ABSTRACT
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Injury to the tendons and ligaments of the equine stifle is a common cause of lameness in horses. Individual radiographic localisation of each tendon and ligament of the stifle has not been previously reported or demonstrated in multiple radiographic projections. OBJECTIVE: To create a series of radiographs identifying the origins and/or insertions of the tendons and ligaments of the equine stifle. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study of radiographic anatomy. METHODS: The location of all entheses were determined by gross dissection. The proximal tibia and fibula, distal femur, patella and menisci were isolated from one horse and used as a template. A series of 4 radiographs was obtained with each enthesis identified with barium paste. The radiographic landmarks for each enthesis were described and the best projection(s) for evaluation of each structure of interest identified. RESULTS: Forty-eight radiographic images were produced that demonstrated the best radiographic projections to define each enthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Radiography is the imaging modality most frequently used to evaluate the equine stifle. The images presented here will serve as a guide for evaluating radiographs of the equine stifle, particularly identifying avulsions and enthesopathies of ligamentous and tendinous origins and insertions.
Subject(s)
Connective Tissue/anatomy & histology , Connective Tissue/diagnostic imaging , Horses/anatomy & histology , Stifle/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Femur , Ligaments , Stifle/anatomy & histology , Stifle/injuries , Tendons , TibiaABSTRACT
The MAP kinase p38 has been implicated in cytokine signaling, and its inhibitors are potentially useful for the treatment of arthritis and osteoporosis. Novel small-molecule inhibitors of p38 kinase were derived from a combinatorial chemistry effort and exhibit activity in the nanomolar range. Very steep structure-activity relationships are observed within this class.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Antirheumatic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antirheumatic Agents/chemistry , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Humans , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/chemistry , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Phenylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis , Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology , Structure-Activity Relationship , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesABSTRACT
Inhibitors of the MAP kinase p38 are potentially useful for the treatment of arthritis and osteoporosis. Several 2,3-dichlorophenyl ureas were identified as small-molecule inhibitors of p38 by a combinatorial chemistry effort. Optimization for cellular potency led to the discovery of a new class of potent and selective p38 kinase inhibitors, exemplified by the 1-phenyl-5-pyrazolyl urea 7 (IC50 = 13 nM).
Subject(s)
Phenylurea Compounds , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Urea/chemical synthesis , Urea/pharmacology , Antirheumatic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antirheumatic Agents/chemistry , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Humans , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/chemistry , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Phenylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis , Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Solubility , Structure-Activity Relationship , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesABSTRACT
The identification of norms relating to the status of stroke patients is significant to community plans to provide contemporary health services for stroke patients. This two-phase research study assessed the status of stroke patients for a large metropolitan area. The first phase of research was a retrospective hospital record review conducted on 1,665 subjects admitted to 13 Cincinnati hospitals with the primary diagnosis of stroke. This study showed that the Cincinnati outcomes were consistent with the outcomes demonstrated in the literature. The most typical stroke patient was a 71-year-old woman with right hemiplegia, who was living at home with another adult after spending 17.5 days in the acute care hospital. The behavioral functional levels of 105 disabled stroke patients were assessed in the second phase, using the Level of Rehabilitation Scale. Subjects were analyzed in five functional areas to determine their level of independent living. Demographic data were used to analyze the findings in comparisons. In general, stroke patients function higher in activities of daily living than they do in social interactions. Stroke patients living with another adult demonstrated a lower degree of functioning in activities of daily living than those who lived alone, but scored higher in social interactions.