Effectiveness and Determinants of Implementing the "Xinjiang Model" for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control: A Quantitative Study.

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of the "Xinjiang Model" for tuberculosis prevention and control in Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, and to explore the determinants of the policy implementation effect. Methods: The registration data of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in Kashgar Prefecture from 2012 to 2021 were collected to describe the temporal trend of registered incidence. A questionnaire survey was conducted among PTB patients registered and treated in the tuberculosis management information system in Zepu and Shache Counties from January 2022 to July 2023 to collect and analyze "Xinjiang model" determinants of effectiveness. Results: The PTB registered incidence in Kashgar Prefecture showed a significant increasing trend from 2012 to 2018 (APC=18.7%) and a significant decreasing trend from 2018-2021 (APC=-28.8%). Among the Kashgar Prefecture, compared with average registered incidence in 2012-2017, registered incidence in 2021 in Shufu, Maigaiti, and Zepu Counties had a greater decline rate of 58.68%, 57.16%, and 54.02%, respectively, while the registered incidence in 2021 in Shache County increased by 6.32%. According to the comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the effect of policy implementation, the proportion of PTB patients in Zepu County whose health status has now significantly improved compared with that before treatment was significantly greater than that in Shache County (P<0.05); patients in Shache County were significantly less aware than those in Zepu County of how to take tuberculosis drugs, precautions, adverse reactions, and regular reviews during treatment; the factors that accounted for the greater proportion of heavy treatment burden in both Shache and Zepu Counties were discomfort caused by taking or injecting drugs, accounting for 12.8% and 8.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The "Xinjiang model" can effectively control the epidemic situation of tuberculosis in Kashgar, and the knowledge of tuberculosis treatment, adverse reactions to tuberculosis drugs, and treatment costs were the determinants of the effectiveness of policy implementation.

Association Studies of Serum Levels of TNF- α, IL-10, IFN-γ and CXCL 5 with Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Close Contacts.

Purpose: Early recognition and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI) is key to tuberculosis(TB) prevention. However, the emergence of LTBI is influenced by a combination of factors, of which the role of individual immune cytokines remains controversial. The aim of this study is to explore the influencing factors of LTBI and their effects with cytokines on LTBI. Patients and Methods: Close contacts of tuberculosis in Urumqi City from 2021 to 2022 were selected for the study to conduct a field survey. It used logistic regression model to analyse the influencing factors of LTBI, principal component analysis to extract a composite indicators of cytokines, and structural equation modelling to explore the direct and indirect effects of cytokines and influencing factors on LTBI. Results: LTBI infection rate of 33.3% among 288 TB close contacts. A multifactorial Logistic model showed that factors influencing LTBI included education, daily contact hours, eating animal liver, and drinking coffee (P<0.05); After controlling for confounding factors and extracting composite indicators of cytokines using principal component analysis, CXCL5 and IFN-γ is a protective factor for LTBI(OR=0.572, P=0.047), IL-10 and TNF-α is a risk factor for LTBI(OR=2.119, P=0.010); Structural equation modelling shows drinking coffee, eating animal liver, daily contact hours, and IL-10 and TNF-α had direct effects on LTBI and educations had indirect effects on LTBI(P<0.05). Conclusion: IL-10 and TNF-α are involved in the immune response and are directly related to LTBI. By monitoring the cytokine levels of TB close contacts and paying attention to their dietary habits and exposure, we can detect and intervene in LTBI at an early stage and control their progression to TB.

Strong metal oxide-zeolite interactions during selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides.

