Prior incarceration length and edentulism among formerly incarcerated older adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between prior incarceration length and edentulism among US adults 55 years and older. Analyses explored indirect factors such as wealth, smoking status, mental health, and chronic health conditions that may explain this relationship. In addition, the study analyzed how associations between incarceration and edentulism vary by race and ethnicity. METHODS: The authors used data from the 2012-2014 Health and Retirement Study (unweighted N = 11,630; weighted N = 72,872,877) to assess the relationship between incarceration duration and edentulism through multivariable logistic regression. The Karlson-Holm-Breen method evaluated indirect effects, and multiplicative interaction terms examined variations by race and ethnicity. RESULTS: Net of control variables analyses showed a positive association between having been incarcerated for more than 1 month and higher odds of edentulism. However, this association was rendered statistically nonsignificant after accounting for wealth, current smoking status, mental health, and chronic disease. Collectively, wealth and smoking explained approximately 60% of the association between prior incarceration length and edentulism. Racial moderation models indicated that longer incarceration times increased edentulism likelihood in non-Hispanic Whites specifically. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study on the association between prior incarceration length and edentulism among older adults. Study findings indicated the relationship between incarceration and edentulism was explained by higher wealth and current smoking status. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings highlight the need for adequate access to oral health care services for formerly incarcerated older adults to improve oral health and enhance their overall health and quality of life.

Prevalence and sociodemographic associations with weight discrimination in early adolescents.

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of weight discrimination (the perception of being treated unfairly based on weight) and its sociodemographic associations among early adolescents aged 10 to 13 in the United States. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study in Year Two (2018-2020). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted, with perceived weight discrimination as the dependent variable and age, sex, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, body mass index (BMI) category, household income, and highest parental education level as adjusted independent variables. Interaction with BMI category and weight discrimination by sex, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, and household income was tested for. Results: In our analytical sample (N = 7129), we found that 5.46 % of early adolescents reported experiencing weight discrimination. Adolescents with BMI percentile ≥95th (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.41; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 4.71-8.70), <5th (AOR, 3.85; 95 % CI, 2.10-7.07), and ≥85th to <95th (AOR, 2.22; 95 % CI, 1.51-3.25) had higher odds of experiencing weight discrimination compared to adolescents with BMI percentile 5th to <85th. Sex and race and ethnicity modified the relationship between BMI category and weight discrimination. Adolescents who identified as gay/bisexual (AOR, 3.46; 95 % CI, 2.19-5.45) had higher odds of experiencing weight discrimination compared with heterosexual adolescents. Conclusions: Our results underscore the need for anti-bullying campaigns and positive media representation of all body types. Clinicians should recognize that sexual minority youth disproportionately experience weight discrimination, emphasizing the need for affirmative healthcare and early intervention to prevent the mental health impacts of such discrimination.

Prospective associations between Sleep, Sensation-Seeking and Mature Screen Usage in Early Adolescents: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Early exposure to mature content is linked to high-risk behaviors. This study aims to prospectively investigate how sleep and sensation-seeking behaviors influence the consumption of mature video games and R-rated movies in early adolescents. A secondary analysis examines the bidirectional relationships between sleep patterns and mature screen usage. METHODS: Data were obtained from a subsample of 3,687 early adolescents (49.2% female; mean age: 11.96 years) participating in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study. At Year 2 follow-up, participants wore Fitbit wearables for up to 21 nights to assess objective sleep measures and completed a scale about sensation-seeking traits. At Year 3 follow-up, they answered questions about mature screen usage. RESULTS: Of the sample, 41.8% of the sample reported playing mature-rated video games and 49% reported watching R-rated movies. Sensation-seeking traits were associated with R-rated movie watching one year later. Shorter sleep duration, later bedtime, more bedtime variability, and more social jetlag (discrepancy between the mid-sleep on weekdays and weekends) were associated with mature-rated video gaming and R-rated movie watching one year later. Sleep duration variability was associated with mature-rated video gaming. There was also an interaction effect: those with higher sensation-seeking scores and shorter sleep duration reported more frequent R-rated movie usage than those with longer sleep duration. Secondary analyses showed bidirectional associations between later bedtimes, more variability in bedtimes, and more social jetlag with mature screen usage. CONCLUSION: Early adolescents with sensation-seeking traits and poorer sleep health were more likely to engage in mature screen usage.

Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Early Adolescents.

This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of sexual orientation discrimination and its sociodemographic correlates among a large, diverse sample of early adolescents in the US.

