by knockdown experiments with siRNA. It showed that activation of Nrf2 in response to ROS generated in mitochondria could play an import role in the benefit of JM17. This study presents the diversified regulation of JM17 in a pathological process and helped develop more effective therapeutic strategies for SCA3.

Altered glucose metabolism and its association with carbonic anhydrase 8 in Machado-Joseph Disease.

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. This disorder is caused by polyglutamine (polyQ)-containing mutant ataxin-3, which tends to misfold and aggregate in neuron cells. We previously demonstrated a protective function of carbonic anhydrase 8 (CA8) in MJD disease models and a decreased glycolytic activity associated with down-regulated CA8 in a human osteosarcoma (OS) cell model. Given that a reduction in body weight accompanied by gait and balance instability was observed in MJD patients and transgenic (Tg) mice, in this study, we aimed to examine whether metabolic defects are associated with MJD and whether CA8 expression is involved in metabolic dysfunction in MJD. Our data first showed that glucose uptake ability decreases in cells harboring mutant ataxin-3, but increases in cells overexpressing CA8. In addition, the expressions of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) and phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1) were significantly decreased in the presence of mutant ataxin-3. Consistently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that GLUT3 was less expressed in cerebella of aged MJD Tg mice, indicating that the dysfunction of GLUT3 may be associated with late-stage disease. On the other hand, transient down-regulation of CA8 revealed decreased expressions of GLUT3 and PFK1 in HEK293 cells harboring wild-type (WT) ataxin-3, but no further reduction of GLUT3 and PFK1 expressions were observed in HEK293 cells harboring mutant ataxin-3. Moreover, immunoprecipitation (IP) and immunofluorescence (IF) demonstrated that interactions exist between ataxin-3, CA8 and GLUT3 in MJD cellular and Tg models. These lines of evidence suggest that CA8 plays an important role in glucose metabolism and has different impacts on cells with or without mutant ataxin-3. Interestingly, the decreased relative abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio in the feces of aged MJD Tg mice coincided with weight loss and metabolic dysfunction in MJD. Taken together, our results are the first to demonstrate the effects of CA8 on glucose metabolism and its involvement in the metabolic defects in MJD disease. Further investigations will be required to clarify the underlying mechanisms for the metabolic defects associated with MJD.

IGF-1 as a Potential Therapy for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3.

Although the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy on spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) have been examined in transgenic SCA3 mice, it still poses a nonnegligible risk of cancer when used for a long term. This study investigated the efficacy of IGF-1, a downstream mediator of GH, in vivo for SCA3 treatment. IGF-1 (50 mg/kg) or saline, once a week, was intraperitoneally injected to SCA3 84Q transgenic mice harboring a human ATXN3 gene with a pathogenic expanded 84 cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat motif at 9 months of age. Compared with the control mice harboring a 15 CAG repeat motif, the SCA3 84Q mice treated with IGF-1 for 9 months exhibited the improvement only in locomotor function and minimized degeneration of the cerebellar cortex as indicated by the survival of more Purkinje cells with a more favorable mitochondrial function along with a decrease in oxidative stress caused by DNA damage. These findings could be attributable to the inhibition of mitochondrial fission, resulting in mitochondrial fusion, and decreased immunofluorescence staining in aggresome formation and ataxin-3 mutant protein levels, possibly through the enhancement of autophagy. The findings of this study show the therapeutic potential effect of IGF-1 injection for SCA3 to prevent the exacerbation of disease progress.

Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Is Associated With Treatment Response and Cognitive Function in Euthymic Bipolar Patients Receiving Valproate.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with cognitive impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the associations among mitochondrial DNA copy number (MCN), treatment response, and cognitive function remain elusive in BD patients. METHODS: Sixty euthymic BD patients receiving valproate (VPA) and 66 healthy controls from the community were recruited. The indices of metabolic syndrome (MetS) were measured. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of blood leukocytes was used to measure the MCN. Cognitive function was measured by calculating perseverative errors and completed categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The VPA treatment response was measured using the Alda scale. RESULTS: BD patients had significantly higher MCN, triglyceride, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, waist circumference, and worse performance on the WCST than the controls. Regression models showed that BD itself and the VPA concentration exerted significant effects on increased MCN levels. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that an MCN of 2.05 distinguished VPA responders from nonresponders, with an area under the curve of 0.705 and a sensitivity and specificity of 0.529 and 0.816, respectively. An MCN level ≥2.05 was associated with 5.39 higher odds of being a VPA responder (P = .006). BD patients who were stratified into the high-MCN group had a higher VPA response rate, better WCST performance, lower CRP level, and less MetS. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests a link between the peripheral MCN and cognitive function in BD patients. As an inflammatory status, MetS might modulate this association.

