ABSTRACT
What is already known on this topic?: In China, there is limited data available on the use and coverage of the non-program, combined diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus and haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV/Hib) pentavalent vaccine, and its role as a substitute for the separately administered standalone program vaccines. What is added by this report?: We evaluated the use and coverage of the pentavalent vaccine in nine provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) spanning eastern, central, and western China from 2019 to 2021. Initial use and coverage were low, but demonstrated annual growth albeit with regional and urban-rural discrepancies. The pentavalent vaccine was increasingly substituted for standalone vaccines over the course of this period. What are the implications for public health practice?: Parents in China are increasingly opting to replace the standard program vaccines with voluntarily purchased combination vaccines, particularly the pentavalent vaccine. The development of combination vaccines should thus be promoted in China, as it could enhance utilization and coverage rates, and decrease the economic burden.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively investigate the effect of GSTP1 hypermethylation on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using a meta-analysis of available case-control studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Previous studies have primarily evaluated the incidence of GSTP1 hypermethylation in HCC and corresponding control groups, and compared the incidence of GSTP1 hypermethylation in tumor tissues, pericancer liver tissues, normal liver issues, and nontumor liver tissues with that in other diseases. Data regarding publication information, study characteristics, and incidence of GSTP1 hypermethylation in both groups were collected from these studies and summarized. Eleven studies, including 546 cases of HCC and 575 nontumor cases, were identified for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant odds ratios (ORs) of GSTP1 hypermethylation were obtained from tumor tissues and nontumorous liver tissues of HCC patients (OR 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.77-3.89%, P < 0.0001), tumor tissues of HCC patients, healthy liver tissues of patients with other diseases (OR 7.29, 95% CI: 2.87-18.51%, P < 0.0001), tumor tissues of HCC patients, and liver tissues of patients with nontumorous liver diseases (OR 2.13, 95% CI: 1.10-4.13%, P < 0.05). The pooled analysis showed significantly increased ORs of GSTP1 hypermethylation (OR 2.21, 95% CI: 1.01-4.84%, P < 0.05) from HCC tissues and cirrhotic tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that GSTP1 hypermethylation induces the inactivation of GSTP1 gene, plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis, and is associated with an increased risk of HCC.