A review of the risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risks and consequences of young maternal age on both the mother and the newborn. STUDY DESIGN: A comprehensive literature review on the risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy was performed. RESULTS: Young maternal age is associated with an increased risk of maternal anemia, infections, eclampsia and preeclampsia, emergency cesarean delivery, postpartum depression and inadequate breastfeeding initiation. Infants of teenage mothers are more likely to be premature and have a low birth weight, and are at an increased risk for respiratory distress syndrome and autism later in life. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent pregnancy is a prevalent phenomenon associated with increased risks of both maternal and neonatal complications during and after pregnancy. Being aware of such adverse outcomes is imperative to improving prenatal and perinatal care. Pregnancy progression can also be influenced by the mother's culture, environment, and economic status; advancement in which may be a possible course for future improvement.

Effectiveness of progestogens to improve perinatal outcome in twin pregnancies: an individual participant data meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In twin pregnancies, the rates of adverse perinatal outcome and subsequent long-term morbidity are substantial, and mainly result from preterm birth (PTB). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of progestogen treatment in the prevention of neonatal morbidity or PTB in twin pregnancies using individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched international scientific databases, trial registration websites, and references of identified articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17Pc) or vaginally administered natural progesterone, compared with placebo or no treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Investigators of identified RCTs were asked to share their IPD. The primary outcome was a composite of perinatal mortality and severe neonatal morbidity. Prespecified subgroup analyses were performed for chorionicity, cervical length, and prior spontaneous PTB. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen trials included 3768 women and their 7536 babies. Neither 17Pc nor vaginal progesterone reduced the incidence of adverse perinatal outcome (17Pc relative risk, RR 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.97-1.4, vaginal progesterone RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.77-1.2). In a subgroup of women with a cervical length of ≤25 mm, vaginal progesterone reduced adverse perinatal outcome when cervical length was measured at randomisation (15/56 versus 22/60; RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.47-0.70) or before 24 weeks of gestation (14/52 versus 21/56; RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.42-0.75). AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS: In unselected women with an uncomplicated twin gestation, treatment with progestogens (intramuscular 17Pc or vaginal natural progesterone) does not improve perinatal outcome. Vaginal progesterone may be effective in the reduction of adverse perinatal outcome in women with a cervical length of ≤25 mm; however, further research is warranted to confirm this finding.

A randomised controlled double-blind clinical trial of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of preterm birth in twin gestation (PROGESTWIN): evidence for reduced neonatal morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17OHPC) prolongs gestation beyond 37 weeks of gestation (primary outcome) and reduces neonatal morbidity (secondary outcome) in twin pregnancy. DESIGN: Randomised controlled double-blind clinical trial. SETTING: Tertiary-care university medical centre. POPULATION: Unselected women with twin pregnancies. METHODS: Participants received weekly injections of 250 mg 17OHPC (n = 194) or placebo (n = 94), from 16-20 to 36 weeks of gestation. Randomisation was performed using the permuted-block randomisation method. Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Preterm birth (PTB) rate before 37 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the average gestational age at delivery, or in the rates of PTB before 37, 32, and 28 weeks of gestation, between the two groups. The proportion of very-low-birthweight neonates (<1500 g) was significantly lower in the 17OHPC group (7.6%) compared with placebo (14.3%) (relative risk, RR 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.3-0.9; P = 0.01). Progestogen-treated neonates had a significantly lower composite neonatal morbidity (19.1%) compared with placebo (30.9%) (odds ratio, OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.31-0.90; P = 0.02), with significantly lower odds for respiratory distress syndrome (14.4 versus 23.4%; OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.31-0.98; P = 0.04), retinopathy of prematurity (1.1 versus 4.6%; OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.05-0.96; P = 0.04), and culture-confirmed sepsis (3.4 versus 12.8%; OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.10-0.57; P = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Intramuscular 17OHPC therapy did not reduce PTB before 37 weeks of gestation in unselected twin pregnancies. Nonetheless, 17OHPC significantly reduced neonatal morbidity parameters and increased birthweight.

The effect of maternal fasting during Ramadan on preterm delivery: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of fasting during the month of Ramadan on the rate of preterm delivery (PTD). DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of women with singleton pregnancies who elected to fast and matched controls. SETTING: Four medical centres in Beirut, Lebanon. POPULATION: Women presenting for prenatal care (20-34 weeks of gestation) during the month of Ramadan, September 2008. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively. The frequency of PTD was evaluated in relation to the duration of fasting and the stage of gestation at the time of fasting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the percentage of pregnant women who had PTD, defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation. RESULTS: A total of 468 women were approached, of whom 402 were included in the study. There were no differences in smoking history and employment. There was no difference in the proportion of women who had PTD at <37 weeks (10.4% versus 10.4%) or PTD at <32 weeks (1.5% versus 0.5%) in the Ramadan-fasted group and the controls, respectively. The PTD rate was also similar in those who fasted before or during the third trimester. The mean birthweight was lower (3094 ± 467 g versus 3202 ± 473 g, P = 0.024) and the rate of ketosis and ketonuria was higher in the Ramadan-fasted women. On multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis, fasting was not associated with an increased risk of PTD (odds ratio 0.72; 95% confidence interval 0.34-1.54; P = 0.397). The only factor that had a significant effect on the PTD rate was body mass index (odds ratio 0.43; 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.93; P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Fasting during the month of Ramadan does not seem to increase the baseline risk of preterm delivery in pregnant women regardless of the gestational age during which this practice is observed.