UQCRC1 engages cytochrome c for neuronal apoptotic cell death.

Human ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1 (UQCRC1) is an evolutionarily conserved core subunit of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III. We recently identified the disease-associated variants of UQCRC1 from patients with familial parkinsonism, but its function remains unclear. Here we investigate the endogenous function of UQCRC1 in the human neuronal cell line and the Drosophila nervous system. Flies with neuronal knockdown of uqcrc1 exhibit age-dependent parkinsonism-resembling defects, including dopaminergic neuron reduction and locomotor decline, and are ameliorated by UQCRC1 expression. Lethality of uqcrc1-KO is also rescued by neuronally expressing UQCRC1, but not the disease-causing variant, providing a platform to discern the pathogenicity of this mutation. Furthermore, UQCRC1 associates with the apoptosis trigger cytochrome c (cyt-c), and uqcrc1 deficiency increases cyt-c in the cytoplasmic fraction and activates the caspase cascade. Depleting cyt-c or expression of the anti-apoptotic p35 ameliorates uqcrc1-mediated neurodegeneration. Our findings identify a role for UQCRC1 in regulating cyt-c-induced apoptosis.

Transcriptomic and Metabolic Network Analysis of Metabolic Reprogramming and IGF-1 Modulation in SCA3 Transgenic Mice.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease for which a cure is still needed. Growth hormone (GH) therapy has shown positive effects on the exercise behavior of mice with cerebellar atrophy, retains more Purkinje cells, and exhibits less DNA damage after GH intervention. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is the downstream mediator of GH that participates in signaling and metabolic regulation for cell growth and modulation pathways, including SCA3-affected pathways. However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of GH or IGF-1 in SCA3 are not fully understood. In the present study, tissue-specific genome-scale metabolic network models for SCA3 transgenic mice were proposed based on RNA-seq. An integrative transcriptomic and metabolic network analysis of a SCA3 transgenic mouse model revealed that metabolic signaling pathways were activated to compensate for the metabolic remodeling caused by SCA3 genetic modifications. The effect of IGF-1 intervention on the pathology and balance of SCA3 disease was also explored. IGF-1 has been shown to invoke signaling pathways and improve mitochondrial function and glycolysis pathways to restore cellular functions. As one of the downregulated factors in SCA3 transgenic mice, IGF-1 could be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target.

Intranasal delivery of mitochondria for treatment of Parkinson's Disease model rats lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine.

The feasibility of delivering mitochondria intranasally so as to bypass the blood-brain barrier in treating Parkinson's disease (PD), was evaluated in unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Intranasal infusion of allogeneic mitochondria conjugated with Pep-1 (P-Mito) or unconjugated (Mito) was performed once a week on the ipsilateral sides of lesioned brains for three months. A significant improvement of rotational and locomotor behaviors in PD rats was observed in both mitochondrial groups, compared to sham or Pep-1-only groups. Dopaminergic (DA) neuron survival and recovery > 60% occurred in lesions of the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum in Mito and P-Mito rats. The treatment effect was stronger in the P-Mito group than the Mito group, but the difference was insignificant. This recovery was associated with restoration of mitochondrial function and attenuation of oxidative damage in lesioned SN. Notably, P-Mito suppressed plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. Mitochondria penetrated the accessory olfactory bulb and doublecortin-positive neurons of the rostral migratory stream (RMS) on the ipsilateral sides of lesions and were expressed in striatal, but not SN DA neurons, of both cerebral hemispheres, evidently via commissural fibers. This study shows promise for intranasal delivery of mitochondria, confirming mitochondrial internalization and migration via RMS neurons in the olfactory bulb for PD therapy.

Comparison of mitochondrial transplantation by using a stamp-type multineedle injector and platelet-rich plasma therapy for hair aging in naturally aging mice.

