Analysing the influencing factors of on-line studying engagement of preparatory international students: A case study of the science and technology Chinese course.

With the rapid development of network technology, cross-regional on-line higher education is becoming one of the mainstream directions of distance education development. The effectiveness of on-line studying is significantly influenced by the level of learning engagement, and research on this topic can help learners by providing them with process-oriented learning support and targeted teaching interventions. Using the example of on-line Science and Technology Chinese Course for preparatory international students at four universities in China, this study collected self-reported data from 463 students using a survey method. The questionnaire was divided into two parts: the on-line studying engagement scale and the factors influencing on-line studying engagement. Descriptive statistical analysis and differential testing were conducted on the data using SPSS software, and the structural validity of the questionnaire was tested using AMOS software. With the assistance of Smart PLS, a model of the influencing factors of on-line studying engagement was constructed to explore the relationship between on-line studying engagement and its influencing factors. The study found that: The overall level of engagement in on line studying for preparatory international students is above average. In demographic factors, apart from gender, all other variables have a significant impact on on-line studying. Student-level factors will have a more significant positive impact on the degree of on-line studying engagement of preparatory international students. Among them, academic self-efficacy, basic psychological needs satisfaction, the difficulty of the on-line course, and completion of the assignment have a significant positive effect. The influence of teacher-level factors on behavioral engagement and emotional engagement is stronger than that of student-level factors. However, the emotional support of teacher-level factors, the on-line environment of environmental-level factors, and the perceived usefulness of technology of teacher-level factors have a certain negative impact on engagement in online studying. According to the research results, this paper puts forward the optimization strategies of accelerating the update frequency of Chinese learning materials, strengthening the input of on-line emotional support, and holding language learning activities with cultural characteristics. This study makes an in-depth analysis of the influencing factors of preparatory international students' on-line Chinese studying engagement, and puts forward the optimization strategies to improve the quality of on-line studying, to provide theoretical and practical reference for the development of cross-regional on-line higher education.

Comparative efficacy of commercial oral poly-herbal traditional Chinese medicine formulations combined with western medicine in benign prostatic hyperplasia management: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is prevalent among the aging male population and often presents with distressing lower urinary tract symptoms. There is emerging evidence that commercial oral poly-herbal traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation combined with Western medicine (WM) may offer enhanced therapeutic effects compared to WM alone in BPH treatment. Nevertheless, determining the optimal formulations for BPH remains controversial. We aimed to employ a network meta-analysis to compare and assess differences among commonly used and recommended poly-herbal TCM formulations outlined in the Chinese guidelines for BPH treatment, providing clinical medication recommendations and guidance. Methods: We extensively searched for RCTs of BPH patients that had oral poly-herbal TCM formulations and WM treatment, covering both English and Chinese databases up to 31 October 2023. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool Version 2 (ROB2). A Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed to assess the effectiveness of various formulations, followed by sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Results: Our meta-analysis included 107 RCTs involving 11,037 patients across 16 oral poly-herbal TCM formulations. The quality of the selected studies was assessed as "Some concerns". Most formulations combined with WM demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy compared to WM alone. For clinical effective rate, Jingui Shenqi pill (JGSQ) + WM had the highest-ranking probability (87.38%). Concerning International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and maximum flow rate of urine, Guizhi Fuling capsule (GZFL) + WM was most effective (91.10% and 98.55%). Regarding the quality of life score and postvoid residual urine, Pulean tablet (PLA) + WM ranked first (86.71% and 91.81%). In controlling prostate volume, Huange capsule (HE) + WM demonstrated the highest efficacy (95.65%). Additionally, among the interventions, Lingze (LZ) + WM capsule exhibited the lowest incidence of adverse drug reactions (2.32%). Conclusion: Combining oral poly-herbal TCM formulations with WM may provide greater therapeutic benefits in BPH treatment compared to WM alone. JGSQ, GZFL, PLA, and HE emerged as promising treatment options. However, further rigorous empirical studies are essential to substantiate these findings. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=459651, CRD 42023459651.

