Significance of diabetes mellitus status in patients undergoing percutaneous left main coronary artery intervention.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a modifiable risk factor for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Treatment with insulin correlates with advanced disease and has been associated with excess cardiovascular risk, but evidence on outcomes of patients with insulin-treated DM (ITDM) undergoing left main percutaneous coronary intervention (LMPCI) remains scarce. AIMS: The aim of the presented study is to evluate the risk attributable to DM and ITDM in patients undergoing LMPCI. METHODS: We included 869 patients undergoing PCI for unprotected LMCAD. The cohort was divided into three subgroups based on diabetic status: No DM, ITDM, and Non-ITDM. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), defined as a composite of death, spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke at 1 year. Results were adjusted for clinically relevant baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Amongst participants, 58.7% had no DM, 25.9% non-ITDM, and 15.4% ITDM. Diabetics were younger and more likely to be female. They also exhibited higher body mass index as well as prevalence of comorbidities, including hypertension, anemia, and chronic kidney disease. The number of bifurcation lesions and stents used was similar between groups. At 1 year, when compared to no DM, ITDM (25.4% vs. 10.0%, p < 0.01) but not non-ITDM (10.8% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.94) demonstrated higher MACCE. This finding was driven by increased risk of MI. Mortality was 8.4%, 7.8%, and 17.2% for no DM, Non-ITDM, and ITDM, respectively. Results remained unchanged after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: In a rather contemporary patient population undergoing PCI for LMCAD, ITDM but not non-ITDM was associated with higher risk of 1-year MACCE, primarily driven by MI.

Inflammatory risk and clinical outcomes according to polyvascular atherosclerotic disease status in patients undergoing PCI.

BACKGROUND: Individuals suffering from polyvascular atherosclerotic disease (PolyVD) face a higher likelihood of adverse cardiovascular events. Additionally, inflammation, assessed by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), affects residual risk following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We aimed to explore the interplay between PolyVD and hsCRP in terms of clinical outcomes after PCI. METHODS: Patients undergoing PCI for chronic coronary disease at a tertiary center between January 2012 and February 2020 were included for the current analysis. PolyVD was defined by additional history of cerebrovascular and/or peripheral artery disease. HsCRP levels were defined as elevated when the measured baseline concentration was > 3 mg/L. The primary outcome of interest was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of all-cause mortality, spontaneous MI, or target vessel revascularization. RESULTS: Overall, 10,359 participants were included in the current study, with 17.4% affected by PolyVD and 82.6% included in the non-PolyVD subgroup. Patients with PolyVD had higher hsCRP levels than those without. Among the PolyVD group, a larger proportion (33.6%) exhibited elevated hsCRP compared to the non-PolyVD group (24.7%). Patients with both PolyVD and elevated hsCRP levels had significantly higher adverse event rates than all other subgroups at 1-year follow-up. Furthermore, an independent association between elevated hsCRP and MACE was observed within the PolyVD population, while this was not the case for individuals without PolyVD. CONCLUSION: A residual risk of adverse outcomes after PCI linked to inflammation appears to be present among individuals with PolyVD. This could help define further target populations for anti-inflammatory treatment options.

Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Multivessel Disease Who Were Recommended for But Declined Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Patients may prefer percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, despite heart team recommendations. The outcomes in such patients have not been examined. We sought to examine the results of PCI in patients who were recommended for but declined CABG. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients with stable ischemic heart disease and unprotected left main or 3-vessel disease or Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score >22 who underwent PCI after heart team review between 2013 and 2020 were included. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to heart team recommendations on the basis of appropriate use criteria: (1) PCI-recommended; (2) CABG-eligible but refused CABG (CABG-refusal); and (3) CABG-ineligible. The primary end point was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke at 1 year. The study included 3687 patients undergoing PCI (PCI-recommended, n=1718 [46.6%]), CABG-refusal (n=1595 [43.3%]), and CABG-ineligible (n=374 [10.1%]). Clinical and procedural risk increased across the 3 groups, with the highest comorbidity burden in CABG-ineligible patients. Composite events within 1 year after PCI occurred in 55 (4.1%), 91 (7.0%), and 41 (14.8%) of patients in the PCI-recommended, CABG-refusal, and CABG-ineligible groups, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the risk of the primary composite outcome was significantly higher in the CABG-refusal (hazard ratio [HR], 1.67 [95% CI, 1.08-3.56]; P=0.02) and CABG-ineligible patients (HR, 3.26 [95% CI, 1.28-3.65]; P=0.004) groups compared with the reference PCI-recommended group, driven by increased death and stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular event rates after PCI were significantly higher in patients with multivessel disease who declined or were ineligible for CABG. Our findings provide real-world data to inform shared decision-making discussions.