In response to the stricter EU VII emission standards and the "150 â„ƒ challenge", selective catalytic reduction by ammonia (NH3-SCR) catalysts for motor vehicles are required to achieve high NO conversion below 200 °C. Compounding metal oxides with zeolites is an important strategy to design the low-temperature SCR catalysts. Here, we original prepared Cu-SSZ-13 @ MnGdOx (Cu-Z @ MGO), which achieved over 90% NO conversion and 95% N2 selectivity at 150 â„ƒ. It has been demonstrated that a uniform mesoporous loaded layer of MGO grows on Cu-Z, and a recrystallization zone appears at the MGO-Cu-Z interface. We discover that the excellent low-temperature SCR activity derives from the strong metal oxide-zeolite interaction (SMZI) effects. The SMZI effects cause the anchor and high dispersion of MGO on the surface of Cu-Z. Driven by the SMZI effects, the Mn3+/Mn4+ redox cycle ensures the low and medium temperature-SCR activity and the Cu2+/Cu+ redox cycle guarantees the medium and high temperature-SCR activity. The introduction of MGO improves the reaction activity of -NH2 species adsorbed at Mn sites at 150 â„ƒ, achieving a cycle of reduction and oxidation reactions at low temperatures. This strategy of inducing SMZI effects of metal oxides and zeolites paves a way for development of high-performance catalysts.

Group cognitive behavioral therapy as an effective approach for patients with alcohol dependence: A perspective study.

Alcohol dependence (AD) syndrome refers to a strong addiction to alcohol and high tolerance physiologically or psychologically, due to the repeated consumption of alcohol-based substances. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of group cognitive behavioral therapy (GCBT) on patients with AD. A total of 128 patients with AD were randomly assigned to the GCBT or control group. Patients in the GCBT group underwent an 8-week GCBT in addition to conventional treatment, and patients in the control group only received conventional treatment. The insight and treatment attitude questionnaire (ITAQ) score, chronic disease self-cognition evaluation score (CDSCES), treatment adherence, and relapse rate at 6 and 12 months were compared among the 2 groups. The ITAQ scores of the GCBT group, after treatment, increased significantly compared to those of the control group (19.69% vs 13.26%, P < .001). The CDSCES in the GCBT group increased significantly compared to those in the control group after treatment (3.98 vs 2.18, P = .001 for problem-solving ability; 8.08 vs 5.08, P = .001 for self-management efficacy; 4.29 vs 3.30, P = .005 for a positive response, and 4.84 vs 3.44, P = .008 for a social function, respectively). After treatment, the percentage of patients with AD with full compliance in the GCBT group was much higher than in the control group (93.8% vs 65.6%, P < .001). Contrastingly, the percentage of patients with AD with partial compliance in the GCBT group was much lower than that in the control group (3.2% vs 34.4%, P < .001). The relapse rate (%) of drinking in patients with AD in the GCBT group was much lower than that in the control group (1.56% vs 21.8%, P = .001 for 6 months and 4.7% vs 51.6%, P < .001 for 12 months). The results suggest that GCBT for 8 weeks is an effective approach for patients with AD, improving problem-solving ability, self-management efficacy, positive response, and social function, leading to increase in treatment compliance, and reducing relapse rate.

Recent Advances in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Polymer-Molecular Designing Strategies.

Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials, as the third generation of organic electroluminescent materials, have many advantages over other organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) materials, such as 100% internal quantum efficiency, no doping of heavy metals, and avoiding the shortages of ordinary fluorescent materials and phosphorescent materials. So it is considered to be the most competitive organic light-emitting materials, and has great application prospects in the field of OLEDs. So far, small-molecule TADF materials have achieved high quantum yield and full-color range of red, green, and blue. However, TADF polymers suitable for low-cost and easily scalable solution processing are less developed, which are confined by the preparation methods and polymers designing, and there are still challenges of increasing quantum efficiency and strengthening device performance. This review mainly summarizes different synthesis strategies of TADF polymers and the latest development in the field. Special attention is focused on illustrating the designing and structure-property relationship of TADF polymers, and finally, an outlook is given for the design and application prospect of TADF polymers in the future.

Parthenolide ameliorates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in rats.

Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are key contributors to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury. Parthenolide (PN) is a sesquiterpene lactone that has been observed to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potentials. However, the role of PN in ICH remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of PN on an experimental model of ICH in rats. Our results showed that PN treatment improved neurological deficit and brain edema in ICH rats. The ipsilateral hemispheres of the brain were separated and homogenized. The concentrations of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17 in the homogenates were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that PN inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines in an ICH rat model. The ROS and glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the homogenates were measured. ICH caused an increase in ROS level, and the decreases in GSH level and SOD activity were mitigated by PN treatment. Furthermore, PN significantly suppressed the expressions of active caspase-3 and Bax in ipsilateral hemispheres of the brain at Day 3 after ICH, as well as increased the surviving neurons. Finally, the ICH-induced activation of TLR4/NF-κB pathway was suppressed by PN treatment. These findings suggested that PN could be beneficial in the therapeutic strategy for ICH treatment.

Effects of isoflurane on complex II­associated mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species production: Roles of nitric oxide and mitochondrial KATP channels.

Volatile anesthetics may protect the heart against ischemia­reperfusion injury via the direct action on mitochondrial complexes and by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, we reported that isoflurane induced the attenuation of mitochondrial respiration caused by complex I substrates. This process was not associated with endogenous production of mitochondrial nitric oxide (NO). In the present study, we investigated the effects of isoflurane on mitochondrial respiration and ROS production using complex II substrates. The detailed mechanism of these effects was explored with regards to NO production and the expression of mitochondrial ATP­dependent K+ (mKATP) channels. Mitochondria were isolated from the heart of Sprague­Dawley rats. The respiratory rates of mitochondria (0.5 mg/ml) were measured via polarography at 28˚C with computer­controlled Clark­type O2 electrodes. The complex II substrate succinate (5 mM) was used; 0.25 mM of isoflurane was administered prior to ADP­initiated state 3 respiration. The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured under treatment with the substrate succinate, or succinate in the presence of the complex I inhibitor rotenone. The detection was achieved in a cuvette­based spectrophotometer operating at wavelengths of 503 nm (excitation) 527 nm (emission) in the presence of 50 nM of the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123. The H2O2 release rates in the mitochondria were measured spectrophotometrically with succinate, or succinate and rotenone using the fluorescent dye Amplex red (12.5­25 µM). The results indicated that isoflurane increased the state 3 and 4 respiration rates caused by succinate, which were higher than those noted in the control group in the presence of succinate alone. The NOS inhibitor L­NIO or the NO­sensitive guanylyl cyclase 1H­[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3­a]quinoxalin­1­one did not inhibit the increase in the respiration rate (state 3) induced by isoflurane. The ROS scavengers SPBN and manganese (III) tetrakis (4­benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride inhibited the increase in the respiration rate (state 3 and 4) induced by isoflurane. This effect was not noted for the putative KATP channel blockers 5­hydroxydecanoic acid and glibenclamide. Isoflurane caused a greater decrease in the concentration of H2O2 during ADP­initiated state 3 respiration, and L­N5­(1­Iminoethyl)­ornithine did not inhibit this effect. In conclusion, isoflurane was determined to modulate mitochondrial respiration and ROS production caused by the complex II substrate succinate. These effects were independent of endogenous mitochondrial NO generation and mitochondrial KATP channel opening.

[Lab-scale ANAMMOX Process in a Wastewater Treatment Plant].

A lab-scale, completely anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process was operated in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Sewage effluent treated by an A/O process and nitrification process was input as the substance to start up the up-flow ANAMMOX filter reactor. After the 109th day, the ammonia removal rate and nitrite removal rate were greater than 90% for 15 successive days and the nitrogen removal rate was higher than 70%. The ANAMMOX filter reactor successfully started up. From days 245 to 333, the reactor was running during the winter. The weight of biomass reached 12.24 mg·g-1, and the average nitrogen removal rate was 54.3%. Backwash was adopted at day 461, and the weight of biomass decreased to 8.01 mg·g-1. From days 605 to 693, the reactor was running in the winter again. The weight of biomass was 10.41 mg·g-1, and the average nitrogen removal rate was sustained at 69.7%. Compared with the previous winter, the weight of biomass was lighter but the total nitrogen removal loading was 23% greater. For the entire operation, the ANAMMOX rate at high temperature was stable but that at low temperature increased from 1.5 kg·(kg·d)-1 to 3.6 kg·(kg·d)-1. The results show:Long-term domestication at low temperature was in favor of improving treatment efficiency of ANAMMOX process in cold environment and realized ANAMMOX process operated efficiently in winter.