TMPRSS13 promotes the cell entry of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus.

Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) has caused severe intestinal diseases in pigs. It originates from bat coronaviruses HKU2 and has a potential risk of cross-species transmission, raising concerns about its zoonotic potential. Viral entry-related host factors are critical determinants of susceptibility to cells, tissues, or species, and remain to be elucidated for SADS-CoV. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) family is involved in many coronavirus infections and has trypsin-like catalytic activity. Here we examine all 18 members of the TTSPs family through CRISPR-based activation of endogenous protein expression in cells, and find that, in addition to TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, TMPRSS13 significantly facilitates SADS-CoV infection. This is confirmed by ectopic expression of TMPRSS13, and specific to trypsin-dependent SADS-CoV. Infection with pseudovirus bearing SADS-CoV spike protein indicates that TMPRSS13 acts at the entry step and is sensitive to serine protease inhibitor Camostat. Moreover, both human and pig TMPRSS13 are able to enhance the cell-cell membrane fusion and cleavage of spike protein. Overall, we demonstrate that TMPRSS13 is another host serine protease promoting the membrane-fusion entry of SADS-CoV, which may expand its host tropism by using diverse TTSPs.

Joint Modeling of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions Using Polygenic Risk Scores in Case-Control Studies.

Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are rapidly emerging as a way to measure disease risk by aggregating multiple genetic variants. Understanding the interplay of PRS with environmental factors is critical for interpreting and applying PRS in a wide variety of settings. We develop an efficient method for simultaneously modeling gene-environment correlations and interactions using PRS in case control studies. We use a logistic-normal regression modeling framework to specify the disease risk and PRS distribution in the underlying population and propose joint inference across the two models using the retrospective likelihood of the case-control data. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the flexibility of the method in trading-off bias and efficiency for the estimation of various model parameters compared to the standard logistic regression or a case-only analysis for gene-environment interactions, or a control-only analysis for gene-environment correlations. Finally using simulated case-control data sets within the UK Biobank study, we demonstrate the power of our method for its ability to recover results from the full prospective cohort for the detection of an interaction between long-term oral contraceptive use and PRS on the risk of breast cancer. This method is computationally efficient and implemented in a user-friendly R package.

Associations Between Serum Estrogen Levels and Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Cross-sectional Analysis of NHANES 2013 to 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between serum estrogen levels and urinary incontinence in a nationally representative female population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included women who had serum estradiol measurements and self-reported urinary incontinence problems in the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles. A weighted multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between urinary incontinence and serum estrogen levels after adjusting for age, race, Body Mass Index, diabetes, venipuncture, hypertension, poverty-to-income ratio, smoking, marital status, alcohol use, education, and menopause. RESULT: A total of 4114 individuals were ultimately included in our study. Of these women, 1200 (29.17%) complained of urge urinary incontinence (UUI), 1674 (40.69%) complained of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), 730 (17.74%) complained of mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). Women in the lowest quartile of serum estrogen were more likely to complain of UUI compared to those in the highest quartile (OR=1.885; 95% CI=1.042-3.412, P = .039). No association was noted between serum estrogen levels and SUI or MUI. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a significant association between low serum estrogen level and the increased likelihood of UUI in women. Further research is required to validate our findings, elucidate the physiological mechanisms that underlie them, and assess potential therapeutic implications.

Loss of LPAR6 and CAB39L dysregulates the basal-to-luminal urothelial differentiation program, contributing to bladder carcinogenesis.

We describe a strategy that combines histologic and molecular mapping that permits interrogation of the chronology of changes associated with cancer development on a whole-organ scale. Using this approach, we present the sequence of alterations around RB1 in the development of bladder cancer. We show that RB1 is not involved in initial expansion of the preneoplastic clone. Instead, we found a set of contiguous genes that we term "forerunner" genes whose silencing is associated with the development of plaque-like field effects initiating carcinogenesis. Specifically, we identified five candidate forerunner genes (ITM2B, LPAR6, MLNR, CAB39L, and ARL11) mapping near RB1. Two of these genes, LPAR6 and CAB39L, are preferentially downregulated in the luminal and basal subtypes of bladder cancer, respectively. Their loss of function dysregulates urothelial differentiation, sensitizing the urothelium to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced cancers, which recapitulate the luminal and basal subtypes of human bladder cancer.

