ABSTRACT
Both medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) and dendritic cells (DC) present tissue-restricted antigens (TRA) to thymocytes to induce central tolerance, but the relative contributions of these antigen-presenting cell (APC) subsets remain unresolved. Here we developed a two-photon microscopy approach to observe thymocytes interacting with intact APCs presenting TRAs. We find that mTECs and DCs cooperate extensively to induce tolerance, with their relative contributions regulated by the cellular form of the TRA and the class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on which antigen is presented. Even when TRA expression is restricted to mTECs, DCs still present self-antigens at least as frequently as mTECs. Notably, the DC subset cDC2 efficiently acquires secreted mTEC-derived TRAs for cross-presentation on MHC-I. By directly imaging interactions between thymocytes and APCs, while monitoring intracellular signaling, this study reveals that distinct DC subsets and AIRE+ mTECs contribute substantially to presentation of diverse self-antigens for establishing central tolerance.
Subject(s)
Central Tolerance/immunology , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Thymocytes/immunology , Thymus Gland/immunology , Animals , Antigen Presentation/immunology , Autoantigens/immunology , Autoantigens/metabolism , Bone Marrow Transplantation , Cell Separation/methods , Dendritic Cells/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/immunology , Female , Flow Cytometry/methods , Intravital Microscopy/methods , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Thymocytes/metabolism , Thymus Gland/cytology , Transcription Factors/immunology , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Transplantation Chimera/immunology , AIRE ProteinABSTRACT
The clothing design based on sweat distribution pattern is called as body mapping clothing. Comparisons of three designs of body mapped and one conventional design of T-shirt was done in a wearer testing at a controlled chamber of 33⯰C and 60% relativity humidity in a treadmill at 12â¯km/h for 40â¯min followed by 10â¯min resting. It is concluded that with the full body mapped T-shirt the increase in skin temperature is reduced in the chest area, shoulder, the body back by 47%,44% and 55% respectively; the increase in skin micro climate relative humidity is reduced in the chest area, shoulder, the body back by 54%,39.2% and 53% respectively; the increase in heart beat rate is reduced by 5.1%; the subjective perceptions of skin temperature, skin moisture and comfort are better; the wearer will be able to improve the running performance due better comfort level in terms lesser increase skin temperature, skin micro climate relative humidity and heart beat rate.
Subject(s)
Body Surface Potential Mapping/methods , Equipment Design/methods , Exercise/physiology , Protective Clothing , Sports , Adolescent , Exercise Test , Hot Temperature , Humans , Humidity , Male , Skin Temperature , Sweating , Young AdultABSTRACT
A facile and efficient synthetic protocol was established for the construction of novel tri- and tetra-cyclic pyrrolo/pyrrolizinoquinoline architectures via the in situ formation of azomethine ylide followed by an intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction strategy. This protocol leads to the creation of two/three new rings and three/four contiguous stereocentres, in which one of them is a tetra-substituted carbon center, in a highly diastereoselective fashion with excellent yields.
Subject(s)
Azo Compounds/chemistry , Carbon/chemistry , Cycloaddition Reaction , Thiosemicarbazones/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Delivery Systems , Drug Design , Models, Chemical , Molecular Structure , Quinolines/chemistry , Stereoisomerism , TemperatureABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The occurrence of specific low back pain (LBP) due to workplace factors has not been well described among kitchen industry workers. This study would claim various risk factors that contributing LBP among kitchen workers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the risk factors and the prevalence of LBP among the male commercial kitchen workers at catering industry. METHODS: The study population comprised of 114 male kitchen workers from nine hostel kitchens in a college campus in South India. The reported musculoskeletal symptoms during past 12 months were determined with the help of standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) survey and by direct observations. RESULTS: The statistical analyses were carried out and the highest prevalence of LBP among subjects was reported as 65.8%. Among different work categories, the Chief cooks were reported highest prevalence of LBP (79.2%) than Assistant Cooks (71.4%) and Kitchen Aids (30.0%). Similarly the upper age group ( ≥ 41 years) workers had experienced the highest discomfort in low back as 92.9% than other age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that to undertake further studies on different preventive measures and ergonomics intervention to reduce the risks of LBP among kitchen workers.
