ABSTRACT
Pulmonary injury is one of the key restricting factors for the therapy of malignancies with chemotherapy or following radiotherapy for chest cancers. The lung is a sensitive organ to some severely toxic antitumor drugs, consisting of bleomycin and alkylating agents. Furthermore, treatment with radiotherapy may drive acute and late adverse impacts on the lung. The major consequences of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the lung are pneumonitis and fibrosis. Pneumonitis may arise some months to a few years behind cancer therapy. However, fibrosis is a long-term effect that appears years after chemo/or radiotherapy. Several mechanisms such as oxidative stress and severe immune reactions are implicated in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is offered as a pivotal mechanism for lung fibrosis behind chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It seems that pulmonary fibrosis is the main consequence of EMT after chemo/radiotherapy. Several biological processes, consisting of the liberation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrosis molecules, oxidative stress, upregulation of nuclear factor of κB and Akt, epigenetic changes, and some others, may participate in EMT and pulmonary fibrosis behind cancer therapy. In this review, we aim to discuss how chemotherapy or radiotherapy may promote EMT and lung fibrosis. Furthermore, we review potential targets and effective agents to suppress EMT and lung fibrosis after cancer therapy.
Subject(s)
Chemoradiotherapy , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Pulmonary Fibrosis , Humans , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects , Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced , Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism , Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology , Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology , Chemoradiotherapy/adverse effects , Animals , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Lung Injury/etiology , Lung Injury/pathology , Lung Injury/chemically induced , Lung Injury/metabolismABSTRACT
Atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4), also known as CCX-CKR, is a member of the chemokine receptor family that lacks typical G protein signaling activity. Instead, ACKR4 functions as a scavenger receptor that can bind and internalize a wide range of chemokines, influencing their availability and activity in the body. ACKR4 is involved in various physiological processes, such as immune cell trafficking and the development of thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Moreover, ACKR4 has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer, heart and lung diseases. In cancer, ACKR4 plays a complex role, acting as a tumor suppressor or promoter depending on the type of cancer and the stage of the disease. For instance, ACKR4 may inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer, but it may also promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer. In inflammatory situations, ACKR4 has been found to modulate the recruitment and activation of immune cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of diseases such as myocardial infraction and pulmonary sarcoidosis. The study of ACKR4 is still ongoing, and further research is needed to fully understand its role in different physiological and pathological contexts. Nonetheless, ACKR4 represents a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for various diseases.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Signal Transduction , Female , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The unprecedented emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the development and global distribution of vaccines, making the understanding of global vaccine acceptance and hesitancy crucial to overcoming barriers to vaccination and achieving widespread immunization. OBJECTIVE: This umbrella review synthesizes findings from systematic reviews and meta-analyses to provide insights into global perceptions on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy across diverse populations and regions. METHODS: We conducted a literature search across major databases to identify systematic reviews and meta-analysis that reported COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy. The AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) criteria were used to assess the methodological quality of included systematic reviews. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA 17 with a random effect model. The data synthesis is presented in a table format and via a narrative. RESULTS: Our inclusion criteria were met by 78 meta-analyses published between 2021 and 2023. Our analysis revealed a moderate vaccine acceptance rate of 63% (95% CI 0.60%-0.67%) in the general population, with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97.59%). Higher acceptance rates were observed among health care workers and individuals with chronic diseases, at 64% (95% CI 0.57%-0.71%) and 69% (95% CI 0.61%-0.76%), respectively. However, lower acceptance was noted among pregnant women, at 48% (95% CI 0.42%-0.53%), and parents consenting for their children, at 61.29% (95% CI 0.56%-0.67%). The pooled vaccine hesitancy rate was 32% (95% CI 0.25%-0.39%) in the general population. The quality assessment revealed 19 high-quality, 38 moderate-quality, 15 low-quality, and 6 critically low-quality meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS: This review revealed the presence of vaccine hesitancy globally, emphasizing the necessity for population-specific, culturally sensitive interventions and clear, credible information dissemination to foster vaccine acceptance. The observed disparities accentuate the need for continuous research to understand evolving vaccine perceptions and to address the unique concerns and needs of diverse populations, thereby aiding in the formulation of effective and inclusive vaccination strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023468363; https://tinyurl.com/2p9kv9cr.