Quantum phase transitions in two-dimensional superconductors: a review on recent experimental progress.

Superconductor-insulator/metal transition (SMT) as a paradigm of quantum phase transition has been a research highlight over the last three decades. Benefit from recent developments in the fabrication and measurements of two-dimensional (2D) superconducting films and nanodevices, unprecedented quantum phenomena have been revealed in the quantum phase transitions of 2D superconductors. In this review, we introduce the recent progress on quantum phase transitions in 2D superconductors, focusing on the quantum Griffiths singularity (QGS) and anomalous metal state. Characterized by a divergent critical exponent when approaching zero temperature, QGS of SMT is discovered in ultrathin crystalline Ga films and subsequently detected in various 2D superconductors. The universality of QGS indicates the profound influence of quenched disorder on quantum phase transitions. Besides, in a 2D superconducting system, whether a metallic ground state can exist is a long-sought mystery. Early experimental studies indicate an intermediate metallic state in the quantum phase transition of 2D superconductors. Recently, in high-temperature superconducting films with patterned nanopores, a robust anomalous metal state (i.e. quantum metal or Bose metal) has been detected, featured as the saturated resistance in the low temperature regime. Moreover, the charge-2equantum oscillations are observed in nanopatterned films, indicating the bosonic nature of the anomalous metal state and ending the debate on whether bosons can exist as a metal. The evidences of the anomalous metal states have also been reported in crystalline epitaxial thin films and exfoliated nanoflakes, as well as granular composite films. High quality filters are used in these works to exclude the influence of external high frequency noises in ultralow temperature measurements. The observations of QGS and metallic ground states in 2D superconductors not only reveal the prominent role of quantum fluctuations and dissipations but also provide new perspective to explore quantum phase transitions in superconducting systems.

Effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on growth, immune response and acute ammonia stress tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with high or low protein diets.

Aquatic animals have benefited from Bacillus subtilis-based probiotics over the past few decades. This study evaluated the effects of B. subtilis DSM 32315 probiotics as a feed additive on growth, immune response and resistance to acute ammonia challenge in Nile tilapia. Specifically, four supplemental levels (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) of B. subtilis probiotics were tested under two dietary protein levels (32% and 28%). Five replicate tanks were randomly allotted to each dietary treatment, with each tank containing 30 Nile tilapia. After 8 weeks of feeding, Nile tilapia in each tank were exposed to 43.61 mg/L of total ammonia nitrogen for 48 h. The results revealed that reducing protein levels from 32% to 28% did not affect growth performance or antioxidant capacity. However, the low protein diet tended to induce an inflammatory effect shown by increased expressions of TGF-ß and IFN-γ genes (P < 0.05) in the liver. The impact was alleviated by the probiotic supplementation. Compared with the non-supplemented group, 0.1% probiotic supplementation remarkably increased plasma lysozyme activity, total antioxidant capacity and complement C3 and interleukin-10 mRNA levels (P < 0.05) in the 28% protein diet, while higher supplementation of probiotics (0.3%) was shown to be beneficial for the high protein diet (32%). In both the dietary protein levels, 0.1% supplementation of probiotics promoted the antioxidant capacity of Nile tilapia before exposure to ammonia stress but higher probiotic supplementation (0.3%) proved to be necessary under ammonia stress as evidenced by higher fish survival rate. Results exhibited that supplementation with B. subtilis probiotics had a better effect on the intestinal morphology (villi height and width) regardless of protein levels. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of B. subtilis DSM 32315 probiotics at 0.1% in the low protein diet and up to 0.3% in the high protein diet showed beneficial effects on the growth, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of Nile tilapia. Under ammonia stress conditions, the higher supplementation of B. subtilis DSM 32315 probiotics at 0.3% improves stress tolerance of Nile tilapia despite the two dietary protein levels (32%; 28%).

