ABSTRACT
APOE codes for apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which plays an important role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and homeostasis of tissue lipid content. Several variants in APOE have been associated with inherited dyslipidemias, and a subsequent increased risk of developing premature coronary artery disease (CAD). However, these variants and their impact on risk can be thought of on a spectrum, with some being more monogenic in nature, and others contributing in a polygenic/multifactorial manner. Despite these known associations, there is often hesitancy around ordering APOE genetic testing due to the association with Alzheimer's disease. This paper aims to catalyze discussion around APOE testing and counseling strategies, highlight the nuances around this topic, and advocate for inclusion of APOE testing on dyslipidemia panels when an inherited dyslipidemia is suspected.
ABSTRACT
Myocardial injury and hemodynamic compromise following toxic mushroom ingestion is rare. Here we present a case of cardiogenic shock after Amanita proxima ingestion, presenting with severe hemodynamic collapse necessitating mechanical circulatory support. Prompt identification, multidisciplinary clinical decision making, and timely treatment resulted in an outstanding complete clinical resolution. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).
ABSTRACT
Background: Clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, and low-dose rivaroxaban are all optional strategies in conjunction with aspirin for long-term treatment of chronic coronary artery disease. The aim of this research was to assess the efficacy and safety of long-term anti-thrombotic treatment of chronic coronary heart disease. Methods: PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Clinical Trials Registry ClinicalTrials.gov, and The Cochrane Library were searched through November 2021, to identify randomized controlled trials that compared long term anti-thrombotic therapy for coronary heart disease. Data were extracted to assess eligibility by two independent reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool results. Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials were included (88,462 patients). In a network meta-analysis, the rivaroxaban compared to the clopidogrel regimen showed lower relative risks (RRs) for death of any cause (0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.96), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.93), and cerebrovascular events (0.48; 95% CI, 0.30-0.78). The RR of cerebrovascular events was also lower for the rivaroxaban compared to the ticagrelor 60 mg regimen (0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-0.99). For the prasugrel regimen, the RRs were lower of myocardial infarction incidence versus all extended strategies: clopidogrel plus aspirin (0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99), rivaroxaban (0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.93), ticagrelor 60 mg (0.61; 95% CI, 0.42-0.89), and ticagrelor 90 mg (0.63; 95% CI, 0.41-0.97). None of the dual strategies were associated with differences in major bleeding compared to the prasugrel regimen. Conclusions and relevance: The rivaroxaban regimen appeared to be the preferred long-term anti-thrombotic regimen in preventing all-cause mortality. Our available results tend to support the efficacy of extended anti-thrombotic therapy consisting of prasugrel in lowering MI incidence compared to the other strategies, without increased risk of bleeding. However, additional large-scale direct clinical trials are needed to further determine the adequate long-term anti-thrombotic regimens for treating chronic coronary syndrome. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020186583, identifier CRD42020186583.
Subject(s)
Atrial Fibrillation , Brugada Syndrome , Drug Substitution/methods , Echocardiography/methods , Electric Countershock/methods , Propafenone , Quinidine/administration & dosage , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Atrial Fibrillation/therapy , Brugada Syndrome/chemically induced , Brugada Syndrome/diagnosis , Brugada Syndrome/physiopathology , Brugada Syndrome/therapy , Clinical Decision-Making , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Propafenone/administration & dosage , Propafenone/adverse effects , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Pericardial cyst is an uncommon clinical-pathological entity, most often a congenital condition. We describe a case of an acquired iatrogenic pericardial pseudocyst following permanent pacemaker implantation secondary to atrial myocardial perforation. Diagnosis was achieved by a plain chest film, echocardiography, and computed tomography and confirmed intraoperatively. The pseudocyst was resected via a midline sternotomy approach. The patient recovered uneventfully. In a follow-up of 18 months, the patient is doing well.