Molecular dynamics simulation on crystal morphology of NH4ClO4.

CONTEXT: Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4, abbreviated as AP) has the advantages of high oxygen content, high density, and good compatibility, and has significant application prospects in the field of energetic materials. The crystal morphology has a great influence on the properties and sensibility of energetic materials, and a single experimental means is difficult in exploring the crystals; therefore, the crystal morphology of AP is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation complemented with experiments, to theoretically analyze the differences in AP crystal habit and the interactions between solvent molecules and the main growing crystal surfaces of AP. The results show that AP crystal is mainly composed of five independent crystal surfaces (0 0 1), (0 1 0), (1 0 0), (1 0 1), and (1 0 -1) in vacuum using the BFDH laws, with (0 0 1) surface being the main growth crystal surface. In contrast, in H2O solvent, the (1 0 1) and (1 0 -1) surfaces disappear, and the AP mainly consists of (0 0 1), (0 1 0), and (1 0 0) surfaces with a rectangular shape. The crystal morphology obtained from theoretical prediction is in good agreement with that obtained from experimental culture. This paper can provide a new idea for the cultivation and preparation of AP large crystals, and promote the application of AP crystals in energetic materials. METHODS: The crystal morphologies of AP in vacuum and H2O solvent under Dreiding force field were predicted based on attachment energy model by using molecular dynamics method in Materials Studio 2019 software. The entire molecular dynamics simulation was carried out under the NTV system, the temperature control method was selected as Anderson, and the system temperature was set to 298 K. The simulation time was set to 40 ps, the step size was set to 1 fs, and the data were outputted every 5000 steps.

[Corrigendum] Exosomal microRNA­4516, microRNA­203 and SFRP1 are potential biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction.

Subsequently to the publication of the above article, the authors have realized that, in Fig. 1A, the incorrect image was uploaded to show the ultrastructure of exos isolated from plasma and examined using transmission electron microscopy (essentially, the image in question had already appeared in an article published by the same research group in Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine). In addition,  the '+' and '-' signs for the 'Cell lysis' experiments shown underneath the gels in Fig. 1B were incorporated the wrong way around. The revised version of Fig. 1, showing the correct image in Fig. 1A and the correct labels in Fig. 1B, is shown below. Note that the errors made in assembling this figure did not have a major impact on either the results or the conclusions reported in this paper. The authors are grateful to the Editor of Molecular Medicine Reports for allowing them this opportunity to publish a corrigendum, and apologize to the readership of the Journal for any inconvenience caused. [Molecular Medicine Reports 27: 124, 2023; DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13010].

Characterization of volatile profile from different coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties via HS-SPME/GC-MS combined with E-nose analyzed by chemometrics.

Headspace-solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) and electronic nose (E-nose) technologies were implemented to characterize the volatile profile of aerial part from 40 coriander varieties. A total of 207 volatile compounds were identified and quantified, including aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, acids, furans, phenols and others. E-nose results showed that W5S and W2W were representative sensors responding to coriander odor. Among all varieties, the number (21-30 species) and content (449.94-1050.55 µg/g) of aldehydes were the highest, and the most abundant analytes were (Z)-9-hexadecenal or (E)-2-tetratecenal, which accounted for approximately one-third of the total content. In addition, 37 components were determined the characteristic constituents with odor activity values (OAVs) ≥ 1, mainly presenting citrusy, fatty, soapy and floral smells. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) could effectively distinguish different varieties. This study provided a crucial theoretical basis for flavor evaluation and quality improvement of coriander germplasm resources.

Investigation into Potential Allergenicity and Digestion-Resistant Linear Epitopes of Fish Skin Gelatin in Cell-Cultured Meat Scaffolds.