Screen time and mental health: a prospective analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the ubiquity of adolescent screen use, there are limited longitudinal studies that examine the prospective relationships between screen time and child behavioral problems in a large, diverse nationwide sample of adolescents in the United States, which was the objective of the current study. METHODS: We analyzed cohort data of 9,538 adolescents (9-10 years at baseline in 2016-2018) with two years of follow-up from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We used mixed-effects models to analyze associations between baseline self-reported screen time and parent-reported mental health symptoms using the Child Behavior Checklist, with random effects adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parent education, and study site. We tested for effect modification by sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: The sample was 48.8% female and racially/ethnically diverse (47.6% racial/ethnic minority). Higher total screen time was associated with all mental health symptoms in adjusted models, and the association was strongest for depressive (B = 0.10, 95% CI 0.06, 0.13, p < 0.001), conduct (B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.03, 0.10, p < 0.001), somatic (B = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.11, p = 0.026), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms (B = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.10, p = 0.013). The specific screen types with the greatest associations with depressive symptoms included video chat, texting, videos, and video games. The association between screen time and depressive, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and oppositional defiant symptoms was stronger among White compared to Black adolescents. The association between screen time and depressive symptoms was stronger among White compared to Asian adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Screen time is prospectively associated with a range of mental health symptoms, especially depressive symptoms, though effect sizes are small. Video chat, texting, videos, and video games were the screen types with the greatest associations with depressive symptoms. Future research should examine potential mechanisms linking screen use with child behavior problems.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among transgender women.

Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by extreme preoccupation with insufficient muscularity that prompts pathological behaviors and distress/impairment. The Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) - a widely used measure of MD symptoms - has yet to be validated among transgender women, despite emerging evidence suggesting risk for muscularity-oriented concerns in this population. We examined the MDDI factor structure as well as the reliability and validity of its subscales in a sample of 181 transgender women ages 19-73 years who participated in a national longitudinal cohort study of U.S. sexual and gender minority adults. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine model fit for the original three-factor structure of the MDDI (drive for size, appearance intolerance, functional impairment). A re-specified three-factor model allowing covariance of residuals for two conceptually related items demonstrated good overall fit (χ2/df = 1.33, CFI =.94, TLI =.93, RMSEA =.06 [95 % CI =.01,.09], SRMR =.07). Moreover, results supported the internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity of the MDDI subscales in transgender women. Findings inform the use of the MDDI among transgender women and provide a foundation to support future research on the MDDI and MD symptoms among gender minority populations.

Mapping eating disorders in adolescents and young adults: an investigation of geographic distribution and access to care in Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: There is limited research on the spatial distribution of eating disorders and the proximity to available eating disorder services. Therefore, this study investigates the distribution of eating disorders among adolescents and young adults in Ontario, Canada, with a specific focus on geographic disparities and access to publicly-funded specialized eating disorder services. METHODS: A community sample of 1,377 adolescents and young adults ages 16-30 across Ontario between November and December 2021 participated in this study and completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, we mapped the geographic prevalence of eating disorders and examined proximity to specialized eating disorder services. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were utilized to determine the association between geographic region and eating disorder symptomatology. Additionally, t-tests were utilized to examine differences between time/distance to specialized services and clinical risk for eating disorders. RESULTS: Applying geospatial analysis techniques, we detected significant spatial clusters denoting higher eating disorder scores in rural areas and areas with fewer specialized services. Likewise, our findings report disparities between rural and urban areas, suggesting that rural regions exhibit elevated rates of eating disorders. There were no associations between distance/time to services and eating disorder symptomology. CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancies in eating disorder symptomology between urban/rural may stem from stigma and unique socio-cultural contexts in rural communities. The study underscores the need for targeted intervention, including telehealth, in addressing the eating disorder challenges faced by adolescents and young adults in rural regions.

This study explores how common eating disorders are among adolescents and young adults in Ontario, Canada, with a specific focus on the geographic disparities of eating disorders. This study uses mapping technology to assess where eating disorders were more common and how close these areas were to specialized eating disorder treatment services. The findings showed that places with fewer services, especially rural areas, had higher rates of eating disorders. However, there wasn't a clear link between how far people lived from these services and the severity of their eating disorders. This may suggest that those in rural areas might struggle more with eating disorders due to greater stigma and different social and cultural factors compared to urban areas. This study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions, like telehealth, to address these disparities. This research is pivotal in guiding equitable healthcare solutions for eating disorders, particularly in underserved rural communities.

