The effect of endoscopic injections of dextranomer based implants on continence and bladder capacity: a prospective study of 31 patients.

PURPOSE: A prospective study was conducted to assess the efficacy of dextranomer based implants as a new bulking agent for endoscopic treatment of pediatric structural incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 33 children and adolescents 5 to 18 years old with severe incontinence due to sphincteric incompetence (exstrophy-epispadias in 13, neuropathic bladder in 16, bilateral ectopic ureters in 4) were enrolled in the study. All but 1 patient wore diapers. Preoperative evaluation consisted of medical history, pad test, urine culture, urinary tract ultrasound and videourodynamics. This evaluation was repeated 6 months and 1 year after treatment and then on a yearly basis. Of the patients 14 had 2 and 1 had 3 treatment sessions to achieve a definitive result. At each evaluation the patient was considered cured-dryness interval of 4 hours confirmed by pad test, significantly improved-minimal incontinence requiring no more than 1 pad a day with less than 10 gm. leakage during pad test; and no further treatment required, and treatment failure-no significant improvement. Videourodynamics were mainly useful to study the evolution of the bladder capacity, activity and compliance. Followup after the last injection ranged from 6 to 36 months (mean 18). RESULTS: The mean injected volume was 3.9 ml. (range 1.6 to 12) and the procedure lasted a mean of 30 minutes (10 to 60). In the postoperative period 2 patients had temporary dysuria and 10 had a nonfebrile urinary tract infection. At 1 month 24 of the 33 patients (73%) were dry or improved. Two patients were subsequently excluded from study for noncompliance with followup. At 6 months 17 of 31 patients (55%), at 1 year 13 of 28 (46%), at 2 years 10 of 23 (43%) and at 3 years 10 of 20 (50%) were dry or improved. Similar success occurred in cases of neuropathic bladder (57%) and exstrophy-epispadias complex (46%). Success rate of re-treated patients was 35%. Of 13 patients with a normal initial bladder capacity 3 had a bladder decompensation requiring augmentation after 6 months. Also an increase of at least 50% in capacity was observed in 12 of 18 patients with an initial small bladder. No side effect related to the substance was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic treatment of pediatric structural urinary incontinence with dextranomer implant, a nontoxic, nonimmunogenic, nonmigrant synthétic substance, was effective after 3 years in half of our patients. It may also be beneficial for patients with small bladder functional capacity. As the success rate decreased during the first year of followup, the result observed at 1 year seems to remain stable subsequently.

The Malone antegrade colonic enema isolated or associated with urological incontinence procedures: evaluation from patient point of view.

PURPOSE: Fecal and urinary incontinence in patients with congenital or acquired spinal cord defects represents a handicap that impairs chances of integration in society. Associated with the management of urinary incontinence, the Malone antegrade colonic enema is a generally successful procedure for resolving refractory fecal incontinence. We report the results of the evaluation of this technique from the patient perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was conducted among 19 patients who had undergone a Malone procedure, combined in 14 with urological surgical intervention for urinary incontinence. Patients completed a questionnaire either by mail or during an interview with a urotherapy nurse and/or a psychologist. Questions concerned patient opinion about the quality of preoperative information, perioperative period, stoma, functional result and overall satisfaction. The psychological impact of the procedure was also evaluated during the interviews. No complication occurred related to the Malone procedure or stomal stenosis, and a perfect functional result was achieved in 17 patients, 1 of whom had occasional leakage through the stoma. RESULTS: Of the 19 patients in the study 2 who have abandoned using the Malone procedure, including 1 with a poor result and 1 with a good functional result, did not return the questionnaire. The remaining 17 patients believed they had received adequate preoperative information and expressed no specific complaint about the perioperative period. The 15 with the stoma in the umbilicus were satisfied, although 3 young patients were temporarily disturbed by catheterizing the umbilicus and 2 with the stoma in the right fossa iliaca were disappointed. The 15 patients who had a perfect functional result recognized great improvement in quality of life but 13 complained of pain (12) and/or excessive duration of the procedure (9). The patient with a poor functional result and the other with occasional stomal leakage would not consider the procedure again. These 2 patients had durable postoperative depression while 3 others who ultimately achieved a good functional result experienced temporary depression. CONCLUSIONS: The Malone procedure generally meets the expectations of patients but it is considered by a majority as painful and lengthy. The umbilicus is the preferred stoma site but may prove to be disturbing in young patients. Abandonment of the procedure and postoperative depression experienced by some patients, despite a good functional result, deserve better prevention.

[Pathology of the ureterovesical junction in neurogenic bladders in children and adolescents. A retrospective study of 119 patients]. / Pathologie de la jonction urétéro-vésicale dans les vessies neurologiques de l'enfant et de l'adolescent. Etude rétrospective de 119 patients.

Ureterovesical junction dysfunction in congenital or acquired neurogenic bladders represents a threat for the renal parenchyma. In order to evaluate the incidence, mechanisms of development and preventive and curative treatments proposed in diseases of the ureterovesical junction associated with neurogenic bladders, the files of 119 children were retrospectively evaluated. 68 patients suffered from congenital neurogenic bladder and 51 had an acquired neurogenic bladder. In the congenital neurogenic bladder group, vesico-ureteric reflux was observed in 22 cases (32%) and dilatation was observed in 18 cases (26.5%), while 21 patients had both dilatation and reflux. In the acquired neurogenic bladder group, reflux was observed in 8 cases (16%) and dilatation was observed in 3 cases (10%), one of whom had both reflux and dilatation. The predominant mechanism of decompensation of the ureterovesical junction in the two groups was a combination of low compliance and high peripheral resistance. In patients with abnormalities of the ureterovesical junction, the incidence of associated parenchymal lesions was similar (30%) whether neurogenic bladder was congenital or acquired. The disparities between these two comparable patient groups, the preventive and curative treatments proposed and their results are analysed in comparison with the data reported in the literature.

Correlation of flexion contractures with upper extremity function and pain for spinal muscular atrophy and congenital myopathy patients.

To ascertain the patients' perception of the consequences of elbow flexion contractures and better understand the circumstances at their inception, we surveyed 405 spinal muscular atrophy and congenital myopathy patients. Diagrams of various elbow angles and questions concerning the effect of elbow contractures on daily activities were part of the survey. Of 108 completed responses, effectively a 24% response rate, 49 reported elbow flexion contractures. Thirteen of the 49 patients reported first noting them during extended periods of inactivity. Elbow flexion contractures greater than 25 degrees were intractable and were reported to hamper 17% (77 of 410) of specifically considered daily activities for the 49 subjects. Twenty-nine of the 49 (59%) subjects with contractures complained of contracture-associated hindrance of at least one daily function. Perceived contracture-associated difficulties increased significantly as a function of contracture severity. Elbow contractures were perceived to be useful by 12% of the respondents. The correlation between contracture severity and upper limb discomfort was also striking. We conclude that elbow flexion contractures are common and perceived to be associated with disability and discomfort for about one-half of spinal muscular atrophy and congenital myopathy patients.