As a key component of cell-cultured fish, fish skin gelatin (FSG)-based cell scaffold provides support structures for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, there are potential allergenicity risks contained in FSG-based scaffolds. In this study, 3D edible scaffolds were prepared by phase separation method and showed a contact angle of less than 90°, which indicated that the scaffolds were favorable for cell adhesion. Besides, the swelling ratio was greater than 200%, implying a great potential to support cell growth. The sequence homology analysis indicated that FSG was prone to cross-reaction with collagen analogues. Additionally, a food allergic model was constructed and represented that mice gavaged with cod FSG exhibited higher levels of specific antibodies, mast cell degranulation, vascular permeability, and intestinal barrier impairment than those gavaged with pangasius and tilapias FSG. Its higher allergenicity might be attributed to a higher number of digestion-resistant linear epitopes. Moreover, the higher hydrolysis degree linked to the exposure of linear epitopes to promote the combination with IgE, which was also responsible for maintaining the higher allergenicity of cod FSG. This study clarifies allergenic risks in cell-cultured fish and further study will focus on the allergenicity reduction of FSG-based cell scaffolds.

Aberrant auditory metabolite levels and topological properties are associated with cognitive decline in presbycusis patients.

Presbycusis has been reported as related to cognitive decline, but its underlying neurophysiological mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between metabolite levels, cognitive function, and node characteristics in presbycusis based on graph theory methods. Eighty-four elderly individuals with presbycusis and 63 age-matched normal hearing controls underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, audiological assessment, and cognitive assessment. Compared with the normal hearing group, presbycusis patients exhibited reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate levels in the auditory region, increased nodal characteristics in the temporal lobe and precuneus, as well as decreased nodal characteristics in the superior occipital gyrus and medial orbital. The right gamma-aminobutyric acid levels were negatively correlated with the degree centrality in the right precuneus and the executive function. Degree centrality in the right precuneus exhibited significant correlations with information processing speed and executive function, while degree centrality in the left medial orbital demonstrated a negative association with speech recognition ability. The degree centrality and node efficiency in the superior occipital gyrus exhibited a negative association with hearing loss and speech recognition ability, respectively. These observed changes indicate alterations in metabolite levels and reorganization patterns at the brain network level after auditory deprivation.

Exit wave reconstruction of a focal series of images with structural changes in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images can capture the atomic-resolution details of the dynamically changing structure of nanomaterials. Here, we propose a new scheme and an improved reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the exit wave function for each image in a focal series of HRTEM images to reveal structural changes. In this scheme, the wave reconstructed from the focal series of images is treated as the initial wave in the reconstruction process for each HRTEM image. Additionally, to suppress noise at the frequencies where the signal is weak due to the modulation of the lens transfer function, a weight factor is introduced in the improved reconstruction algorithm. The advantages of the new scheme and algorithms are validated by using the HRTEM images of a natural specimen and a single-layer molybdenum disulphide. This algorithm enables image resolution enhancement and lens aberration removal, while potentially allowing the visualisation of the structural evolution of nanostructures.

A general quantum algorithm for numerical integration.

Quantum algorithms have shown their superiority in many application fields. However, a general quantum algorithm for numerical integration, an indispensable tool for processing sophisticated science and engineering issues, is still missing. Here, we first proposed a quantum integration algorithm suitable for any continuous functions that can be approximated by polynomials. More impressively, the algorithm achieves quantum encoding of any integrable functions through polynomial approximation, then constructs a quantum oracle to mark the number of points in the integration area and finally converts the statistical results into the phase angle in the amplitude of the superposition state. The quantum algorithm introduced in this work exhibits quadratic acceleration over the classical integration algorithms by reducing computational complexity from O(N) to O(√N). Our work addresses the crucial impediments for improving the generality of quantum integration algorithm, which provides a meaningful guidance for expanding the superiority of quantum computing.