Subject(s)
Ergonomics , Low Back Pain/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Workplace , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , India/epidemiology , Low Back Pain/diagnosis , Low Back Pain/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Occupational Diseases/diagnosis , Occupational Diseases/etiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
In the title compound, C25H23NO4, the pyran ring of the chroman moiety has an envelope conformation with the methyl-ene C atom as the flap. The isoxazole ring has a twist conformation on the O-C bond. The dihedral angle between their mean planes is 57.87â (9)°. The attached phenyl and benzene rings are twisted away from its mean plane by 56.19â (10) and 50.57â (10)°, respectively. These two rings are normal to each other, subtending a dihedral angle of 89.2â (1)°. In the crystal, there are no classical hydrogen bonds; the mol-ecules are linked via C-Hâ¯π inter-actions, forming a two-dimensional network lying parallel to (10-1).
ABSTRACT
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Wear of complete denture teeth results in compromise in denture esthetics and functions. To counteract this problem, artificial teeth with increased wear resistance had been introduced in the market such as nanocomposite teeth. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of wear between nanocomposite teeth and acrylic teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen specimens were chosen from each group namely the nanocomposite teeth (SR_-PHONARES) and the acrylic teeth (ACRY PLUS). Maxillary premolar was only chosen for testing and the samples were customized according to the specifications of the pin on disc machine. Pin on disc machine is a two body tribometer which quantifies the amount of wear under a specific load and time. Test samples were mounted on to the receptacle of the pin on disc machine and tested under a load of 0.3 kg for 1,000 cycles of rotation against a 600 grit emery paper. The amount of wear is displayed from the digital reading obtained from the pin on disc machine. RESULTS: After statistical analysis, it was found that, the amount of wear is more in four layered acrylic teeth. The p value obtained is 0.002 (<0.005) thus implies that the difference in wear between nanocomposite teeth and acrylic teeth is statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Though the nanocomposite teeth has less amount of wear than the four layered acrylic teeth, the difference is very less and adds only to a little clinical significance but the cost of the nanocomposite is four times that of the acrylic teeth. Further clinical studies must be performed to confirm our results.
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C25H21BrN2O2, the fused isoxazolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with the N atom at the flap and the mean plane of the ring makes dihedral angles of 54.37â (12) and 87.32â (13)°, respectively, with the adjacent phenyl and benzene rings. The tetra-hydro-pyran ring has a half-chair conformation. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into a double-column structure along the b-axis direction through weak C-Hâ¯O and C-Hâ¯π inter-actions.
ABSTRACT
The title compound, C19H17NO5, comprising two stereogenic C atoms of the same configuration, crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group as a racemate. The pyran ring adopts a half-chair conformation, while the isoxazole ring adopts an envelope conformation with the C atom bonded to the meth-oxy-phenyl group as the flap. The dihedral angle between the mean plane of the pyran ring and the adjacent benzene ring is 5.86â (5)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by a weak C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bond, forming a chain along the a axis.
ABSTRACT
The title compound, C17H11ClN2O2, which contains two stereogenic C atoms, crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group as a racemate. The pyran ring and the isoxazole ring adopt sofa and twisted conformations, respectively. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the mean plane through the near coplanar atoms of the pyran ring is 4.17â (5)°. The mol-ecular conformation features a weak C-Hâ¯O contact. In the crystal, C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules, forming chains along the a-axis direction.
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C13H9ClN2O, the dihedral angle between the acrylo-nitrile C=C-CN plane and the quilonine ring system is 71.3â (2)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [01-1]. The chains are linked into a three-dimensional network through C-Hâ¯N inter-actions.
ABSTRACT
There are two independent mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H12ClNO3. The mean planes of the methyl ester unit (Cmeth-yl-O-C=O; r.m.s. deviation = 0.051â Å for mol-ecule A and 0.016â Å for mol-ecule B) and the chloro-quilonine ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.023â Å for mol-ecule A and 0.014â Å for mol-ecule B) form dihedral angles of 63.5â (1)° in mol-ecule A and 78.1â (1)° in mol-ecule B. The main difference between the two independent mol-ecules is reflected in the (H)O-C-C=C(H2) torsion angle which is -109.7â (2)° in mol-ecule A and 10.6â (2)° in mol-ecule B. An intra-molecular O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bond is observed in mol-ecule A. In the crystal, mol-ecules A and B are linked into pairs via bifurcated O-Hâ¯(N,Cl) hydrogen bonds and a weak C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bond links pairs of mol-ecules into chains along [100].