Cocoa butter lotion for prevention of striae gravidarum: a double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether application of cocoa butter lotion reduces the development of striae gravidarum (SG). DESIGN: Multicentre, double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Beirut and Tripoli, Lebanon. POPULATION: Nulliparous women presenting for prenatal care. METHODS: Nulliparous women presenting in the first trimester were randomly assigned to receive a lotion containing cocoa butter or a placebo lotion. Women were instructed to apply the assigned lotion daily until delivery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The development of striae over the abdomen, breasts and thighs postpartum. RESULTS: Of 210 women enrolled, 175 (83%) completed the study. Ninety-one women received the study lotion and 84 received the placebo. There was no difference in the development of SG (45.1% versus 48.8%; P = 0.730) or the severity of SG between cases and controls. The results did not change when presence of stretch marks at enrolment or compliance with the regimen were taken into account. CONCLUSION: Topical application of a lotion containing cocoa butter does not appear to reduce the likelihood of developing striae gravidarum.

A randomised comparison of patient satisfaction with vaginal and sublingual misoprostol for induction of labour at term.

OBJECTIVE: To compare patient satisfaction with two routes of misoprostol for term labour induction. DESIGN: Prospective randomised trial. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. POPULATION: A total of 170 women admitted at > or = 37 weeks of gestation for induction of labour. METHODS: Women were randomised to receive 50 micrograms of either sublingual or vaginal misoprostol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient satisfaction with the route of administration. RESULTS: Despite a similar proportion reporting the labour induction as more painful than expected in both groups, a significantly lower proportion mentioned that the pelvic examinations were very painful in the sublingual group (19.7 versus 36.1%, relative risk [RR] 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9). Request for analgesia was similar in both groups. More women in the sublingual group thought that the labour experience was better than expected (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3), had a positive attitude towards induction in subsequent pregnancies (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3) and preferred the same route in subsequent pregnancies (RR 3.1, 95% CI 2.2-4.5). Mean number of misoprostol doses, oxytocin augmentation, tachysystole and hyperstimulation, induction to vaginal delivery interval, vaginal delivery after a single dose, vaginal birth within 12 and 24 hours, and caesarean delivery rates were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Sublingual misoprostol (50 micrograms) is associated with a significantly higher patient satisfaction rate compared with a similar dose of vaginal misoprostol. Sublingual administration offers additional choice to women, in particular those wishing to avoid vaginal administration.

Liver infarction in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary anti-phospholipid and HELLP syndrome.

We report a 39-year-old primigravida, a case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and secondary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) with a smooth antenatal course who delivered by caesarean for non-reassuring foetal heart rate. On day 2 postoperatively, she developed a sudden severe colicky upper abdominal pain with tachypnoea, dyspnoea, and tachycardia, and blood pressure (BP) reaching 150/95 mmHg. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed lesions consistent with liver infarction. She developed haemolytic anaemia, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome); heparin and methylprednisolone were started. On day 3, BP normalized, respiratory symptoms improved but abdominal symptoms persisted. Methylprednisolone was increased to 80 mg/day on day 8 when she had significant clinical response and was discharged on day 16. This case emphasizes that a morbid clinical course including liver infarction should be anticipated in patients with SLE and APS complicated with HELLP syndrome.

Mode of delivery for vertex-nonvertex twin gestations.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the neonatal outcome of vaginally delivered (VD) to that of abdominally delivered (CS) vertex-nonvertex (Vx/NVx) twins. METHODS: Vx/NVx live nonanomalous twin gestations >or=25 weeks delivered from 1984 to 2000 were divided into two groups: VD (N=138), and CS (N=79). The outcome of the second twin was compared. RESULTS: The vaginal delivery rate for the Vx/NVx twins was 63.6%. The median Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, respectively, were significantly lower in VD [7 (0-9) and 9 (1-10)] compared to CS [8 (2-10) and 9 (2-10)]. The neonatal mortality was also higher in VD (109/1000 vs. 38/1000, p=0.040). Differences in the 1-min Apgar scores persisted when infants <1500 g were excluded. All other neonatal outcome variables studied including respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, trauma, seizures, and length of nursery stay were similar. On logistic regression analysis, vaginal delivery of Vx/NVx twins marginally increased low 5-min Apgar scores and neonatal deaths. CONCLUSION: Vaginal delivery in vertex-nonvertex twins was achieved in 63.6% of cases at the expense of a higher incidence of low 1- and 5-min Apgar scores and neonatal death.

A unilateral twin extrauterine pregnancy occurring in a solitary fallopian tube: therapeutic choices.

A unilateral twin tubal pregnancy occurring in a solitary fallopian tube is presented. The gynecological history was notable for a previous extrauterine pregnancy in the contralateral fallopian tube and reconstructive surgery to the ipsilateral one. Radical total salpingectomy was performed. The rationale for this management is discussed and different therapeutic alternatives presented.

Two consecutive ectopic pregnancies after in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Case report.

Ectopic pregnancy is a known complication of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF/ET). The overall incidence of ectopic pregnancy after IVF is 4.4-5.8% of clinical pregnancies. The risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancies are complex. We present a patient with two consecutive ectopic pregnancies after IVF/ET.

Laparoscopic unwinding and cystectomy of twisted dermoid cyst during second trimester of pregnancy.

A woman in the sixteenth week of pregnancy experienced acute abdominal pain, and magnetic resonance imaging suggested a dermoid cyst. Laparoscopic unwinding and cystectomy of the twisted cyst was performed successfully.

Spontaneous umbilical cord hematoma: a rare cause of acute fetal distress.

Spontaneous umbilical cord hematoma is very rare. We present a newborn who was discovered to have a spontaneous fetal umbilical cord hematoma. A nonreassuring fetal heart tracing complicated the first and second stages of labor. The only pathological finding was a short umbilical cord, which could have contributed to the rupture of fetal vessels.