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Systematic Reviews as Topic , Vaccination Hesitancy , Humans , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology , Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology , Vaccination Hesitancy/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Stem cell therapy (SCT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic avenue, with various cell types being explored for their efficacy in treating DCM. However, the safety and efficacy of these therapies have been the subject of numerous systematic reviews. This umbrella review aims to consolidate the existing evidence on stem cell interventions for DCM, providing a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape. METHODS: This review was conducted following the JBI and PRISMA guidelines. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the safety and efficacy of SCT for DCM were included. Outcomes such as 6MWT, LVEDD, LVEF, MACE, NYHA, and QoL, among others, were considered. A literature search was executed across databases like PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database up to October 07, 2023. The quality of the included reviews was assessed using the JBI Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses. Data synthesis was carried out in both narrative and tabular formats, with the GRADE criteria guiding the determination of evidence certainty. RESULTS: Nine systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. LVEF found to be significantly improved with SCT. LVEDD and LVEDV assessments yielded mixed results, with some reviews observing significant changes. LVESV showed consistent reductions across multiple studies. BNP concentrations post-interventions were explored in several studies, with mixed findings. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) showed varied results, with some studies noting improvements and others finding no significant differences. NYHA classifications and 6-MWT results indicated potential benefits from stem cell treatments. SCT was observed to be generally safe. The certainty of evidence was low or very low for most of outcomes. CONCLUSION: SCT showed has shown promise in treating DCM, with many studies highlighting its safety and potential benefits. Nonetheless, the existing data has its limitations due to biases in the RCTs studies. To truly establish the benefits of SCT for DCM, future high quality RCTS, are crucial.
ABSTRACT
This comprehensive review delineates the latest advancements in stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems engineered for the targeted treatment of breast carcinoma. The manuscript commences by introducing mammary carcinoma and the current therapeutic methodologies, underscoring the urgency for innovative therapeutic strategies. Subsequently, it elucidates the logic behind the employment of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, which promise targeted drug administration and the minimization of adverse reactions. The review proffers an in-depth analysis of diverse types of stimuli-responsive systems, including thermoresponsive, pH-responsive, and enzyme-responsive nanocarriers. The paramount importance of material choice, biocompatibility, and drug loading strategies in the design of these systems is accentuated. The review explores characterization methodologies for stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and probes preclinical evaluations of their efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution in mammary carcinoma models. Clinical applications of stimuli-responsive systems, ongoing clinical trials, the potential of combination therapies, and the utility of multifunctional nanocarriers for the co-delivery of assorted drugs and therapies are also discussed. The manuscript addresses the persistent challenge of drug resistance in mammary carcinoma and the potential of stimuli-responsive systems in surmounting it. Regulatory and safety considerations, including FDA guidelines and biocompatibility assessments, are outlined. The review concludes by spotlighting future trajectories and emergent technologies in stimuli-responsive drug delivery, focusing on pioneering approaches, advancements in nanotechnology, and personalized medicine considerations. This review aims to serve as a valuable compendium for researchers and clinicians interested in the development of efficacious and safe stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of breast carcinoma.
ABSTRACT
In this research, we present a post-synthetic method for synthesizing a novel nanomagnetic Cu(II) Schiff base complex and investigate its efficiency in catalytic organic conversion reactions. Various spectroscopic analyses were employed to characterize the physiochemical characteristics of the resulting nanocomposite. The experimental results successfully demonstrate the catalytic application of the prepared Cu-complex in the preparation of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole heterocycles. This synthesis involved a one-pot three-component condensation reaction, wherein hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes were combined under reflux conditions using water as the solvent. Notably, the heterogenized complex exhibited exceptional catalytic performance, achieving remarkable conversion rates and selectivity, all accomplished using only 12 mg of the catalyst. Furthermore, thorough stability assessments of this catalyst were conducted through reusability and hot filtration tests, which confirmed its non-leaching properties and demonstrated excellent results over the course of five consecutive runs.
ABSTRACT
By releasing exosomes, which create the ideal milieu for the resolution of inflammation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhance tissue healing and have strong immunomodulatory capabilities. MSCs-derived exosome also can affect tumor progress by a myriad of mechanisms. Exosomes function as a cell-cell communication tool to affect cellular activity in recipient cells and include an array of efficient bioactive chemicals. Understanding the fundamental biology of inflammation ablation, tissue homeostasis, and the creation of therapeutic strategies is particularly interested in the horizontal transfer of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and microRNAs (miRNAs) to recipient cells, where they affect target gene expression. Herein, we propose an exosomal lncRNA and microRNA profile in neurological, renal, cardiac, lung, and liver diseases as well as skin wounds and arthritis.