Screen time, problematic screen use, and eating disorder symptoms among early adolescents: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

PURPOSE: Emerging research evidence suggests positive relationships between higher screen time and eating disorders. However, few studies have examined the prospective associations between screen use and eating disorder symptoms in early adolescents and how problematic screen use may contribute to symptom development. METHODS: We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 10,246, 2016-2020, ages 9-14). Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the longitudinal associations between baseline self-reported screen time and eating disorder symptoms in year two. Logistic regression analyses were also used to estimate cross-sectional associations between problematic screen use in year two (either problematic social media or mobile phone use) and eating disorder symptoms in year two. Eating disorder symptoms based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS-5) included fear of weight gain, self-worth tied to weight, engaging in compensatory behaviors, binge eating, and distress with binge eating. RESULTS: Each additional hour of total screen time and social media use was associated with higher odds of fear of weight gain, self-worth tied to weight, compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, binge eating, and distress with binge eating two years later (odds ratio [OR] 1.05-1.55). Both problematic social media and mobile phone use were associated with higher odds of all eating disorder symptoms (OR 1.26-1.82). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest greater total screen time, social media use, and problematic screen use are associated with more eating disorder symptoms in early adolescence. Clinicians should consider assessing for problem screen use and, when high, screen for disordered eating. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.

From individual motivation to substance use initiation: A longitudinal cohort study assessing the associations between reward sensitivity and subsequent risk of substance use initiation among US adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Substance use in youth remains a pressing problem in the United States. Existing studies have shown the importance of neuropathways responsible for affective response and reward motivation in adolescents' substance use initiation and maintenance. However, limited observational studies have explored the relationship between aspects of behavioral motivation traits and the likelihood of substance use initiation in adolescents. In this prospective cohort study, we assessed the associations between behavioral motivation traits based on the Behavioral Inhibition and Approach Systems (BIS-BAS) Scale and substance use initiation using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. METHOD: In the 9216 eligible sample population, we assessed the associations between mean Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) / Behavioral Approach System (BAS) scores measured at year 2 of the ABCD study and substance use initiation at year 3 of the ABCD study using multivariable logistic regressions adjusting for ABCD study site, sampling weights, as well as sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: We found that higher BIS mean score was associated with higher odds of initiating substance use at year 3 (AOR=1.20, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.40). Out of three BAS measure categories, only BAS Fun-seeking mean score was positively associated with higher odds of initiating substance use at year 3 (AOR=1.23, 95 % CI: 1.07, 1.43). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that inhibitory and fun-seeking behavioral tendencies are associated with an increased likelihood of substance use initiation in adolescents. Our findings suggest a potential pathway linking emotional traits to early substance initiation in adolescents.

Gender Identity Disparities in Early Adolescent Sleep: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.

Purpose: Our aim was to examine associations between transgender identity and sleep disturbance in a demographically diverse, national sample of U.S. early adolescents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study from Year 3 (2019-2021, n = 10,277, 12-13 years) to investigate the association between transgender identity and caregiver-reported measures of their adolescent's sleep, assessed by the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Results: Transgender adolescents had a higher risk of overall sleep disturbance and symptoms of insomnia and excessive sleepiness. Furthermore, per caregiver report, transgender adolescents were more likely to have shorter sleep duration categories; particularly concerning is the significant risk of <5 hours of sleep for transgender adolescents compared with their cisgender peers. Conclusion: These findings indicate that transgender adolescents had worse caregiver-reported sleep outcomes compared to cisgender peers. This study highlights the need for screenings and interventions targeted at improving sleep among transgender adolescents.

Longitudinal and Geographic Trends in Perceived Racial Discrimination Among Adolescents in the U.S.: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

This study examines longitudinal and geographic trends in perceived racial discrimination among U.S. adolescents using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. A diverse sample of 11,868 children aged 9-10 at baseline from 22 sites across the U.S. was analyzed, assessing perceived discrimination at ages 10-11, 11-12, and 13-14 using items adapted from the Perceived Discrimination Scale. Binomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate longitudinal trends and geographic variation, adjusting for demographic factors such as race/ethnicity, parental education, and income. Results show that perceived racial discrimination increased significantly from ages 10-11 to 13-14, particularly among Black and Asian adolescents. By age 13-14, nearly half of Black adolescents and over a quarter of Asian adolescents reported discrimination. Geographic analysis revealed that Black adolescents in the Western U.S. and predominantly White affluent neighborhoods had the highest odds of perceived discrimination. Higher state-level anti-Black bias was associated with lower discrimination rates among Black adolescents but higher rates for Asian adolescents. These findings highlight the evolving nature of racial discrimination during adolescence and underscore the need for targeted interventions that address racism's mental health impacts on adolescents, particularly in high-risk geographic and socio-economic contexts.