Integrated machine learning identifies epithelial cell marker genes for improving outcomes and immunotherapy in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa), a globally prevalent malignancy, displays intricate heterogeneity within its epithelial cells, closely linked with disease progression and immune modulation. However, the clinical significance of genes and biomarkers associated with these cells remains inadequately explored. To address this gap, this study aimed to comprehensively investigate the roles and clinical value of epithelial cell-related genes in PCa. METHODS: Leveraging single-cell sequencing data from GSE176031, we conducted an extensive analysis to identify epithelial cell marker genes (ECMGs). Employing consensus clustering analysis, we evaluated the correlations between ECMGs, prognosis, and immune responses in PCa. Subsequently, we developed and validated an optimal prognostic signature, termed the epithelial cell marker gene prognostic signature (ECMGPS), through synergistic analysis from 101 models employing 10 machine learning algorithms across five independent cohorts. Additionally, we collected clinical features and previously published signatures from the literature for comparative analysis. Furthermore, we explored the clinical utility of ECMGPS in immunotherapy and drug selection using multi-omics analysis and the IMvigor cohort. Finally, we investigated the biological functions of the hub gene, transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 3 (TMED3), in PCa using public databases and experiments. RESULTS: We identified a comprehensive set of 543 ECMGs and established a strong correlation between ECMGs and both the prognostic evaluation and immune classification in PCa. Notably, ECMGPS exhibited robust predictive capability, surpassing traditional clinical features and 80 published signatures in terms of both independence and accuracy across five cohorts. Significantly, ECMGPS demonstrated significant promise in identifying potential PCa patients who might benefit from immunotherapy and personalized medicine, thereby moving us nearer to tailored therapeutic approaches for individuals. Moreover, the role of TMED3 in promoting malignant proliferation of PCa cells was validated. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight ECMGPS as a powerful tool for improving PCa patient outcomes and supply a robust conceptual framework for in-depth examination of PCa complexities. Simultaneously, our study has the potential to develop a novel alternative for PCa diagnosis and prognostication.