[Effect of Carbon Source on Lab-scale SAD Process in a Wastewater Treatment Plant].

Lab-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation and denitrification (SAD) processes were operated simultaneously in a municipal waste water treatment plant (WWTP). Sewage treated by the A/O and nitrification process was used as the substance to start up an anaerobic ammonia oxidation filter reactor. Adding glucose and sodium propionate to influent was used as the substance to start up the SAD filter reactor after the successful start-up of the ANAMMOX reactor. The SAD process performed well with an average total nitrogen concentration in the effluent of 6.41 mg·L-1 when 30 mg·L-1 glucose was added to the effluent sewage at ambient temperature. Compared with the ANAMMOX process, the total nitrogen concentration in the effluent from the SAD process decreased 42%. The stability of the SAD process was destroyed and the SAD process turned into a denitrification process when 30 mg·L-1 glucose was added in the influent sewage in a low temperature environment. In normal and low temperature environments, the SAD process functioned well, and the average total nitrogen concentration of the effluent was 6.54 mg·L-1 when 30 mg·L-1 sodium propionate was added in the influent sewage. Compared with glucose, sodium propionate had little influence on the SAD process.

[Applications of ultrasound-guided superior laryngeal nerve block and cricothyroid membrane puncture in conscious endotracheal intubation].

PURPOSE: To explore the clinical value of ultrasound-guided superior laryngeal nerve block and cricothyroid membrane puncture in conscious endotracheal intubation. METHODS: Thirty ASA classⅠorII patients scheduled for selective surgeries were randomly divided into 2 groups, Group U was ultrasound-guided group (n=15), group A was anatomical location group (n=15). Transnasal tracheal intubation was performed in all patients. In patient of group U, thyrohyoid membrane was shown hyperecho by ultrasound and echoless superior laryngeal artery passed across it. Then local anesthetic was injected into inner side of the artery by ultrasound-guided in-plane technology. The same process was conducted in the contralateral side. The cricothyroid membrane was shown as strong echo by ultrasound and the needle was inserted across the membrane by ultrasound-guided in-plane technology. Local anesthetic was injected for surface anesthesia. In patients of group A, superior horn of thyroid cartilage and horn of hyoid cartilage were identified by palpation of the anatomical structure. Traditional bilateral superior laryngeal nerve block was then performed. Thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage were marked by palpation of the anatomical structure and local anesthetic was then injected through cricothyroid membrane puncture for tracheal surface anesthesia. All patients experienced rapid anesthesia induction after confirmation of the tracheal intubation. The success rate of cricothyroid membrane puncture, rate of bucking and hemodynamic change around the time of tracheal intubation of each group were recorded. SPSS 20.0 software package was applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared with group A, the success rate of cricothyroid membrane puncture in group U was significantly higher (P<0.05) and the rate of bucking was significantly lower (P<0.05).Compared with group A, HR, SBP and DBP in group U at T1,T2 and T5 had no significant difference (P>0.05), but the amount of increase was significantly smaller at T3 and T4 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided superior laryngeal nerve block and cricothyroid membrane puncture in conscious endotracheal intubation is a safe and effective way with more advantages.

[Laboratory-scale CANON Processes Applied to Wastewater Treatment Plants].