The mechanism of hair loss caused by aging is related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Pep-1-mediated mitochondrial transplantation is a potential therapeutic application for mitochondrial disorders, but its efficacy against hair aging remains unknown. This study compared platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy with mitochondrial transplantation for hair restoration and examined the related regulation in naturally aging mice. After dorsal hair removal, 100-week-old mice received weekly unilateral injections of 200 µg of allogeneic mitochondria-labeled 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine with (P-Mito) or without Pep-1 conjugation (Mito) or human PRP with a stamp-type electric injector for 1 month. The contralateral sides were used as corresponding sham controls. Compared with the control and corresponding sham groups, all treatments stimulated hair regrowth, and the effectiveness of P-Mito was equal to that of PRP. However, histology revealed that only P-Mito maintained hair length until day 28 and yielded more anagen follicles with abundant dermal collagen equivalent to that of the PRP group. Mitochondrial transplantation increased the thickness of subcutaneous fat compared with the control and PRP groups, and only P-Mito consistently increased mitochondria in the subcutaneous muscle and mitochondrial DNA copies in the skin layer. Therefore, P-Mito had a higher penetrating capacity than Mito did. Moreover, P-Mito treatment was as effective as PRP treatment in comprehensively reducing the expression of aging-associated gene markers, such as IGF1R and MRPS5, and increasing antiaging Klotho gene expression. This study validated the efficacy of mitochondrial therapy in the restoration of aging-related hair loss and demonstrated the distinct effects of PRP treatment.

Antitumor Actions of Intratumoral Delivery of Membrane-Fused Mitochondria in a Mouse Model of Triple-Negative Breast Cancers.

BACKGROUND: The transfer of whole mitochondria has been demonstrated to be beneficial for treating breast cancer because it induces apoptosis and drug sensitivity; however, in vivo evidence of this benefit remains scant. The present study compared the transplantation of mitochondria with instinctive (Mito) and membrane-fused morphologies induced by Pep-1 conjugation (P-Mito) using a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice with advanced severe immunodeficiency received orthotopic implantation of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells followed by transplants of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled Mito or P-Mito (200 µg [10 µg/µL]) through intratumoral injection at multiple points once a week for 4 weeks. RESULTS: After 1 month of consecutive treatment, 8.2% and 14.2% of the BrdU-labeled mitochondria were preserved in tumors of the Mito and P-Mito groups, respectively. Both Pep-1 and P-Mito treatments reduced tumor weight (21.7% ± 2.43% vs 40.6% ± 2.28%) and led to marked inhibition of Ki67 staining and angiogenesis. However, only the P-Mito group exhibited obvious necrosis and DNA fragmentation accompanied by an altered tumor microenvironment, which included reduced oxidative stress and size of cancer-associated fibroblast populations and enhanced immune cell infiltration. Transmission electron microscopy images further revealed an elongated network of perinuclear mitochondria fused with a few peripheral mitochondria in the nonnecrotic area in the P-Mito group as well as increases in mitochondrial fusion proteins and parkin compared with mitochondrial fission proteins. CONCLUSION: In this study, the results of mitochondrial transplantation emphasized that the facilitation of mitochondrial fusion is a critical regulator in breast cancer therapy.

Association of cyclophilin A level and pulse pressure in predicting recurrence of cerebral infarction.

Cyclophilin A (CypA), secreted from vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammatory cells in response to oxidative stress, promotes vascular atherosclerosis and development of carotid stenosis. Increased concentration of plasma CypA in acute cerebral infarction was demonstrated clinically. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact between CypA level and outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Admission serum CypA concentrations were detected in 66 acute cerebral infarction patients and in 52 healthy individuals. Inflammatory biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adhesion molecules, interleukins, and matrix-metalloproteases, were also assessed. We also examined the relationship between plasma biomarkers, blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure, the carotid artery velocity, the prognostic assessment with modified Rankin scale, and stroke recurrence. Plasma CypA concentration was higher on the first day of hospitalization in the high BP stroke group than in normal BP stroke group, which was statistically significant, which was observed even in the third month and sixth month follow-up outpatient periods. For stroke recurrence prediction, there was an important association between the higher (>60) pulse pressure on the seventh day of hospitalization and CypA level on the third month and sixth month follow-up outpatient periods. Our study revealed higher circulating serum levels of CypA in the hypertensive stroke group than in the non-hypertensive stroke group. We expect that elevated plasma CypA level and raised pulse pressure during hospitalization to become valuable biomarkers in predicting stroke recurrence in the sixth month assessment of acute cerebral infarction.