Impact of Polyvascular Disease in Patients Undergoing Unprotected Left Main Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has demonstrated its safety and efficacy in treating left main (LM) coronary artery disease (CAD) in select patients. Polyvascular disease (PolyVD) is associated with adverse events in all-comers with CAD. However, there is little data examining the interplay between PolyVD and LM-PCI, which we sought to investigate in a retrospective single-center study. We included patients who underwent unprotected LM-PCI at a tertiary center from 2012 to 2019. The study population was stratified based on the presence or absence of PolyVD (i.e., medical history of cerebrovascular and/or peripheral artery disease in addition to LM-CAD). The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) combining all-cause mortality and spontaneous myocardial infarction within 1 year after index PCI. Overall, 869 patients were included, and 23.8% of the population had PolyVD. Subjects with PolyVD were older and had a greater burden of co-morbidities. After 1-year follow-up, PolyVD patients exhibited significantly higher rates of both MACE (22.8% vs 9.4%, p <0.001) and bleeding events compared with those without PolyVD. MACE was primarily driven by an increase in all-cause mortality (18.3% vs 7.1%, p <0.001). Results persisted after adjusting for confounders. In conclusion, in patients who underwent LM-PCI, the presence of PolyVD is linked to an increased risk of MACE and bleeding after 1 year of follow-up, which highlights the vulnerability of this population.

Safety and Efficacy of Ticagrelor Monotherapy in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of TWILIGHT and TICO Randomized Trials.

BACKGROUND: Dual antiplatelet therapy with a potent P2Y12 inhibitor coupled with aspirin for 1 year is the recommended treatment for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). As an alternative, monotherapy with a P2Y12 inhibitor after a short period of dual antiplatelet therapy has emerged as a bleeding reduction strategy. METHODS: We pooled individual patient data from randomized trials that included patients with ACS undergoing PCI treated with an initial 3-month course of dual antiplatelet therapy followed by ticagrelor monotherapy versus continued ticagrelor plus aspirin. Patients sustaining a major ischemic or bleeding event in the first 3 months after PCI were excluded from analysis. The primary outcome was Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 or 5 bleeding occurring between 3 and 12 months after index PCI. The key secondary end point was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were generated using Cox regression with a one-stage approach in the intention-to-treat population. RESULTS: The pooled cohort (n=7529) had a mean age of 62.8 years, 23.2% were female, and 55% presented with biomarker-positive ACS. Between 3 and 12 months, ticagrelor monotherapy significantly reduced Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3 or 5 bleeding compared with ticagrelor plus aspirin (0.8% versus 2.1%; hazard ratio, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.24-0.56]; P<0.001). Rates of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke were not significantly different between groups (2.4% versus 2.7%; hazard ratio, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.68-1.21]; P=0.515). Findings were unchanged among patients presenting with biomarker-positive ACS. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with ACS undergoing PCI who have completed a 3-month course of dual antiplatelet therapy, discontinuation of aspirin followed by ticagrelor monotherapy significantly reduced major bleeding without incremental ischemic risk compared with ticagrelor plus aspirin. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero; Unique identifier: CRD42023449646.

Predictive value of the thrombotic risk criteria proposed in the 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of ACS: insights from a large PCI registry.