Hydroxychloroquine-induced pigmentation in rheumatic diseases: prevalence, clinical features and influencing factors.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features of Chinese patients with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-induced pigmentation and analyze the potential risk factors associated with HCQ-induced pigmentation. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted over a duration of 7 months, during which patients who had received HCQ treatment for >6 months were included. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire that encompassed demographic and geographic characteristics, information on HCQ and concomitant medication usage, sun exposure characteristics, and hyperpigmentation-related characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to calculate the statistical association between HCQ-induced pigmentation and multiple variables. RESULTS: Out of 316 patients, 83 (26.3%) patients presented hyperpigmentation during HCQ treatment. Hyperpigmentation presented after a median duration of HCQ treatment of 12 months (interquartile range, 6.0 months-30.0 months) with a median cumulative dose of 108 g of HCQ (interquartile range, 36-288 g). The most frequently affected sites of pigmentation were the face (60.2%), lower limbs (36.1%), and hands (20.5%). There was a linear decrease in the incidence of pigmentation with increasing daily sun exposure time (p= 0.030). In the multivariate analysis, variables (cumulative HCQ dose and daily sun exposure time) were included in the final models. The results revealed an independent correlation between HCQ-induced pigmentation and daily sun exposure exceeding 1 h (OR: 0.431; 95%CI: 0.208-0.892; p= 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of HCQ-induced pigmentation is not uncommon, with an incidence rate of 26.3%. Daily sun exposure time exhibited a protective effect against HCQ-induced pigmentation.

Erratum: In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons' Response to Somatic and Visceral Stimuli.

This corrects the article 10.3791/65975.

[Molecular study of an individual with Bel subtype due to a novel c.620T>C variant].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular basis for an individual with Bel subtype of the ABO blood type due to a novel c.620T>C variant gene, and assess its impact on the structure of GTB transferase. METHODS: An individual who had visited the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University on February 11, 2023 was selected as the study subject. ABO phenotyping was initially conducted with serological methods, which was followed by direct sequencing of 7 exons of the ABO gene. Subsequently, single-strand sequencing was carried out by using allele-specific primers, and the variant in the B transferase was homology-modeled using the Modeller software. The impact of the variant on the transferase's spatial structure was analyzed with the PyMOL software. RESULTS: The serological phenotype of the patient was identified as the Bel subtype. Direct sequencing revealed that she has harbored a novel c.620T>C variant, resulting in a p.Leu207Pro substitution in the polypeptide chain. Combined with single-strand sequencing, her genotype was ultimately determined as ABO*BELnew/ABO*O.01.02. Three-dimensional protein structure modeling showed that, compared with the wild type, the distance of one hydrogen bond between Proline and Glycine at position 272 has increased, along with disappearance of another hydrogen bond. CONCLUSION: The novel c.620T>C (p.Leu207Pro) variant of B allele may affect the structural stability of the glycosyltransferase. The weakened enzyme activity in turn may lead to reduced B antigen expression, manifesting as the Bel subtype by serological analysis.

Prevalence of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes, and their associations in municipal wastewater treatment plants along the Yangtze River basin, China.

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have resulted in the pollution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), posing threats to ecological security and human health. Thus, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to assess the occurrence, removal efficiency, and ecological risk of antibiotics, along with the diversity, abundance, and co-occurrence of ARGs, and their correlations in 13 WWTPs along the Yangtze River Basin. Among 35 target antibiotics, 23 antibiotics within 6 categories were detected in all the samples. Amoxicillin (AMO), ofloxacin (OFL), and pefloxacin (PEF) were predominant in influents, while AMO exhibited dominance with the highest concentration of 1409 ng/L in effluents. Although antibiotic removal performance varied among different WWTPs, a significant decrease in each antibiotic category and overall antibiotics was observed in effluents compared with that in influents (p < 0.05). Remarkably, ecological risk assessment revealed high risks associated with AMO and ciprofloxacin (CIP) and medium risks linked to several antibiotics, notably including OFL, roxithromycin (ROX), clarithromycin (CLA), and tetracycline (TC). Furthermore, 96 ARG subtypes within 12 resistance types were detected in this study, and the total absolute abundance and diversity of ARGs were significantly decreased from influents to effluents (p < 0.05). Enrichment of 38 ARGs (e.g., blaNDM, ermA, vatA, mexA, and dfrA25) in effluents indicated potential health risks. Various mobile genetic elements (MGEs), exhibited significant correlations with a majority of ARGs in both influents and effluents, such as intⅠ1, tnpA1, tnpA5, and tp614, underscoring the important role of MGEs in contributing to the ARG dissemination. Many antibiotics displayed lower correlations with corresponding ARGs, but exhibited higher correlations with other ARGs, suggesting complex selective pressures influencing ARG propagation. Overall, the incomplete elimination of antibiotics and ARGs in WWTPs is likely to pose adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems in the Yangtze River Basin.