SARS-CoV-2 main protease cleaves MAGED2 to antagonize host antiviral defense.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent causing the global pandemic of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes a main protease (nsp5, also called Mpro) and a papain-like protease (nsp3, also called PLpro), which are responsible for processing viral polyproteins to assemble a functional replicase complex. In this study, we found that Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 can cleave human MAGED2 and other mammalian orthologs at Gln-263. Moreover, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Mpro can also cleave human MAGED2, suggesting MAGED2 cleavage by Mpro is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of coronavirus infection in mammals. Intriguingly, Mpro from Beta variant cleaves MAGED2 more efficiently than wild type, but Omicron Mpro is opposite. Further studies show that MAGED2 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection at viral replication step. Mechanistically, MAGED2 is associated with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein through its N-terminal region in an RNA-dependent manner, and this disrupts the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and viral genome, thus inhibiting viral replication. When MAGED2 is cleaved by Mpro, the N-terminal of MAGED2 will translocate into the nucleus, and the truncated MAGED2 is unable to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication. This work not only discovers the antiviral function of MAGED2 but also provides new insights into how SARS-CoV-2 Mpro antagonizes host antiviral response. IMPORTANCE Host factors that restrict severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remain elusive. Here, we found that MAGED2 can be cleaved by SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) at Gln-263. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Mpro can also cleave MAGED2, and MAGED2 from multiple species can be cleaved by SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Mpro from Beta variant cleaves MAGED2 more efficiently efficiently than wild type, but Omicron is the opposite. MAGED2 depletion enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting its inhibitory role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mechanistically, MAGED2 restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication by disrupting the interaction between nucleocapsid and viral genomes. When MAGED2 is cleaved, its N-terminal will translocate into the nucleus. In this way, Mpro relieves MAGED2' inhibition on viral replication. This study improves our understanding of complex viral-host interaction and provides novel targets to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Study of 43 SLE patients with autoimmune liver cirrhosis: emphasis on clinical features and differences from lupus without cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus accompanied by autoimmune liver cirrhosis (SLE-ALC) patients and differences from the non-cirrhosis group. METHODS: Forty-three patients with SLE-ALC were enrolled in this study from 2653 patients with SLE in Peking University People's Hospital. A descriptive case-control study was performed between SLE-ALC patients and the entry time-matched non-cirrhosis group. RESULTS: Among the 43 SLE-ALC patients, 41 (95.3%) were female. Eight patients (18.6%) were first found to have cirrhosis and then diagnosed with SLE. Eighteen patients (41.9%) had jaundice and 27 (62.8%) had esophageal and gastric varices. The age of SLE-ALC patients was 51.1 ± 17.2 years, which was significantly older than the non-cirrhosis group (P < 0.001). Lung involvement was more common as initial manifestations in SLE-ALC patients during the SLE course (P=0.027). Compared with the non-cirrhosis group, SLE-ALC patients had worse liver function. A significantly higher rate of hematological system involvement (anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia) and a higher level of immunoglobulins were observed in SLE-ALC patients (P<0.05). Moreover, SLE-ALC patients displayed a lower positive rate of anti-double-stranded DNA and anti-ribosomal P protein (P<0.05). The most common radiologic manifestations are ascitic fluid (72.1%) and splenomegaly (71.4%) in SLE-ALC patients. Six SLE-ALC patients underwent liver biopsy, and interface hepatitis was present in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cirrhosis is rare in SLE patients but is manifested as a unique pattern of clinical features characterized by late-onset age, lung involvement, high immunoglobulins, and impaired liver function.

Effects of Hermetia illucens larvae meal on the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) revealed by innate immunity and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis.

The larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, are now attracting attention and becoming promising sources for aquafeed ingredient due to the nutritious substance. However, the introduction of a novel ingredient into the recipe may have unpredictable effects on the innate immune function and gut bacteria composition of crustaceans. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate how dietary black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) affected the antioxidant ability, innate immunity and gut microbiome of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed with a practical diet, including the gene expression of Toll and immunodeficiency (IMD) pathways. Six experimental diets were formulated by replacing gradient levels of fish meal (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 %) based on a commercial shrimp diet. Four replicates of shrimp were fed different diets three times daily for 60 days. Growth performance linearly decreased with increasing BSFLM inclusion. Results of antioxidative enzyme activities and gene expression suggested that low dietary BSFLM levels activated the antioxidant capacity of shrimp, while dietary BSFLM levels up to 100 g/kg may induce oxidative stress and inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity. Although traf6, toll1, dorsal and relish were significantly upregulated in different BSFLM groups, the expression of tak1 was significantly downregulated in groups containing BSFLM, implying the immune susceptibility may be weakened. Gut flora analysis indicated dietary BSFLM altered both beneficial and opportunistic pathogenic bacterial abundance, with low levels of dietary BSFLM increased the abundance of bacteria that may contribute to carbohydrate utilization, while high levels of dietary BSFLM may cause intestinal disease and low intestinal immune response. To conclude, 60-80 g/kg of dietary BSFLM showed no adverse effects on the growth, antioxidant capacity and gut flora of shrimp, which was the adequate level in shrimp diet. While 100 g/kg dietary BSFLM may induce oxidative stress and potentially weaken the innate immunity of shrimp.

Diet supplementation of organic zinc positively affects growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response and lipid metabolism in juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.

