Heart Transplant Rejection: From the Endomyocardial Biopsy to Gene Expression Profiling.

Heart transplant prolongs life for patients with end-stage heart failure but rejection remains a complication that reduces long-term survival. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status in HT rejection. EMB is an invasive diagnostic tool, consisting in the sampling of a fragment of myocardial tissue from the right ventricular septum using fluoroscopic guidance. This tissue can later be subjected to histopathological, immunohistochemical or molecular analysis, providing valuable information for cardiac allograft rejection, but this procedure is not without complications. To increase the accuracy of the rejection diagnosis, EMB requires a systematic evaluation of endocardium, myocardium, interstitium and intramural vessels. There are three types of rejection: hyperacute, acute or chronic, diagnosed by the histopathological evaluation of EMB as well as by new diagnostic methods such as DSA, ddcfDNA and gene expression profiling, the last having a high negative predictive value. More than 50 years after the introduction of EMB in medical practice, it still remains the "gold standard" in monitoring rejection in HT recipients but other new, less invasive diagnostic methods reduce the number of EMBs required.

miRNAs and lncRNAs: Potential Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Endometriosis.

Many studies have tried to understand the mechanism of endometriosis and its manner of manifestation. However, the only method of diagnosis considered as the gold standard in endometriosis is an invasive method called exploratory laparoscopy. Hence, there is a need to identify non-invasive or minimally invasive methods to minimize patients' suffering, thus increasing their addressability at the earliest possible staging of the disease, and to diagnose this condition as soon as possible. miRNAs (microRNAs) and lncRNAs (long-noncoding RNAs) are potential non-invasive diagnostic methods for endometriosis. Multiple clinical trials indicate that miRNA can be used as a non-invasive method in the diagnosis and differentiation of endometriosis stages.

The Urosepsis-A Literature Review.

Urosepsis is a very serious condition with a high mortality rate. The immune response is in the center of pathophysiology. The therapeutic management of these patients includes surgical treatment of the source of infection, antibiotic therapy and life support. The management of this pathology is multidisciplinary and requires good collaboration between the urology, intensive care, imaging and laboratory medicine departments. An imbalance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced during sepsis plays an important role in pathogenesis. The study of cytokines in sepsis has important implications for understanding pathophysiology and for development of other therapeutic solutions. If not treated adequately, urosepsis may lead to serious septic complications and organ sequelae, even to a lethal outcome.

Clinical and Pathological Significance of Cellular Atypia in Endometriosis.

Objective: To highlight the most frequent localization of ovarian endometriosis, the presence of atypical endometriosis, and recurrences. Retrospective review of 259 patients diagnosed with ovarian endometriosis treated at Tîrgu-Mures Emergency County Hospital, Obstetric Gynecology Clinic, between January 2014 and December 2018. Methods: Data were collected and analyzed for demographics, size of ovarian endometriotic cyst, and recurrences. Results: Out of 259 patients, 51 patients presented atypia, 20 on the right, 24 on the left, and seven patients were diagnosed with endometriosis with bilateral atypia. Higher susceptibility for left localization was noted. Thirty-nine patients (15.1%) presented recurrence. A statistically significant correlation (p = 0.006) was noted between patients with recurrence and atypia compared with those without atypia and endometriotic cysts larger than 7 cm. Patients with relapse under the age of 40 were noted to have mainly atypia with localization on the right (p = 0.025, OD = 4.107). Conclusions: The presence of endometrioma was not statistically significant correlated with left or right sided localization; recurrent endometriomas larger than 7 cm represents a risk for atypical endometriosis development. Recurrence and atypia appear more often in patients under the age of 40 and are right-sided. The total removal of the endometriomas can prevent the recurrence and subsequently the appearance of atypia and secondary neoplastic conditions.