Exogenous silicon applied at appropriate concentrations is effective at improving tomato nutritional and flavor qualities.

Silicon can mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses in various plants; however, its effects on tomato quality under normal growth conditions are remain unclear. We used a randomized design with four Si treatments, CON (0 mmol/L), T1 (0.6 mmol/L), T2 (1.2 mmol/L), and T3 (1.8 mmol/L) on tomato fruit components Chlorogenic acid and rutin, among polyphenolic components, were increased by 56.99% and 20.31%, respectively, with T2 treatment compared to CON concentrations. T2 increased the sugar-acid ratio by 19.21%, compared to that with the CON treatment, and increased fruit Ca and Mg contents, compared to those with other treatments, improving the characteristic aroma. Furthermore, silicon application reduced the abscisic acid content by 112%, promoting ripening. Endogenous gibberellin, auxin, and salicylic acid, which retard fruit ripening and softening, were increased by 34.96%, 14.56%, and 35.21%, respectively. These findings have far-reaching implications for exogenous Si applications to enrich tomato nutritional and flavor qualities.

DIAGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH NEUROSURGICAL INTENSIVE CARE USING METAGENOMIC NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.

ABSTRACT: Background. Identifying the causative pathogens of central nervous system infections (CNSIs) is crucial, but the low detection rate of traditional culture methods in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has made the pathogenic diagnosis of CNSIs a longstanding challenge. Patients with CNSIs after neurosurgery often overlap with inflammatory and bleeding. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has shown some benefits in pathogen detection. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of mNGS in the etiological diagnosis of CNSIs in patients after neurosurgery. Methods. In this prospective observational study, we enrolled patients with suspected CNSIs after neurosurgical operations who were admitted to the intensive care unit of Beijing Tiantan Hospital. All enrolled patients' CSF was tested using mNGS and pathogen culture. According to comprehensive clinical diagnosis, the enrolled patients were divided into CNSIs group and non-CNSIs group to compare the diagnostic efficiency of mNGS and pathogen culture. Results. From December 2021 to March 2023, 139 patients were enrolled while 66 in CNSIs group and 73 in non-CNSIs. The mNGS exceeded culture in the variety and quantity of pathogens detected. The mNGS outperformed traditional pathogen culture in terms of positive percent agreement (63.63%), accuracy (82.01%), and negative predictive value (75.00%), with statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05) for traditional pathogen culture. The mNGS also detected bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial resistance genes. Conclusions. Metagenomics has the potential to assist in the diagnosis of patients with CNSIs who have a negative culture.

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons' Response to Somatic and Visceral Stimuli.

A technique is described for surgically exposing the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the lumbar-6 in a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse, along with the protocol for in vivo calcium imaging of the exposed DRG in response to various visceral and somatic stimuli. Pirt-GCaMP6s mice or C57BL6 mice intrathecally injected with AAV viruses packaged with GCaMP6s were utilized to capture Ca2+ transients. The amplitude of these transients indicates sensitivity to specific sensory modalities. Afferent fibers originate from internal organs, with primary neuronal cell bodies in spinal or vagal ganglia. Studies on visceral nociception and acupuncture analgesia can potentially be conducted on primary sensory neurons using advanced imaging technologies like in vivo calcium imaging, allowing for the recording of neuronal activity ensembles in the intact animal during stimulation or intervention. The responses of DRG neuron ensembles to somatic and visceral stimuli applied to their corresponding receptive fields were recorded. This technique illustrates how neuronal populations react to various types of somatic and visceral stimuli. It is possible to comprehensively compare neuronal ensemble responses to different stimuli, which is a particularly valuable approach in research on visceral pain and segmental mechanisms of somatic stimulation, such as acupuncture.

