ABSTRACT
DGAT-1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in triglyceride synthesis. mRNA knockout experiments in rodent models suggest that inhibitors of this enzyme could be of value in the treatment of obesity and type II diabetes. The carboxylic acid-based DGAT-1 inhibitor 1 was advanced to clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, despite of the low passive permeability of 1. Because of questions relating to the potential attenuation of distribution and efficacy of a poorly permeable agent, efforts were initiated to identify compounds with improved permeability. Replacement of the acid moiety in 1 with an oxadiazole led to the discovery of 52, which possesses substantially improved passive permeability. The resulting pharmacodynamic profile of this neutral DGAT-1 inhibitor was found to be similar to 1 at comparable plasma exposures.
Subject(s)
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Oxazepines/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Animals , Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Half-Life , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Obese , Obesity/drug therapy , Oxadiazoles/chemistry , Oxazepines/pharmacokinetics , Oxazepines/therapeutic use , Protein Binding , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Alterations in fat metabolism, in particular elevated plasma concentrations of free fatty acids and triglycerides (TG), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), a member of the large family of membrane-bound O-acyltransferases, catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol formation. In the intestine, DGAT1 is one of the acyltransferases responsible for the reesterficiation of dietary TG. Following a single dose of a selective pharmacological inhibitor of DGAT1, PF-04620110, a dose-dependent inhibition of TG and vitamin A absorption postprandially was demonstrated in rodents and human subjects. In C57/BL6J mice, acute DGAT1 inhibition alters the temporal and spatial pattern of dietary lipid absorption. To understand the impact of DGAT1 inhibition on enterocyte lipid metabolism, lipomic profiling was performed in rat intestine and plasma as well as human plasma. DGAT1 inhibition causes an enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids within the TG class of lipids. This pharmacological intervention gives us insight as to the role of DGAT1 in human dietary lipid absorption.
Subject(s)
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Oxazepines/pharmacology , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Case-Control Studies , Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/genetics , Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism , Dietary Fats/blood , Dietary Fats/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enterocytes/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/blood , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Female , Humans , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Middle Aged , Oxazepines/pharmacokinetics , Postprandial Period , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Triglycerides/blood , Triglycerides/metabolism , Vitamin A/metabolismABSTRACT
Triglyceride accumulation is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Genetic disruption of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), which catalyzes the final reaction of triglyceride synthesis, confers dramatic resistance to high-fat diet induced obesity. Hence, DGAT1 is considered a potential therapeutic target for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, the molecular events shaping the mechanism of action of DGAT1 pharmacological inhibition have not been fully explored yet. Here, we investigate the metabolic molecular mechanisms induced in response to pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 using a recently developed computational systems biology approach, the Causal Reasoning Engine (CRE). The CRE algorithm utilizes microarray transcriptomic data and causal statements derived from the biomedical literature to infer upstream molecular events driving these transcriptional changes. The inferred upstream events (also called hypotheses) are aggregated into biological models using a set of analytical tools that allow for evaluation and integration of the hypotheses in context of their supporting evidence. In comparison to gene ontology enrichment analysis which pointed to high-level changes in metabolic processes, the CRE results provide detailed molecular hypotheses to explain the measured transcriptional changes. CRE analysis of gene expression changes in high fat habituated rats treated with a potent and selective DGAT1 inhibitor demonstrate that the majority of transcriptomic changes support a metabolic network indicative of reversal of high fat diet effects that includes a number of molecular hypotheses such as PPARG, HNF4A and SREBPs. Finally, the CRE-generated molecular hypotheses from DGAT1 inhibitor treated rats were found to capture the major molecular characteristics of DGAT1 deficient mice, supporting a phenotype of decreased lipid and increased insulin sensitivity.