AIM: To assess the value of the thrombotic risk criteria proposed in the 2023 guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for the management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to predict the ischaemic risk after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients with acute or chronic coronary syndrome undergoing PCI at a large tertiary-care center from 2014 to 2019 were included. Patients were stratified into low, moderate, or high thrombotic risk based on the ESC criteria. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) at 1 year, a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Secondary endpoints included major bleeding. Among 11 787 patients, 2641 (22.4%) were at low-risk, 5286 (44.8%) at moderate risk, and 3860 (32.7%) at high-risk. There was an incremental risk of MACE at 1 year in patients at moderate (hazard ratios (HR) 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.78-3.58) and high-risk (HR 3.39, 95% CI 2.39-4.80) as compared to those at low-risk, due to higher rates of all-cause death and MI. Major bleeding rates were increased in high-risk patients (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.25-2.02), but similar between the moderate and low-risk group. The Harrell's C-index for MACE was 0.60. CONCLUSION: The thrombotic risk criteria of the 2023 ESC guidelines for ACS enable to stratify patients undergoing PCI in categories with an incremental 1 year risk of MACE; however, their overall predictive ability for MACE is modest. Future studies should confirm the value of these criteria to identify patients benefiting from an extended treatment with a second antithrombotic agent.

Thrombotic risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes discharged on prasugrel or clopidogrel: results from the PROMETHEUS study.

AIMS: Based on recent clinical data, the 2020 ESC guidelines on non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) suggest to tailor antithrombotic strategy on individual thrombotic risk. Nonetheless, prevalence and prognostic impact of the high thrombotic risk (HTR) criteria proposed are yet to be described. In this analysis from the PROMETHEUS registry, we assessed prevalence and prognostic impact of HTR, defined according to the 2020 ESC NSTE-ACS guidelines, and if the benefits associated with prasugrel vs. clopidogrel vary with thrombotic risk. METHODS AND RESULTS: PROMETHEUS was a multicentre prospective study comparing prasugrel vs. clopidogrel in ACS patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients were at HTR if presenting with one clinical plus one procedural risk feature. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or unplanned revascularization, at 1 year. Adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with propensity score stratification and multivariable Cox regression. Among 16 065 patients, 4293 (26.7%) were at HTR and 11 772 (73.3%) at low-to-moderate thrombotic risk. The HTR conferred increased incidence of MACE (23.3 vs. 13.6%, HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.71-2.00, P < 0.001) and its single components. Prasugrel was prescribed in patients with less comorbidities and risk factors and was associated with reduced risk of MACE (HTR: adjHR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68-1.02; low-to-moderate risk: adjHR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88; pinteraction = 0.32). CONCLUSION: High thrombotic risk, as defined by the 2020 ESC NSTE-ACS guidelines, is highly prevalent among ACS patients undergoing PCI. The HTR definition had a strong prognostic impact, as it successfully identified patients at increased 1 year risk of ischaemic events.

Prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among chronic kidney disease patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Data on the prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are limited. METHODS: Patients undergoing PCI at a tertiary center from January 2012 to December 2019 were included. CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73m2 and elevated hs-CRP was defined as >3 mg/L. Acute myocardial infarction (MI), acute heart failure, neoplastic disease, patients undergoing hemodialysis, or hs-CRP >10 mg/L were exclusion criteria. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), a composite of all-cause death, MI, and target vessel revascularization at 1-year after PCI. RESULTS: Out of 12,410 patients, 3029 (24.4 %) had CKD. Elevated hs-CRP levels were found in 31.8 % of CKD and 25.8 % of no-CKD patients. At 1 year, MACE occurred in 87 (11.0 %) CKD patients with elevated hs-CRP and 163 (9.5 %) with low hs-CRP (adj. HR 1.26, 95 % CI 0.94-1.68); among no-CKD patients, in 200 (10 %) and 470 (8.1 %), respectively (adj. HR 1.21, 95 % CI 1.00-1.45). Hs-CRP was associated with an increased risk of all-cause death in both CKD (Adj. HR 1.92, 95 % CI 1.07-3.44) and no-CKD patients (adj. HR 3.02, 95 % CI 1.74-5.22). There was no interaction between hs-CRP and CKD status. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing PCI without acute MI, elevated hs-CRP values were not associated with a higher risk of MACE at 1 year, but with increased mortality hazards consistently in patients with or without CKD.