A laboratory-scale completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process was operated in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Sewage effluent treated by the anaerobic/oxic (A/O) process and was used to operate a WWTP to obtain the initial substance for the start-up of a CANON filter reactor. On the 48th day, the ammonia removal rate was measured at greater than 90% in successive 10 d samples and the nitrogen removal rate was greater than 70%. The CANON filter was successful at start up. From the 49th to the 129th day, the dissolved oxygen in the reactor was maintained at fairly low concentration of 0.2-0.5 mg·L-1. The effluent contained nearly no ammonia and the maximum total nitrogen (TN) concentration was 15.6 mg·L-1, which exceeded the national Class 1A Discharge Standards for pollutants from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) proliferated excessively in the reactor. Backwash was implemented on 129th, 169th and 213th days. The nitrogen removal rate was more than 70% for a long time and TN concentration in effluent was below 12 mg·L-1. The nitrogen concentration in effluent fitted the national Class 1A Discharge Standards and the NOB were effectively inhibited. These results show that backwash has negligible on the structure of filter and its impact on the thickness of the bio-membrane and its functional bacteria was small, however, it is capable of effectively inhibiting the activity of the NOB. Periodically backwashing can be utilized as an engineering application to maintain stable operation of the CANON process.

[Factors of the rapid startup for nitrosation in sequencing batch reactor].

The approach and factors for realizing the rapid startup of nitrosation were researched at the low level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The main parameters of the reactor were controlled as follows: DO were 0.15-0.40 mg/L, pH values kept from 7.52 to 8.30, temperature maintained at 22.3-27.1 degrees C, and time of aeration was 8 hours. The purpose of rapid startup for nitrosation was achieved after 57 cycles (36 d) with the alternative influent of high and low ammonium wastewater (the mean values were 245.28 mg/L and 58.08 mg/L respectively) in a SBR, and the nitrosation rate was even 100%. Factors of accumulation of nitrite were investigated and the effects of DO and pH were analyzed during the startup for nitrosation. The results showed that it could improve the efficiency of nitrosation when DO concentration was increased appropriately. The activity of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was recovered gradually when DO was higher than 0.72 mg/L. The key factor of controlling nitrosation reaction was the concentration of free ammonia (FA), while the final factor was the concentration of DO. pH was a desired controlling parameter to show the end of nitrification in a SBR cycle, while DO concentration did not indicate the finishing of SBR nitrification accurately because it increased rapidly before ammonia nitrogen was oxidized absolutely.

ZnO-nanowires/PANI inorganic/organic heterostructure light-emitting diode.

In this paper, we report a flexible inorganic/organic heterostructure light-emitting diode, in which inorganic ZnO nanowires are the optically active components and organic polyaniline (PANI) is the hole-transporting layer. The fabrication of the hybrid LED is as follows, the ordered single-crystalline ZnO nanowires were uniformly distributed on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based indium-tin-oxide-coated substrates by our polymer-assisted growth method, and proper materials were chosen as electrode and carrier. In this construction, an array of ZnO nanowires grown on PET substrate is successfully embedded in a polyaniline thin film. The performance of the hybrid device of organic-inorganic hetero-junction of ITO/(ZnO nanowires-PANI) for LED application in the blue and UV ranges are investigated, and tunable electroluminescence has been demonstrated by contacting the upper tips of ZnO nanowires and the PET substrate. The effect of surface capping with polyvinyl alcohol (PANI) on the photocarrier relaxation of the aqueous chemically grown ZnO nanowires has been investigated. The photoluminescence spectrum shows an enhanced ultraviolet emission and reduced defect-related emission in the capped ZnO NWs compared to bare ZnO. The results of our study may offer a fundamental understanding in the field of inorganic/organic heterostructure light-emitting diode, which may be useful for potential applications of hybrid ZnO nanowires with conductive polymers.

[Research on CANON process for municipal sewage in room temperature].

In the room temperature 14.7-24.7 degrees C, simultaneous nitrification-ANAMMOX (CANON) process for municipal sewage was tested by SBR while the DO was controlled between 0.05 and 0.30 mg/L. As a result, the research shows that CANON process can be applied to the nitrogen treatment of municipal wastewater in room temperature by SBR. DO can be regarded as the indication parameter of reaction terminal, and 1 mg/L has been confirmed in the experiment. In the exploring SBR experiments, the consumption velocity of NH4(+) -N was 0.164-0.218 kg/(m3 x d), the production velocity of NO3(-) -N was 0.026-0.036 kg/(m3 x d), the removal velocity and efficiency of TN were 0.124-0.194 kg/(m3 x d) and 65%-75% respectively. Additionally, in the improving SBR experiments, there were three methods for avoiding nitrite accumulation and increasing the nitrogen removal efficiency. They were improving temperature, adding non-aeration period of time and increasing the quantity of ANAMMOX bacteria. Therefore, the removal efficiency of TN was increased to 77%-88% through the three ways above. However, in view of the nitrogen removal velocity and the fact of engineering application condition, the third approach was the best to advance the general ability of ANAMMOX.