TgLUT1 regulated by TgWRKY10 enhances the tolerance of Torreya grandis to drought stress.

Drought stress is a major abiotic stress which severely reduces the plant growth and limits agricultural productivity. Previous studies have demonstrated that lutein directly synthesized by the carotenoid epsilon-ring hydroxylase gene (LUT1) played crucial roles in regulating drought response. Notwithstanding the myriad studies on LUT1's response to drought stress in certain plant species such as Arabidopsis, the precise function mechanisms within tree species remain ambiguously understood. Our study reveals that under drought stress, TgLUT1, a novel LUT gene instrumental in ß-lutein biosynthesis, was markedly up-regulated in Torreya grandis. Subcellular localization assay indicated that TgLUT1 protein was localized to chloroplasts. Phenotypic analysis showed that overexpression of TgLUT1 enhanced the tolerance of tomato to drought stress. Overexpressing of TgLUT1 increased the values of maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage percentage in response to drought stress. Furthermore, overexpression of TgLUT1 decreased the stomatal conductance to reduce the water loss rate exposed to drought stress. In addition, yeast one-hybrid assay, dual luciferase assay system and qRT-PCR results showed that TgWRKY10 down-regulated by drought stress inhibited the expression of TgLUT1 by directly binding to the TgLUT1 promoter. Collectively, our results show that TgWRKY10, down-regulated by drought stress, negatively regulates the expression of TgLUT1 to modulate the drought stress response. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of LUT1's function in the stress responses of economically significant forest plants.

MBD2 couples DNA methylation to transposable element silencing during male gametogenesis.

DNA methylation is an essential component of transposable element (TE) silencing, yet the mechanism by which methylation causes transcriptional repression remains poorly understood1-5. Here we study the Arabidopsis thaliana Methyl-CpG Binding Domain (MBD) proteins MBD1, MBD2 and MBD4 and show that MBD2 acts as a TE repressor during male gametogenesis. MBD2 bound chromatin regions containing high levels of CG methylation, and MBD2 was capable of silencing the FWA gene when tethered to its promoter. MBD2 loss caused activation at a small subset of TEs in the vegetative cell of mature pollen without affecting DNA methylation levels, demonstrating that MBD2-mediated silencing acts strictly downstream of DNA methylation. TE activation in mbd2 became more significant in the mbd5 mbd6 and adcp1 mutant backgrounds, suggesting that MBD2 acts redundantly with other silencing pathways to repress TEs. Overall, our study identifies MBD2 as a methyl reader that acts downstream of DNA methylation to silence TEs during male gametogenesis.

Deciphering the dynamics and driving mechanisms of high-risk antibiotic resistome in size-fractionated bacterial community during drinking water chlorination via metagenomic analysis.

To reveal the impact of chlorination on the high-risk resistome in size-fractionated bacterial community, we employed metagenomic approaches to decipher dynamics of high-risk antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and driving mechanisms in the free-living and particle-associated fractions within a full-scale drinking water treatment system. Our results revealed that chlorination significantly increased the relative abundance of high-risk ARGs in the free-living fraction to 0.33 ± 0.005 copies/cell (cpc), bacitracin and chloramphenicol resistance types were major contributors. Furthermore, chlorination significantly increased the relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the free-living fraction, while decreasing it in the particle-associated fraction. During chlorination, size-fractionated bacterial communities varied considerably. Multiple statistical analyses highlighted the pivotal role of the bacterial community in altering high-risk ARGs in both the free-living and particle-associated fractions, while MGEs had a more pronounced impact on high-risk ARGs in the free-living fraction. Specifically, the enrichment of pathogenic hosts, such as Comamonas and Pseudomonas, led to an increase in the abundance of high-risk ARGs. Concurrently, MGEs exhibited significant correlations with high-risk ARGs, indicating the potential of horizontal transfer of high-risk ARGs. These findings provide novel insights for mitigating antibiotic resistance risk by considering different bacterial fractions and respective risk ranks in drinking water.

