ABSTRACT
In both physiological processes and disease contexts, migrating cells have the ability to adapt to conditions in their environment. As an in vivo model for this process, we use zebrafish primordial germ cells that migrate throughout the developing embryo. When migrating within an ectodermal environment, the germ cells form fewer and smaller blebs when compared with their behavior within mesodermal environment. We find that cortical tension of neighboring cells is a parameter that affects blebbing frequency. Interestingly, the change in blebbing activity is accompanied by the formation of more actin-rich protrusions. These alterations in cell behavior that correlate with changes in RhoA activity could allow the cells to maintain dynamic motility parameters, such as migration speed and track straightness, in different settings. In addition, we find that the polarity of the cells can be affected by stiff structures positioned in their migration path This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
Subject(s)
Actins , Zebrafish , Animals , Cell Movement/physiology , Germ CellsABSTRACT
PAX7 transcription factor plays a crucial role in embryonic myogenesis and in adult muscles in which it secures proper function of satellite cells, including regulation of their self renewal. PAX7 downregulation is necessary for the myogenic differentiation of satellite cells induced after muscle damage, what is prerequisite step for regeneration. Using differentiating pluripotent stem cells we documented that the absence of functional PAX7 facilitates proliferation. Such action is executed by the modulation of the expression of two proteins involved in the DNA methylation, i.e., Dnmt3b and Apobec2. Increase in Dnmt3b expression led to the downregulation of the CDK inhibitors and facilitated cell cycle progression. Changes in Apobec2 expression, on the other hand, differently impacted proliferation/differentiation balance, depending on the experimental model used.
Subject(s)
APOBEC Deaminases/metabolism , DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , PAX7 Transcription Factor/metabolism , APOBEC Deaminases/genetics , Animals , Cell Cycle/genetics , Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Cells, Cultured , DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics , DNA Methylation , Female , Gene Expression/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Muscle Development/genetics , Muscle Proteins/genetics , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , PAX7 Transcription Factor/genetics , PAX7 Transcription Factor/physiology , Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism , Pluripotent Stem Cells/physiology , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism , DNA Methyltransferase 3BABSTRACT
The biophysical and biochemical properties of live tissues are important in the context of development and disease. Methods for evaluating these properties typically involve destroying the tissue or require specialized technology and complicated analyses. Here, we present a novel, noninvasive methodology for determining the spatial distribution of tissue features within embryos, making use of nondirectionally migrating cells and software we termed "Landscape," which performs automatized high-throughput three-dimensional image registration. Using the live migrating cells as bioprobes, we identified structures within the zebrafish embryo that affect the distribution of the cells and studied one such structure constituting a physical barrier, which, in turn, influences amoeboid cell polarity. Overall, this work provides a unique approach for detecting tissue properties without interfering with animal's development. In addition, Landscape allows for integrating data from multiple samples, providing detailed and reliable quantitative evaluation of variable biological phenotypes in different organisms.