ABSTRACT
Herein, we propose a facile fabrication procedure for platinum (Pt) nanoprobes. Our approach consists in performing a one-step electrochemical etching using a mixture of DI water, acetone, and CaCl2. Our technique is self-terminated and thus does not necessitate a cut-off circuit nor other sophisticated equipment or set-up commonly used in the fabrication process of Pt nanoprobes. The Pt nanoprobes thereby manufactured demonstrate small tip radii, a high aspect-ratio, no detectable surface contamination, and good reproducibility.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess data published from 2000 to 2010 on the effect of infertility on the sexual function of men and women. DATA SOURCES: The PubMed, Lilacs and Embase databases were searched for scientific articles assessing the sexual response of couples during infertility treatment. STUDY SELECTION: Studies selected for this review were published in English and conducted in human beings; articles included meta-analyses and cross-sectional or cohort studies that used objective measurement tools to quantitatively assess the data. DATA EXTRACTION: Seven studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Infertility is a major risk factor for sexual problems in both men and women. CONCLUSION: Infertile couples are at higher risk of sexual dysfunction than fertile couples. We also describe several recent patents.
Subject(s)
Infertility, Female/physiopathology , Infertility, Male/physiopathology , Sexuality/physiology , Adult , Cohort Studies , Erectile Dysfunction/etiology , Erectile Dysfunction/physiopathology , Erectile Dysfunction/psychology , Female , Humans , Infertility, Female/psychology , Infertility, Male/psychology , Male , Patents as Topic , Pregnancy , Risk Factors , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/etiology , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/psychologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare two groups of school age girls from different social strata were compared in terms of their perception and knowledge about breastfeeding. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was applied to all 346 4th to 8th grade girls attending two schools, a private one, whose students belonged to the upper class (School A), and a public one, whose students belonged to the lower class (School B). RESULTS: About 90% of the girls reported having been breastfed and more than 98% had seen a mother breastfeeding. Only 14% of girls from School A and 26% from School B (p = 0.01) exclusively offered their breast or their breast and a bottle when playing with dolls. More than 80% of the girls stated that they would like to have a normal delivery and to breast-feed their child for more than 6 months, but 46% of the girls from School A and 32% from School B stated that they would be ashamed to breastfeed in public. About 90% of the girls considered human milk to be the best food for the baby, but only a small portion of them recognized other more specific advantages. Less than 1/3 would choose exclusive breastfeeding and about 60% would offer a pacifier to the baby. CONCLUSION: Girls from both social strata are aware of the fact that breastfeeding is the best diet for a newborn baby, but are not aware of its specific advantages. Exclusive breastfeeding is not incorporated into the knowledge of most of these girls, since most of them consider offering water, tea, juices and a pacifier to be adequate practices. Teaching about breastfeeding at school should emphasize these concepts.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Adolescent , Child , Female , HumansABSTRACT
Objetivo: comparar dois grupos de meninas em idade escolar, de diferentes extratos sociais, quanto à percepção e o conhecimento sobre o aleitamento materno.Métodos: aplicou-se um questionário estruturado a todas as 346 meninas da 4ª à 8ª séries de duas escolas, uma particular, com alunosde alto poder aquisitivo (Escola A), e outra pública, com alunos denível econômico-social baixo (Escola B).Resultados: cerca de 90por cento das meninas relataram ter sidoamamentadas, e mais de 98por cento já viram alguma mãe amamentando.Somente 14por cento das da Escola A e 26por cento da Escola B (p=0,01) ofereciam exclusivamente o seio ou o seio e mamadeira em suas brincadeiras com bonecas. Mais de 80por cento das meninas gostariam que seu parto fosse normal e de amamentar seu filho por mais de 6 meses, mas 46por centodas da Escola A e 32por cento da B teriam vergonha de amamentar em público. Cerca de 90por cento das meninas consideram o leite humano o melhor alimento para o bebê, porém apenas pequena parcela delas reconhece outras vantagens mais específicas. Menos de 1/3 delas optaria pelo aleitamento exclusivo e perto de 60por cento delas ofereceria chupeta para o nenê. Conclusões: as meninas de ambos extratos sociais sabem que o aleitamento materno é a melhor dieta de um recém-nascido, porém desconhecem vantagens específicas. O aleitamento materno exclusivo não está incorporado no conhecimento da maioria dessas meninas, já que foram consideradas como práticas adequadas o oferecimento de água, chá, sucos e chupeta. O ensino do aleitamento nas escolas deve enfatizar esses conceitos