Zn is an important trace element involved in various biochemical processes in aquatic species. An 8-week rearing trial was thus conducted to investigate the effects of Zn on juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by feeding seven diets, respectively, supplemented with no Zn (Con), 60 and 120 mg/kg inorganic Zn (Sul60 and Sul120), and 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg organic Zn (Bio30, Bio60, Bio90 and Bio120). Sul120 and Bio120 groups showed significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate than Con group, with Bio60 group obtaining the lowest viscerosomatic index and hepatosomatic index. 60 or 90 mg/kg organic Zn significantly facilitated whole body Zn retention. Up-regulation of hepatic superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities and decline of malondialdehyde contents indicated augmented antioxidant capacities by organic Zn. Zn treatment also lowered plasma aminotransferase levels while promoting acid phosphatase activity and hepatic transcription levels of alp1, acp1 and lyz-c than deprivation of Zn. The alterations in whole body and liver crude lipid and plasma TAG contents illustrated the regulatory effect of Zn on lipid metabolism, which could be possibly attributed to the changes in hepatic expressions of acc1, pparγ, atgl and cpt1. These findings demonstrated the capabilities of Zn in potentiating growth and morphological performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity as well as regulating lipid metabolism in M. salmoides. Organic Zn could perform comparable effects at same or lower supplementation levels than inorganic Zn, suggesting its higher efficiency. 60 mg/kg supplementation of organic Zn could effectively cover the requirements of M. salmoides.

Joint Modeling of Gene-Environment Correlations and Interactions using Polygenic Risk Scores in Case-Control Studies.

Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are rapidly emerging as aggregated measures of disease-risk associated with many genetic variants. Understanding the interplay of PRS with environmental factors is critical for interpreting and applying PRS in a wide variety of settings. We develop an efficient method for simultaneously modeling gene-environment correlations and interactions using PRS in case-control studies. We use a logistic-normal regression modeling framework to specify the disease risk and PRS distribution in the underlying population and propose joint inference across the two models using the retrospective likelihood of the case-control data. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the flexibility of the method in trading-off bias and efficiency for the estimation of various model parameters compared to the standard logistic regression or a case-only analysis for gene-environment interactions, or a control-only analysis for gene-environment correlations. Finally, using simulated case-control datasets within the UK Biobank study, we demonstrate the power of the proposed method for its ability to recover results from the full prospective cohort for the detection of an interaction between long-term oral contraceptive use and PRS on the risk of breast cancer. This method is computationally efficient and implemented in a user-friendly R package.

RNF138 inhibits late inflammatory gene transcription through degradation of SMARCC1 of the SWI/SNF complex.

As one of the core components of the switching or sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex, SMARCC1 (BAF155, SRG3) plays essential roles in activation of late inflammatory genes in response to microbial challenge. However, little is known about the mechanism of how SMARCC1 regulates the inflammatory innate response. Via functional screening, we identify the nuclear E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF138 as a negative regulator in the inflammatory innate response and show that RNF138 interacts with SMARCC1 and mediates its K48-linked polyubiquitination at position Lys643 and proteasomal degradation. As a result, the catalytic activity of RNF138 fine-tunes the kinetics of late inflammatory gene transcription by inhibiting chromatin remodeling at SWI/SNF-regulated gene loci. Reduced RNF138 and increased SMARCC1 in monocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients are observed. These results provide mechanistic insight into the interplay among nucleosome remodeling, inflammation, and ubiquitylation and underscore the important role of the E3 ubiquitin ligases in controlling the extent and duration of inflammatory responses.

Hypermethylation of nc886 in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer and its clinical implications: An epigenome-wide association study.

The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has increased rapidly in the United States, driven by rising human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the U.S. population. HPV-positive OPSCC patients have a better prognosis than HPV-negative patients. To gain insights into the unique biology of HPV(+) OPSCC that may contribute to its clinical behaviors, we performed a multi-stage epigenome-wide methylation profiling of leukocyte and tumor DNA in OPSCC patients and compared the methylation levels of CpG sites between HPV(+) and HPV(-) OPSCC patients. We identified and validated a significantly differentially methylated region (DMR) of 1,355 bp encompassing non-coding RNA 886 (nc886) gene and its promoter region. Nc886 is hypermethylated in both leukocytes and tumor DNA of HPV(+) OPSCC patients. Homozygous knockout of nc886 by CRISPR-Cas9 in head and neck cell lines was lethal, but nc886 could be knocked out on the background of protein kinase R (PKR) knockout. Our data suggest that HPV induces nc886 hypermethylation, and nc886 acts as both a viral sensor and a tumor sensor in OPSCC patients and contribute to the better prognosis of HPV(+) OPSCC patients. Nc886 may become a therapeutic target in OPSCC.