Improvements in the Appearance and Nutritional Quality of Tomato Fruits Resulting from Foliar Spraying with Silicon.

Research on silicon (Si), an element considered beneficial for plant growth, has focused on abiotic and biotic stress mitigation. However, the effect of Si on tomato fruit quality under normal growth conditions remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of applying different levels of Si (0 mmol·L-1 [CK], 0.6 mmol·L-1 [T1], 1.2 mmol·L-1 [T2], and 1.8 mmol·L-1 [T3]) in foliar sprays on tomato fruit quality cultivated in substrates, and the most beneficial Si level was found. Compared to CK, exogenous Si treatments had a positive influence on the appearance and nutritional quality of tomato fruits at the mature green, breaker, and red ripening stages. Of these, T2 treatment significantly increased peel firmness and single-fruit weight in tomato fruits. The contents of soluble sugars, soluble solids, soluble proteins, and vitamin C were significantly higher, and the nitrate content was significantly lower in the T2 treatment than in the CK treatment. Cluster analysis showed that T2 produced results that were significantly different from those of the CK, T1, and T3 treatments. During the red ripening stage, the a* values of fruits in the T2 treatment tomato were significantly higher than those in the other three treatments. Moreover, the lycopene and lutein contents of the T2 treatment increased by 12.90% and 17.14%, respectively, compared to CK. T2 treatment significantly upregulated the relative gene expression levels of the phytoene desaturase gene (PDS), the lycopene ε-cyclase gene (LCY-E), and the zeaxanthin cyclooxygenase gene (ZEP) in the carotenoid key genes. The total amino acid content in tomato fruits in the T2 treatment was also significantly higher than that of CK. In summary, foliar spraying of 1.2 mmol·L-1 exogenous Si was effective in improving the appearance and nutritional quality of tomato fruits under normal growth conditions. This study provides new approaches to further elucidate the application of exogenous silicon to improve tomato fruit quality under normal conditions.

Free-living lifestyle preferences drive the antibiotic resistance promotion during drinking water chlorination.

The risk associated with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in size-fractionated bacterial community during drinking water chlorination remains unclear, and is of paramount importance for risk mitigation through process selection and optimization. This study employed metagenomic approaches to reveal the alterations of ARGs, their potential functions and hosts within the free-living and particle-associated fractions. The total relative abundance of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and virulence factor genes (VFGs) significantly increased in the free-living fraction after chlorination. The contribution of the free-living fraction to the ARG relative abundance rose from 16.40 ± 1.31 % to 93.62 ± 0.47 % after chlorination. Multidrug resistance genes (e.g. mexF and mexW) were major contributors, and their co-occurrence with MGEs in the free-living fraction was enhanced after chlorination. Considering multiple perspectives, including presence, mobility, and pathogenicity, chlorination led to a significant risk of the antibiotic resistome in the free-living fraction. Moreover, potential functions of ARGs, such as cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, defense mechanisms, and transcription in the free-living fraction, were intensified following chlorination. Potential pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Acinetobacter junii, were identified as the predominant hosts of multidrug resistance genes, with their increased abundances primarily contributing to the rise of the corresponding ARGs. Overall, alterations of hosts as well as enhancing mobility and biological functions could collectively aid the proliferation and spread of ARGs in the free-living fraction after chlorination. This study provides novel insights into antibiotic resistance evolution in size-fractionated bacteria community and offers a management strategy for microbiological safety in drinking water.