Echinococcus granulosus: protoscolicidal effect of high intensity focused ultrasound.

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a new non-invasive technique which can cause cell death and tissue necrosis by focusing high-energy ultrasonic waves on a single location. The aim of our work is to investigate the damaging effect of HIFU on Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices, as well as its inhibitory effect on growth of hydatid cysts derived from protoscolices. The damaging effect of HIFU on protoscolices was investigated by following parasite mortality after irradiation, while the inhibitory effect was investigated by infection experiments in vivo. The results demonstrated that HIFU was able to damage protoscolices and the protoscolicidal effect was dose-dependent and showed late-onset. The growth of protoscolices that survived the exposure to HIFU was obviously suppressed in vitro, and the mean weight of hydatid cysts resulting from such protoscolices in the experimental group was less than that in controls. Evidences including the protoscolicidal effect, fragmentized protoscolices and low post exposure temperatures, suggest that cavitation may contribute to the protoscolicidal effect of HIFU. In addition, the structure of the germinal membrane in cysts developing from the irradiated protoscolices was not as normal or intact as that from non-irradiated ones, and morphological changes related to degeneration were observed, suggesting that HIFU could prevent protoscolices from developing normal germinal membrane and consequently stop the proliferation of secondary hydatid cysts. HIFU demonstrated damaging effect on protoscolices, inhibited the growth of protoscolices in vitro and in vivo, and could be a possible therapeutic option for cystic echinococcosis.

[Pathological change in hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus treated with high intensity focused ultrasound].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological change in Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts treated with high intensity focus ultrasound (HIFU). METHODS: Thirty cysts with thinner wall and proper elasticity, taken from livers of infected sheep, were randomly divided into three groups. By cyclical multilayer radiation around the cyst wall, two experiment groups were treated with HIFU under 150 W and 250 W sound power respectively. The control group was treated by ordinary ultrasound for 2 min. RESULTS: The inner cyst wall of hydatid treated with HIFU became curved, thicker, stiffer, white and less transparent. The germinal layer was detached mostly from the laminated layers of hydatid in the experiment groups. Images from the transmission electron microscopy showed that in the experiment groups fabric texture of hydatid changed significantly and germinal cells were broken. CONCLUSION: HIFU in a model of cyclical multilayer radiation causes pathological damage of the E. granulosus hydatid.

[Determination of nonylphenol in wastewater by solid phase extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry and multi-selective ions].

Nonylphenol (NP) having endocrine disrupter activity is an ultra trace component in sewage and reuse wastewater. There are many NP isomers in the wastewater because nonyl structure is different. The background impurity of the samples is very complex with many other components. So it is difficulty for quantitative analysis of NP in the samples. About seventy sewages and recycled wastewater samples were measured for the content of NP isomer mixtures by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and multi-selected ions monitoring (shortened as SPE-GC-MS-SIM). The results show that hydrophilic-lipophilic-equilibrium solid-phase extraction pole has selective adsorption for NP, so that the samples can be concentrated from 50 to 200 times. The five kinds of mass spectrum ions, i. e. 107, 121, 135, 149, 163, have higher abundance and distinct character. The sum of five selected ion monitoring (sigmaSIM) is from 54.4 to 73 percent of the total ion current for NP, which can accurately represent different NP isomers. Quantitative analysis base on the spectral integralof the sigmaSIM chromatograph can eliminate interference with background signal and ensure selectivity, accuracy and precision ofthe method.