Creatine monohydrate use is prospectively associated with muscle dysmorphia symptomatology.

This study aimed to determine the prospective association between creatine monohydrate use and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among adolescents and young adults in Canada. Data from 912 adolescents and young adults from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors were analyzed. Creatine monohydrate use in the past 12 months was assessed at Wave 1, and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology was measured using the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) at Wave 1 and Wave 2. The prospective associations between creatine monohydrate use and the MDDI total score and subscale scores were determined using linear regression analyses. Regression analyses controlled for relevant demographic identifiers, prior substance use, and the corresponding Wave 1 MDDI variable. Creatine monohydrate use at Wave 1 was prospectively associated with both total muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (B 1.34, 95 % CI 0.27, 2.42) and greater Appearance Intolerance (B 0.52, 95 % CI 0.02, 1.03) at Wave 2. Importantly, these findings were independent of prior muscle dysmorphia symptomatology, lifetime anabolic-androgenic steroid use, lifetime cigarette use, and frequency of alcohol use. Creatine monohydrate is commonly used among adolescents and young adults. Findings from this study are among the first to document that creatine monohydrate use may be a risk factor for the development of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among adolescents and young adults. Health and mental health care professionals may consider assessing for both creatine monohydrate use and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among adolescents and young adults.

Television Viewing from Young Adulthood to Middle Age and Premature Cardiovascular Disease Events: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous literature has explored the relationship between television viewing and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults; however, there remains a paucity of longitudinal data describing how young adult television viewing relates to premature CVD events. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the relationship between level and annualized changes in television viewing from young adulthood to middle age and the incidence of premature CVD events before age 60. DESIGN: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a prospective community-based cohort with over 30 years of follow-up (1985-present). PARTICIPANTS: Black and White men and women who were 18-30 years old at baseline (1985-1986). MAIN MEASURES: Independent variables: Individualized television viewing trajectories were developed using linear mixed models. DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, and stroke outcomes were analyzed separately and as a combined CVD event outcome. KEY RESULTS: Among 4318 included participants, every 1-h increase in daily hours of television viewing at age 23 was associated with higher odds of incident CHD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.49) and incident CVD events (AOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.32). Each additional hour of daily television viewing annually was associated with higher annual odds of CHD incidence (AOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.06-2.25), stroke incidence (AOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.02-2.46), and CVD incidence (AOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03-1.69). Race and sex modified the association between television viewing level at age 23 and CHD, heart failure, and stroke, with White men most consistently having significant associations. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective cohort study, greater television viewing in young adulthood and annual increases in television viewing across midlife were associated with incident premature CVD events, particularly CHD. Young adulthood as well as behaviors across midlife may be important periods to promote healthy television viewing behavior patterns.

Sexual identity is associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in US early adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine disparities in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) by sexual identity in a national cohort of early adolescents. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from year 2 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N=10,934, 2018-2020, ages 10-14 years). Disparities in ACE score across lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB), not sure, and heterosexual adolescents were assessed using multinomial logistic regression analyses. Logistic regressions estimated the associations between sexual identity and each individual ACE. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: In adjusted models, LGB adolescents had higher risk of experiencing 2, 3, or ≥4 ACEs (Relative Risk Ratios [RRR] =1.57, 95% CI 1.01-2.42), 3 (RR=1.78, 95% CI 1.100-2.88), or ≥4 ACEs (RRR=3.20, 95% CI 1.92-5.32), and not sure adolescents had a higher risk of having ≥4 ACEs (RRR=2.17, 95% CI 1.22-3.87), compared to heterosexual adolescents. LGB and not sure adolescents had higher risks of reporting emotional abuse ("yes" OR =4.21, 95% CI 1.84-9.61; "maybe" OR=6.20, 95% CI 2.91-13.19) and parent mental illness ("yes" OR=1.95, 95% CI 1.48-2.57; "maybe" OR=1.63, 95% CI 1.21-2.18) compared to heterosexual adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: LGB adolescents and those questioning their sexual identity were at greater risk of having higher ACE scores, with LGB adolescents experiencing the highest risk of experiencing ACEs. LGB adolescents also had higher odds of reporting emotional and parent mental illness. Recognizing this heightened risk of ACEs in early adolescence is critical for designing clinic and school-based interventions.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Police Contact in Canada.