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(18)H(14)N(2)O(2), the pyran ring of the chromeno ring system has a half-chair conformation, and the dihedral angle between its mean plane and the benzene ring is 5.3â (2)°. The isoxazole ring forms a dihedral angle of 74.6â (2)° with the attached benzene ring and is inclined to the mean plane of the chromeno ring system by 15.06â (19)°. In the crystal, there are no significant inter-molecular inter-actions.
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(20)H(19)NO(5), the dihedral angle between the mean plane of the pyran ring (which has a half-chair conformation) and the benzene ring of the chromeno ring system is 7.21â (7)°. The dihedral angle between the mean plane of the chromeno ring system and the isoxazole ring is 21.78â (6)°, while the isoxazole ring forms a dihedral angle of 72.60â (8)° with the attached phenyl ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via pairs of C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R(2) (2)(10) ring motif. These dimers are linked via C-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [001].
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(17)H(11)BrN(2)O(2), the five-membered isoxazole ring has an envelope conformation with the C atom bearing the phenyl ring as the flap. The pyran ring has a half-chair conformation. In the chromeno ring system, the dihedral angle between the mean plane of the pyran ring and the benzene ring is 4.68â (2)°. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the chromeno ring system and the isoxazole ring is 13.79â (15)°. The latter forms a dihedral angle of 34.10â (17)° with the phenyl ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds, forming an undulating two-dimensional network parallel to the ab plane.
ABSTRACT
Aims. To study the factors associated with the DSH in the elderly group of 60 years and above and to recommend changes to be implemented in order to improve the management in this specific group. Materials and Methods. Five-year retrospective study was undertaken from July 2005 to July 2010 in the Plastic Surgery Department of the Royal Preston Hospital, NHS Trust. A Performa was designed to collect data about the inpatient admission and included certain areas of key information. The case notes for all patients were extensively analysed in order to gather adequate information for the devised Performa. Results. DSH is getting more common in the elderly group, and males are more affected than females. 60% of the patients had a previous history of DSH. A large number (80%) of patients had a previous history of mental illness. 60% of those DSH patients were living with family. Almost all patients (90%) were reviewed by the Psychiatry Liaison Team. The timing of patients being assessed was highly variable. Conclusions. Marriage is not a protective factor in the prevention of the DSH in the elderly group. A mental health team referral in the early phases of the management would be of huge benefit and a likely step to prevent possible future admissions. The Department would benefit from the creation of a protocol for the management of these patients. There should be a joint effort of the professionals in the management of DSH in the elderly, and GPs play a very important role in the prevention of DSH in the later life.
ABSTRACT
The title compound, C(25)H(23)NO(5), comprising two stereogenic carbon atoms of the same configuration, crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group as a racemate. The six-membered pyran ring and the five-membered isoxazole ring adopt sofa and twisted conformations, respectively. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the mean plane through the near coplanar atoms of the pyran ring is 10.73â (7)°. The crystal structure features C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds.
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(19)H(19)NO(4), the dihedral angle between the mean planes through the benzene rings is 82.18â (7)°. The C=N double bond is trans-configured. The mol-ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers via pairs of O-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds with the motif R(2) (2)(6). The crystal packing also features C-Hâ¯O inter-actions. The methyl group attached to one of the aromatic rings is disordered over two almost equally occupied positions [occpancy ratio = 0.51â (4):0.49â (4)].
ABSTRACT
The title compound, C(25)H(22)N(2)O(3), with three stereogenic centres, crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group as a racemate. The pyran ring adopts a sofa conformation and the five-membered isoxazole ring exhibits an envelope conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the mean plane through the near coplanar atoms of the pyran ring is 10.54â (9)°. In the crystal, no significant intermolecular interactions are observed.
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(20)H(21)NO(5), the dihedral angle between the mean planes through the two rings is 47.1â (8)°. The enoate group assumes an extended conformation. The hy-droxy-ethanimine group is essentially coplanar with the benzene ring, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.061â (1)â Å for the O atom. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into cyclic centrosymmetric dimers with an R(2) (2)(6) motif via pairs of O-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds. Inter-molecular C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds form a C(8) chain along the b axis. The crystal packing is further stabilized by C-Hâ¯π inter-actions.
ABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(18)H(16)N(2)O(2), the hy-droxy-ethanimine group is essentially coplanar with the ring to which it is attached (C-C-N-O torsion angle = -176.9°). Mol-ecules are linked into cyclic centrosymmetric R(2) (2)(6) dimers via O-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds.