Metacarpophalangeal portal safety. An anatomical study. / Seguridad de los portales metacarpofalángicos. Estudio anatómico.

AIM: To quantify the risk of dorsal innervation injury when performing direct metacarpophalangeal joint portals of the second to fifth fingers. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An anatomical study of 11 upper limbs of fresh corpses was carried out. After placing them in a traction tower, the metacarpophalangeal portals were developed on both sides of the extensor tendon. The dorsal sensory branches were dissected and the distances between the portal and the nearest nerve were measured by a digital caliper. The portals of all the fingers were compared globally to assess the safest finger and two to two radial and ulnar portals were compared in each of the fingers to assess the safest portal within each finger. RESULTS: The overall comparison of all portals and fingers showed that the third finger is the safest in any of its portals, while the ulnar side of the second and radial of the fourth are the portals with the highest risk of nerve injury (P=8.96·10-5). Comparing two to two of the radial and ulnar portals in each of the fingers showed that the ulnar portal is safer than the radial on the fourth finger (P=.042), while the radial is safer than the ulnar on the fifth finger (P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: The third finger was the safest to perform metacarpophalangeal portals, while the ulnar side of the second finger and radial side of the fourth had the highest risk of nerve injury.

Volar Central Portal in Wrist Arthroscopy.

Background Nowadays, the wrist is not limited to a dorsal visualization; the joint can be thought of as a "box," which can be visualized from almost every perspective. The purpose of this study was to describe a new volar central portal for the wrist, following three principles: a single incision that allows access to both the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints, centered on the lunate, with the volar structures at risk protected not only by retractors, but also by tendons. Description of Technique The incision begins in the distal wrist crease and extended 1.5 cm proximally up to the proximal wrist crease, following the axis of the third intermetacarpal space. The flexor superficialis tendons are identified and retracted toward the radial side. Next, the fourth and fifth flexor digitorum profundus tendons are retracted toward the ulnar side, while the third and second tendons are retracted toward the radial side. The volar central midcarpal portal is performed under direct vision just over the anterior horn of the lunate through the Poirier space. The volar central radiocarpal portal is created under the lunate through the interval between the ulnocarpal ligaments and the short radioulnar ligament. Methods An anatomical study was performed on 14 cadaver specimens. Two data were recorded: iatrogenic injuries of the structures at risk and the distances to the structures at risk. Results The median (interquartile range [IQR]) distances from the volar central radiocarpal portal to the median nerve, palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, and ulnar neurovascular bundle were 10.5 (7.8-15.0), 18.5 (15.8-20.3), and 7.0 (5.0-10.5) mm, respectively. The median (IQR) distances from the volar central midcarpal portal to the median nerve, palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, and ulnar neurovascular bundle were 7.0 (4.8-10.3), 16.0 (14.8-19.0), and 4.5 (3.8-9.0) mm, respectively. No iatrogenic injuries were observed. Conclusion The volar central portal is reproducible and safe. The risk of iatrogenic injury is low. The capsule is pierced through one of its thinner portions, and both the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints can be inspected through one single incision.

Evaluación de un método de aglutinación del látex para la detección del estreptococo grupo A en faringe / Latex evaluation for detection of group A streptococcus in pharyngeal swabs

Las pruebas de detección rápida del antígeno estreptocóccico en hisopados de garganta son ampliamente utilizados en laboratorios y consultorios médicos, pero su sensibilidad al compararse con técnicas de cultivo convencionales no es alta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de un método de látex (Patho Dx Strep A, DPC) para la detección del estreptococo grupo A en hisopados faríngeo de pacientes con faringitis que concurrieron al laboratorio San Roque de enero a diciembre del año 2003. Para la sensibilidad se seleccionaron 90 pacientes con cultivo positivo y para la especificad 280 pacientes con cultivo negativo. Se tomaron 2 muestras de hisopado faríngeo simultáneamente, una para la prueba del látex y otra para cultivo. Para la prueba directa se utilizó el Kit Patho Dx Strep A (DPC) y el cultivo e identificación se realizaron siguiendo métodos convencionales. De los 90 cultivos positivos, 60 fueron también positivos por la prueba de látex, lo que corresponde a una sensibilidad de la prueba del 66,7%. De los 280 cultivos negativos, 270 fueron negativos por latex, obteniéndose una especificidad del 96%. El valor predictivo positivo fue del 86% y el valor predictivo negativo del 90%. La concordancia absoluta fue del 89%. En nuestro estudio encontramos que la especificidad del Kit Patho Dx Strep A (DPC) fue alta (96%), pero no la sensibilidad que fue del 66,7%. Consideramos que la prueba rápida no puede sustituir al método clásico de cultivo y se recomienda la toma de dos hisopados de faringe, y en caso de obtener la prueba directa negativa, realizar además el cultivo a fin de evitar un diagnóstico y tratamiento incorrecto que puede dejar serias complicaciones.

Kits for rapid detection of streptococcus antigens from swabs pharyngeal are widely used in laboratories and consulting rooms but their sensitivity is low when they are compared with conventional culture methods. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a latex agglutination method (Patho Dx Strep A, DPC) for detection of Group A streptococci in pharyngeal swabs from patients with pharyngitis who came to San Roque Laboratory from January to December 2003. In order to determine the sensitivity, 90 patients with positive cultures were selected and 280 patients with negative cultures for the specificity. For both methods latex agglutination test and culture, two samples were swabbed simultaneously. The two methods used were the Patho Dx Strep A, DPC kits for direct test and conventional methods for culture and identification. Out of 90 positive cultures, 60 were also positive for latex, yielding a sensitivity of 66.7%. Out of 280 negative cultures, 270 were also negative for latex, yielding a specificity of 90%. The positive predictive value was 86% and the negative predictive value 90% while overall agreement was 89%. Our finding showed high specificity (96%) but low sensitivity (66,7%) of the Patho Dx Strep A (DPC) kit. We conclude that a rapid test cannot substitute the classical culture method and we recommend taking two throat swabs. If direct tests are negative, the second sample should be cultured to prevent a wrong diagnosis and treatment.

Primary structure of the Plasmodium vivax crk2 gene and interference of the yeast cell cycle upon its conditional expression.

The cdc2 gene product, a 34-kDa protein kinase, plays a universal role in the M phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle. To study the cell cycle regulation in malarial parasites, we have characterized a cdc2-related gene from the most widely distributed human malaria, Plasmodium vivax (Pvcrk2). The full-length Pvcrk2 revealed 90--99% homology with Crk2 proteins from other Plasmodium species and approximately 60% homology with p34(cdc2) proteins from higher eukaryotes. We used the temperature-sensitive Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2 mutant (cdc2-33(ts)) for gene complementation studies. Expression of the full-length 33-kDa PvCrk2 protein, a truncated 27-kDa version, and two chimeric proteins in which we exchanged the N- and C-terminal regions of PvCrk2 with their S. pombe counterparts at the restrictive temperature in the mutant cdc2-33(ts) did not complement the cell cycle defect. However, conditional expression of the Pvcrk2 genes or the chimera containing the C terminus from Spcdc2 in mutant cdc2-33(ts) cells produced cell-cycle-arrested phenotypes only in the induced state and at the permissive temperature. Our results thus provide the first compelling genetic evidence that the plasmodial Crk2 gene product(s) is capable of interfering with the well-conserved eukaryotic cell cycle machinery.

A chitinase encoding gene (chit1 gene) from the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae: isolation and characterization of genomic and full-length cDNA.

There are no reports to date of entire gene sequences coding for chitinolytic enzymes from entomopathogenic fungi, even though these enzymes act synergistically with proteolytic enzymes to solubilize insect cuticle during the key step of host penetration, having considerable importance in the biological control of some insect pests. This paper reports the complete nucleotide sequence and analysis of the chromosomal and full-length cDNA copies of the regulated gene (chit1) coding one of the chitinases produced by the biocontrol agent Metarhizium anisopliae. Degenerated primers, encompassing conserved regions of other fungal chitinases, were used to amplify a 650-bp DNA fragment, which was used to isolate genomic and cDNA clones from M. anisopliae. Albeit at least two different chitinases are characterized in this fungus, only one chit gene was isolated. The chit1 gene is interrupted by three short typical fungal introns and has a 1,521-bp ORF, which encodes a protein of 423 amino acids with a stretch of 35 amino acid residues displaying characteristics of signal peptide. The deduced sequence of the mature protein predicts a 42-kDa protein with pI of 5.8. Southern analysis of genomic DNA indicates a single copy of chit1 in the M. anisopliae genome.

Acción de la cetirizina y otros fármacos en la protección de la hiperreactividad bronquial (HRB) con aire frio / Action of the cetirizine and other drug in the bronchial hiperreactivy protection with cold air

Hemos estudiado 48 pacientes (p) con media y moderada asma, según Scheffer y Taggart (1). Todos los pacientes son atópicos, con elevadas cantidades de IgE sérica, con eosinofília sanguínea y con test cutáneos positivos. Los pacientes son evaluados pro y post la provocación broquial con la inhalación de aire frio (-10,-20) por 3 minutos. Previo y posterior a la utilización de distintos fármacos por una semana. Consideramos resultados positivos cuando disminuyen la caida espirográficas más de un 10 por ciento luego de la utilización de algún fármaco. Encomtramos los siguientes resultados: Cetirizina (Cet.) 10p. dosis de 20 mg/d, mejoran en la HRG sus VEF1 y FM 25-75 por ciento, un 65 por ciento. Cromoglicato Disódico (CGDS) 13p, 40mg/d, mejoran ambos parámetros el 46 por ciento. Beclometaosna (Beclo) 10p. 400 mcg/d, ambos parámetros mejoran un 50 por ciento, Terfenadina (Terf) 6p mejoran ambos parámetros el 8 por ciento, Placebo (Pla) 19p mejoran 5,5 por ciento. Esto establece las siguientes relaciones estadísticas: entre Cet vs Terf y Pla p<0,02. La protección con Cet es mayor que Beclo, CGDS y Terf. Debido a esto nosotros pensamos que la Cet tiene una buena protección no tanto por su actividad anti H1 sino probablemente por sus otras propiedades antiinflamatorias especialmente por su acción inhibidora de la quimiotaxis de los eosinofilos