Tumor-polarized GPX3+ AT2 lung epithelial cells promote premetastatic niche formation.

The cellular and molecular components required for the formation of premetastatic niche (PMN) to promote lung metastasis need to be further investigated. Lung epithelial cells have been reported to exhibit immunomodulatory roles in lung homeostasis and also to mediate immunosuppressive PMN formation in lung metastasis. Here, by single-cell sequencing, we identified a tumor-polarized subpopulation of alveolar type 2 (AT2) epithelial cells with increased expression of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) and high production of interleukin (IL)-10 in the PMN. IL-10-producing GPX3+ AT2 cells inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation but enhanced regulatory T cell generation. Mechanistically, tumor exosome-inducing GPX3 expression is required for GPX3+ AT2 cells to preferentially produce IL-10 by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) and promoting HIF-1α-induced IL-10 production. Accordingly, conditional knockout of GPX3 in AT2 cells suppressed lung metastasis in spontaneous metastatic models. Together, our findings reveal a role of tumor-polarized GPX3+ AT2 cells in promoting lung PMN formation, adding insights into immune evasion in lung metastasis and providing potential targets for the intervention of tumor metastasis.

Protein Kinase C Inhibitors Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Cultured Cells.

Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a severe threat to global public health. The current study revealed that several inhibitors of protein kinases C (PKCs) possess protective activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Four pan-PKC inhibitors, Go 6983, bisindolylmaleimide I, enzastaurin, and sotrastaurin, reduced the replication of a SARS-CoV-2 replicon in both BHK-21 and Huh7 cells. A PKCδ-specific inhibitor, rottlerin, was also effective in reducing viral infection. The PKC inhibitors acted at an early step of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, PKC inhibitors blocked the replication of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in ACE2-expressing A549 cells. Our work highlights the importance of the PKC signaling pathway in infection by SARS-CoV-2 and provides evidence that PKC-specific inhibitors are potential therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE There is an urgent need for effective therapeutic drugs to control the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We found that several inhibitors of protein kinases C (PKCs) dramatically decrease the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cultured cells. These PKC inhibitors interfere with an early step of viral infection. Therefore, the rapid and prominent antiviral effect of PKC inhibitors underscores that they are promising antiviral agents and suggests that PKCs are important host factors involved in infection by SARS-CoV-2.

Erratum: The origin of bladder cancer from mucosal field effects.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104551.].

Beneficial Changes in Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, Hepatic Health, and Flesh Quality of Trachinotus ovatus Fed With Oedocladium carolinianum.

The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of astaxanthin-rich Oedocladium carolinianum as an immunostimulant in the diet for Trachinotus ovatus. Three experimental diets containing 0% (OC0), 1% (OC1), and 5% (OC5) O. carolinianum powder were formulated for 6-week feeding trials. The results indicated that the OC5 diet boosted the growth performance through decreasing the feed conversion ratio and increasing digestive enzyme activities and intestinal villus length. Meanwhile, fish fed with the OC5 diet promoted antioxidant ability via stimulating the Nrf2-ARE signal pathway and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, the OC5 diet exerted hepatoprotective effects by suppressing the lipid deposition and inflammation response and enhancing the transport capacity of cholesterol. Besides, the OC5 diet improved the non-specific immunity by activating the lysozyme and complement system and increasing the nitric oxide content and total nitric oxide synthase activity. Dietary O. carolinianum supplementation promoted the deposition of astaxanthin in the whole body. Therefore, a diet supplemented with 5% O. carolinianum is recommended to boost the growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and flesh quality of T. ovatus.