A growing body of research has demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a risk factor for criminal justice system contact. However, much of this research is limited by (1) being conducted in the United States and (2) a lack of details on specific types of harmful experiences of criminal justice system contact, such as police contact characterized by intrusion or harassment. Using survey data from 940 individuals aged 16 to 30 in Canada from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors, this study investigates the relationship between ACEs and police contact, focusing on encounters involving intrusion or harassment. Results from logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses reveal that individuals with high ACE exposure, particularly those with four or more ACEs, are more likely to have police contact, including experiences of intrusion and harassment. The results are significant in understanding the interplay between childhood trauma and later encounters with the criminal justice system, emphasizing the need for trauma-informed approaches in policing and healthcare. The study highlights the importance of early interventions to mitigate the effects of ACEs and prevent adverse outcomes in police interactions.

Losing, gaining, or staying the same: how do different weight change attempts relate to muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptoms across genders?

Adolescents and young adults are at heightened risk for eating disorder (ED) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms; yet, these symptoms and their relationships to harmful behaviors may also vary by gender. Thus, this study examined: 1) the prevalence of attempts to lose, gain, or maintain the same weight across gender identities, 2) purposes of weight change attempts, and 3) relationships between weight change attempts and ED and MD symptoms across cisgender men, women, and transgender and gender expansive (TGE) youth. 940 adolescents and young adults (57.4% cisgender women, 33.8% cisgender men, 8.8% TGE) completed questionnaires about weight change attempts, ED and MD symptoms. Women and TGE individuals attempted to lose weight more often than men, while men attempted to gain weight more often. All genders endorsed weight loss and gain attempts for different purposes. Weight loss attempts related to ED symptoms and appearance intolerance, whereas weight gain attempts related to MD symptoms across genders. In women, all weight change attempts related to greater functional impairment due to exercise. Findings highlight the need for tailored interventions to address desires to change one's body and underscore the harmful effects of weight change attempts across genders.

Bedtime Screen Use Behaviors and Sleep Outcomes in Early Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To determine prospective associations between bedtime screen use behaviors and sleep outcomes one year later in a national study of early adolescents in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed prospective cohort data from 9,398 early adolescents aged 11-12 years (48.4% female, 45% racial/ethnic minority) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (Years 2-3, 2018-2021). Regression analyses examined the associations between self-reported bedtime screen use (Year 2) and sleep variables (Year 3; self-reported sleep duration; caregiver-reported sleep disturbance), adjusting for sociodemographic covariates and sleep variables (Year 2). RESULTS: Having a television or Internet-connected electronic device in the bedroom was prospectively associated with shorter sleep duration one year later. Adolescents who left their phone ringer activated overnight had greater odds of experiencing sleep disturbance and experienced shorter sleep duration one year later, compared to those who turned off their phones at bedtime. Talking/texting on the phone, listening to music, and using social media were all prospectively associated with shorter sleep duration, greater overall sleep disturbance, and a higher factor score for disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep one year later. DISCUSSION: In early adolescents, several bedtime screen use behaviors are associated with adverse sleep outcomes one year later, including sleep disturbance and shorter weekly sleep duration. Screening for and providing anticipatory guidance on specific bedtime screen behaviors in early adolescents may be warranted.

Family conflict and less parental monitoring were associated with greater screen time in early adolescence.

AIM: The current study investigated the prospective relationships between parental monitoring, family conflict, and screen time across six screen time modalities in early adolescents in the USA. METHODS: We utilised prospective cohort data of children (ages 10-14 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (years baseline to Year 2 of follow-up; 2016-2020; N = 10 757). Adjusted coefficients (B) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using mixed-effect models with robust standard errors. RESULTS: A higher parental monitoring score was associated with less total screen time (B = -0.37, 95% CI -0.58, -0.16), with the strongest associations being with video games and YouTube videos. Conversely, a higher family conflict score was associated with more total screen time (B = 0.08, 95% CI 0.03, 0.12), with the strongest associations being with YouTube videos, video games, and watching television shows/movies in Years 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: The current study found that greater parental monitoring was associated with less screen time, while greater family conflict was linked to more screen time. These results may inform strategies to reduce screen time in adolescence, such as improving communication between parents and their children to strengthen family relationships.