Radical Scavenging and Antiproliferative Effects of Cordycepin-Rich Ethanol Extract from Brown Rice-Cultivated Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes) Mycelium on Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

The yield and efficacy of bioactive compounds from Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies and its fermented grains usually vary with the strain used. In this study, we compared the antiproliferative, apoptotic, and antioxidative properties of ethanolic extracts of fruiting bodies and solid-stated fermented rice (FRE) from two wild-type strains of C. militaris applied to human breast cancer cell lines. We observed that FRE of the Zhangzhou strain (FRE-Z) produced a high level of cordycepin and exhibited comprehensive in vitro antioxidant activity against the oxidation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals and low-density lipoprotein. Only FRE-Z exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in MCF-7 (0.7 mg/mL) and MDA-MB-231 cells (1 mg/mL) after culturing for 24 h. The antiproliferative effects of FRE-Z were associated with an early stage of apoptosis induction at 4 h of treatment with 0.5 mg/mL FRE-Z in MCF-7 cells. The antiproliferative effect was determined to occur through p53 activation but not through the release of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor or caspase-9 activation for an initial culture period of 16 h. In addition to a transient increase in cellular antioxidant enzyme, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase was identified in MCF-7 cells after 2 h of treatment with FRE-Z. Therefore, FRE-Z, which exhibits various dose- and exposure time-dependent activities, has potential application in breast cancer chemoprevention.

Green extraction of healthy and additive free mitochondria with a conventional centrifuge.

In this research, we propose a novel centrifugal device for the massive extraction of healthy mitochondria with a centrifuge used in general laboratories within 30 minutes. The device mainly consists of two key components. One component is a microfluidic device, which is fabricated by photolithography, nickel electroforming, and polydimethylsiloxane casting, for the efficient disruption of the cell membrane. The other component is a stainless steel container, which is manufactured by computer numerical control machining, for the storage of the cell suspension. After assembly, the appropriate number of cells is pushed through the microfluidic device for cell membrane disruption by centrifugal force generated by a general laboratory centrifuge. The solution which contains cell debris and mitochondria are collected to purify the crude mitochondria via differential centrifugation. Compared with the quantity and efficiency of mitochondria isolated from the same number of cells using a conventional kit, device-extracted mitochondria show a more complete mitochondrial electron transport chain complex and a similar number of mitochondria verified by Western blot analysis of mitochondrial complexes I-V and mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20, respectively, as well as a normal mitochondrial structure revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the mitochondrial membrane potential of device-extracted mitochondria stained with tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester is higher than that of kit-extracted mitochondria. Furthermore, the coculture of device-extracted mitochondria with fibroblasts revealed that fibroblasts could uptake foreign mitochondria through endocytosis without drug treatment. These results show that the proposed microfluidic device preserves mitochondrial protein structure, membrane integrity, and membrane potential within 30 minutes of extraction and is a useful tool for therapeutic mitochondrial transplantation and regenerative medicine.

Urinary cell-free mitochondrial and nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid correlates with the prognosis of chronic kidney diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid DNA (cf-DNA) in urine is promising due to the advantage of urine as an easily obtained and non-invasive sample source over tissue and blood. In clinical practice, it is important to identify non-invasive biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in monitoring and surveillance of disease progression. Information is limited, however, regarding the relationship between urine and plasma cf-DNA and the renal outcome in CKD patients. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-one CKD patients were enrolled between January 2016 and September 2018. Baseline urine and plasma cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) and cell-free nuclear DNA (cf-nDNA) were isolated using quantitative real-time PCR. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurement was performed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Favorable renal outcome was defined as eGFR at 6 months minus baseline eGFR> = 0. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess different samples of cf-DNA to predict favorable renal outcomes at 6 months. A multivariate linear regression model was used to evaluate independent associations between possible predictors and different samples of cf-DNA. RESULTS: Patients with an advanced stage of CKD has significantly low plasma cf-nDNA and high plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels. Low urine cf-mtDNA, cf-nDNA levels and low plasma NGAL were significantly correlated with favorable renal outcomes at 6 months. The urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) or urine protein-creatinine ratio (PCR) level is a robust predictor of cf-mtDNA and cf-nDNA in CKD patients. Baseline urine levels of cf-mtDNA and cf-nDNA could predict renal outcomes at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary cf-mtDNA and cf-nDNA may provide novel prognostic biomarkers for renal outcome in CKD patients. The levels of plasma cf-nDNA and plasma NGAL are significantly correlated with the severity of CKD.