ABSTRACT
Neuromorphic computing seeks to replicate the capabilities of parallel processing, progressive learning, and inference while retaining low power consumption by drawing inspiration from the human brain. By further overcoming the constraints imposed by the traditional von Neumann architecture, this innovative approach has the potential to revolutionize modern computing systems. Memristors have emerged as a solution to implement neuromorphic computing in hardware, with research based on developing functional materials for resistive switching performance enhancement. Recently, two-dimensional MXenes, a family of transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have begun to be integrated into these devices to achieve synaptic emulation. MXene-based memristors have already demonstrated diverse neuromorphic characteristics while enhancing the stability and reducing power consumption. The possibility of changing the physicochemical properties through modifications of the surface terminations, bandgap, interlayer spacing, and oxidation for each existing MXene makes them very promising. Here, recent advancements in MXene synthesis, device fabrication, and characterization of MXene-based neuromorphic artificial synapses are discussed. Then, we focus on understanding the resistive switching mechanisms and how they connect with theoretical and experimental data, along with the innovations made during the fabrication process. Additionally, we provide an in-depth review of the neuromorphic performance, making a connection with the resistive switching mechanism, along with a compendium of each relevant performance factor for nonvolatile and volatile applications. Finally, we state the remaining challenges in MXene-based devices for artificial synapses and the next steps that could be taken for future development.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO: Lesões por queimaduras se apresentam como simples ou graves de acordo com sua profundidade, extensão e localização. Diversas terapias são lançadas no mercado, devendo prover um ambiente úmido, amplo aspecto antimicrobiano e serem efetivas, mesmo na presença de grande quantidade de exsudato, visando os benefícios que trarão para o processo de cicatrização. Neste sentido, este estudo objetivou revisar a literatura acerca da caracterização clínica e terapias aplicadas no tratamento das queimaduras de terceiro grau e de extensão variável. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF e SciELO. Foram selecionados 17 artigos e os resultados apontaram que os curativos a base de prata são os mais utilizados, dentre eles, sulfadiazina de prata, prata nanocristalina e espuma absorvente. Para casos particulares mais complexos, a matriz de regeneração dérmica assume-se como uma alternativa eficaz e segura. A utilização da terapia por pressão negativa no tratamento da contratura cicatricial, muito presente nas lesões de terceiro grau, agrega como vantagem o fato de o paciente não precisar ficar imobilizado e imóvel após as cirurgias. Dentre as terapias inovadoras no tratamento de queimaduras, evidenciou-se o uso de enxerto da pele de tilápia, que foi citado por um estudo como um possível subproduto com alta aplicabilidade clínica. Ao longo do estudo foi possível concluir que os pacientes necessitam de uma assistência adequada desde os cuidados imediatos até o fim da reabilitação. Com o passar dos anos, inovações terapêuticas vêm sendo estudadas para serem implantadas no tratamento ao paciente queimado, entre elas a substituição de pele vem ganhando espaço pelos resultados positivos. (AU)
ABSTRACT: Burn injuries are classified as simple or severe according to their depth, extent, and location. Several therapies are commercially available, which should provide a humid skin, broad antimicrobial aspect and be effective, even if a large amount of exudate is present, aiming at benefiting the healing process. Therefore, this study aimed to review the literature on the clinical characterization and therapies applied in the treatment of third-degree burns and of variable extension. To reach the proposed objective, an integrative literature review was carried out in the LILACS, BDENF, and SciELO databases. Seventeen papers were selected, and the results showed that silver-based dressings are the most used, and among these, stand out: silver sulfadiazine, nanocrystalline silver, and an absorbent foam. For more complex cases, the dermal regeneration matrix is an effective and safe alternative. The use of negative pressure therapy in the treatment of scar contracture, present in third-degree injuries, has some advantage since the patient does not need to be immobilized and still after the surgeries. Among the innovative therapies in the treatment of burns, the use of tilapia skin graft was evidenced, which was mentioned by a study as a possible by-product with high clinical applicability. Throughout the study, it was possible to conclude that patients need adequate assistance, from immediate care, until the end of the rehabilitation. Over the years, therapeutic innovations have been studied to be implemented in the treatment of burned patients, including the replacement of skin, which has been highlighted due to the positive results. (AU)