ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To test whether myocardial apoptosis can be induced by traumatic fracture of lower limbs with hemorrhage, in order to lay a foundation of myocardial injury after traumatic fracture for the follow-up study. METHODS: Twenty SD rats were randomly divided into two groups, i. e. control group and trauma group(n=10). A rat model of traumatic hemorrhage was establish, and a traumatic model of the original generation of myocardial cell culture was constructed in vitro. The level of interleukin-2(IL-2),IL-6,IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in rat serum was detected by ELISA at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 48 hour to find the most significant point. The pathological cardiac injury in rats was observed by HE staining under a microscope, and the apoptosis of cultured cardiomyocyte in vitro was detected by TUNEL methods. The expressions of apoptosis gene,(Bcl-2) and Bax, in myocardium of rat and cultured cardiomyocyte in vitro were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. RESULTS: At the 4th hour after trauma, IL-6 and IL-10 in the serum of rats reached its highest, IL-2 reached its lowest at the 8th hour after trauma, and TNF-αreached its highest at 1 hour after trauma, then all recovered to their normol level gradually. Myocardial HE staining indicated that cardiomyocyte was swelling, disordered derangement, inflammatory cell infiltrated; a large number of myocardial cell nuclei was dyedbrown in TUNEL test which proved that the apoptosis index increased (P<0.05). Western blot and RT-PCR results showed that the expression of pro-apoptotic gene Bax was up-regulated (P<0. 05), while expression of anti apoptosis gene Bcl-2 down-regulated (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The myocardial apoptosis can be induced by traumatic fracture of lower limbs with hemorrhage in rats, and then lead to myocardial injury.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Fractures, Bone/complications , Hemorrhage/complications , Myocardium/pathology , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Cytokines/blood , Follow-Up Studies , Lower Extremity/pathology , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
The optical waveguides in neodymium-doped gadolinium gallium garnet crystal are fabricated, to our knowledge for the first time, by either H(+) or C(3+) ion implantation. The reconstructed refractive index profiles of the planar waveguides have shown, in both cases, the typical "enhanced well" + "barrier" distributions. The two-dimensional modal profiles of the channel waveguides, obtained by using an end-face coupling arrangement, are in good agreement with the simulated modal distributions. After moderate thermal annealing at 200 degrees C, the propagation loss of the H- and C-ion-implanted channel waveguides are reduced down to approximately 1.5 and approximately 1.6 dB/cm, respectively, which exhibits acceptable guiding qualities for applications on potential integrated laser generation.
ABSTRACT
Optical channel waveguides in Nd/Ce codoped YAG laser crystal have been fabricated by using mask-assisted carbon ion implantation. The measured waveguide mode distributions were in good agreement with the calculated modal profiles, which implies the feasibility of designable devices. After thermal annealing treatment at 260 degrees C for 30 min in air, the propagation loss of the waveguide was reduced down to approximately 2 dB/cm at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The microluminescence spectra of the waveguides show that the fluorescence properties of both Ce and Nd ions (including the energy transfer between them) are not significantly affected by the waveguide formation processing, which indicates a fairly good potential for further laser actions in a compact device.
ABSTRACT
We report the fabrication and optical properties of planar and channel waveguides on z-cut near-stoichiometric LiNbO(3) crystal formed by 6.0 MeVO(3+) implantation at a dose of 5x10(14) ions/cm(2). The properties of the planar waveguide are characterized by use of prism coupling and the reflectivity calculation method. It is found that the effective refractive indices of the transverse magnetic modes increase but the transverse electric ones decrease when an appropriate heat annealing treatment is performed. We also find that only transverse magnetic polarized light could be guided in this waveguide effectively, although the dark mode could be detected in both the transverse electric and the transverse magnetic directions.
ABSTRACT
We reported on the annealing features of the RbTiOPO4 planar waveguides fabricated by 6.0 MeV C3+ ion implantation. The thermal stability of the ion-implanted RbTiOPO4 waveguide was investigated by annealing at different temperatures ranging from 260 degrees C to 650 degrees C. Results revealed that when temperatures are higher than 550 degrees C, annealing caused the refractive indices of both ny and nz a saturation behavior. An increase of the ny refractive index in waveguide region was observed after proper annealing. The low loss planar mono-mode waveguides have been achieved in RbTiOPO4 crystals by applying appropriate ion implantation and annealing conditions.
Subject(s)
Optical Devices , Refractometry/instrumentation , Rubidium/chemistry , Titanium/chemistry , Computer-Aided Design , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure Analysis , Ions , Reproducibility of Results , Rubidium/radiation effects , Sensitivity and Specificity , Titanium/radiation effectsABSTRACT
We report on the fabrication of planar waveguide in stoichiometric lithium niobate by 500 keV proton implantation with a dose of 1x10(17) ions/cm(2). The formation of n(e) enhancement planar waveguide in the crystal was disclosed by the dark mode spectra and the subsequent endface coupling measurement. The absorption spectra show that the postannealing treatments above 400 masculineC temperature can remove the color centers induced by implantation efficiently. The propagation loss and near-field profiles of the planar waveguide were obtained with an end-face coupling system.
ABSTRACT
We report for what is believed to be the first time planar waveguide formation and propagation mode reduction in Nd:YVO(4) crystal, which were achieved by 3.0-MeV silicon-ion implantation followed by annealing under specific conditions. After the implantation, an enhanced refractive-index region was formed with a width of ~2microm beneath the sample surface to act as a waveguide structure. We found that there were four propagation modes for the as-implanted Nd:YVO(4) waveguide, whereas after annealing at 240-360 degrees C for several hours the number of modes could be reduced to three, two, and one. After annealing at 400 degrees C for 1 h the monomode waveguide was destroyed completely, and no mode was observed in the sample.