ABSTRACT
HYPOTHESIS: Crack-cocaine addiction is associated with a variety of conditions that increase risk of thiamine deficiency and Wernicke's encephalopathy. EVIDENCE: We report a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a crack-cocaine addict who did not habitually consume alcohol. We list some conditions associated with crack-cocaine addiction that may contribute to thiamine deficiency. IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians should bear in mind that crack-cocaine addiction may be associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy, mainly due to malnutrition. We suggest that routine Wernicke's encephalopathy prophylaxis with parenteral thiamine be provided to patients with chronic crack-cocaine addiction, as is already established practice in chronic alcoholics, so as to prevent cognitive damage in this population.
Subject(s)
Cocaine-Related Disorders/etiology , Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology , Crack Cocaine/poisoning , Thiamine Deficiency/etiology , Wernicke Encephalopathy/etiology , Wernicke Encephalopathy/physiopathology , Adult , Evidence-Based Medicine , Humans , Male , Models, Neurological , Thiamine Deficiency/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Availability of nutrients is influenced by extremes of age, and a better characterization of this influence is necessary for appropriate development of foods and nutritional management throughout life stages of cats. This study investigated nutrient digestibility, mineral absorption, faeces and urine production in three groups of six young, mature and old cats fed two diets containing different energy densities. Apparent digestibility and mineral absorption were calculated by total collection method and values were tested with anova and regression analysis. A quadratic relationship was detected between age and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid-hydrolysed fat and starch in the low-energy diet. Starch digestibility showed the same response in the high-energy diet. Young adult cats had intermediate digestibility, mature cats the highest and old cats the lowest. Mineral absorption (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride) and urinary pH were not different among groups. These findings confirm previous studies that found low digestibility of nutrients in some old cats, and support evidence that this trend is even more important in less digestible dry foods. On the contrary, data suggest that mineral formulations do not need to be varied in diets for adult cats of different ages.