Research progress of drug eluting balloon in arterial circulatory system.

The arterial circulatory system diseases are common in clinical practice, and their treatment options have been of great interest due to their high morbidity and mortality. Drug-eluting balloons, as a new type of endovascular interventional treatment option, can avoid the long-term implantation of metal stents and is a new type of angioplasty without stents, so drug-eluting balloons have better therapeutic effects in some arterial circulatory diseases and have been initially used in clinical practice. In this review, we first describe the development, process, and mechanism of drug-eluting balloons. Then we summarize the current studies on the application of drug-eluting balloons in coronary artery lesions, in-stent restenosis, and peripheral vascular disease. As well as the technical difficulties and complications in the application of drug-eluting balloons and possible management options, in order to provide ideas and help for future in-depth studies and provide new strategies for the treatment of more arterial system diseases.

Role and mechanisms of SGLT-2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects approximately 20-40% of individuals with diabetes. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, emerging as novel hypoglycemic agents, have demonstrated significant cardiorenal protective effects in patients with DKD. Initially, it was believed that the efficacy of SGLT-2 inhibitors declined as the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased, which led to their preferential use in DKD patients at G1-G3 stages. However, recent findings from the DAPA-CKD and EMPA-KIDNEY studies have revealed equally beneficial cardiorenal effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors in individuals at stage G4 DKD, although the underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear. In this comprehensive analysis, we provide a systematic review of the mechanisms and functioning of SGLT-2 inhibitors, potential renal protection mechanisms, and the therapeutic efficacy and safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors in kidney diseases, with a particular focus on stage G4 DKD. Gaining a deeper understanding of the renal protective effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors and their underlying mechanisms is highly significance for the successful utilization of these inhibitors in the treatment of diverse kidney disorders.

The Therapeutic Potential of CDK4/6 Inhibitors, Novel Cancer Drugs, in Kidney Diseases.

Inflammation is a crucial pathological feature in cancers and kidney diseases, playing a significant role in disease progression. Cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 not only contribute to cell cycle progression but also participate in cell metabolism, immunogenicity and anti-tumor immune responses. Recently, CDK4/6 inhibitors have gained approval for investigational treatment of breast cancer and various other tumors. Kidney diseases and cancers commonly exhibit characteristic pathological features, such as the involvement of inflammatory cells and persistent chronic inflammation. Remarkably, CDK4/6 inhibitors have demonstrated impressive efficacy in treating non-cancerous conditions, including certain kidney diseases. Current studies have identified the renoprotective effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors, presenting a novel idea and potential direction for treating kidney diseases in the future. In this review, we briefly reviewed the cell cycle in mammals and the role of CDK4/6 in regulating it. We then provided an introduction to CDK4/6 inhibitors and their use in cancer treatment. Additionally, we emphasized the importance of these inhibitors in the treatment of kidney diseases. Collectively, growing evidence demonstrates that targeting CDK4 and CDK6 through CDK4/6 inhibitors might have therapeutic benefits in various cancers and kidney diseases and should be further explored in the future.

Plin5 inhibits proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cell through interacting with PGC-1α following vascular injury.

Abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a hallmark of vascular neointima hyperplasia. Perilipin 5 (Plin5), a regulator of lipid metabolism, is also confirmed to be involved in vascular disorders, such as microvascular endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. To investigate the regulation and function of plin5 in the phenotypic alteration of VSMC, -an animal model of vascular intima hyperplasia was established in C57BL/6 J and Plin5 knockdown (Plin5±) mice by wire injure. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze neointima hyperplasia in artery. Ki-67, dihydroethidium immunofluorescence staining and wound healing assay were used to measure proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and migration of VSMC, respectively. Plin5 was downregulated in artery subjected to vascular injury and in VSMC subjected to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. Plin5 knockdown led to accelerated neointima hyperplasia, excessive proliferation and migration of VSMC after injury. In vitro, we observed increased ROS content in VSMC isolated from Plin5± mice. Antioxidative N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration induced by PDGF-BB or plin5 knockdown. More importantly, plin5-peroxlsome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α interaction was also attenuated in VSMC after knockdown of plin5. Overexpression of PGC-1α suppressed PDGF-BB-induced ROS generation, proliferation, and migration in VSMC isolated from Plin5± mice. These data suggest that plin5 serves as a potent regulator of VSMC proliferation, migration, and neointima hyperplasia by interacting with PGC-1α and affecting ROS generation.

MicroRNA-137 chemosensitizes colon cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin (OXA) by targeting YBX1.

The mechanisms underlying oxaliplatin (OXA) resistance in colon cancer cells are not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. However, the relationship between miRNA and OXA resistance in colon cancer cells has not been previously explored. In this study, we utilized microRNA microarray analysis and real-time PCR to verify that miR-93, miR-191, miR-137, miR-181 and miR-491-3p were significantly down-regulated and that miR-96, miR-21, miR-22, miR-15b and miR-92 were up-regulated in both HCT-15/OXA and SW480/OXA cell lines. Blocking miR-137 caused a significant inhibition of OXA-induced cytotoxicity, therefore, miR-137 was chosen for further research. An in vitro cell viability assay showed that knockdown of miR-137 in HCT-15 and SW480 cells caused a marked inhibition of OXA-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, we found that miR-137 was involved in repression of YBX1 expression through targeting its 3'-untranslated region. Furthermore, down-regulation of miR-137 conferred OXA resistance in parental cells, while over-expression of miR-137 sensitized resistant cells to OXA, which was partly rescued by YBX1 siRNA. The results of this study may aid the development of therapeutic strategies to overcome colon cancer cell resistance to OXA.

[Design of inhalable particulate matters measurement based on the Mie scattering extinction].

The concentration of inhalable particle is an important indicator in atmospheric environment monitor. Based on Mie scattering extinction, a precise testing instrument which can measure the concentration of inhalable particles at the atmospheric was designed by three-wavelength method in combination with the algorithm of distributed function. The dependence of extinction index on the spectrum was calculated based on Mie scattering theory in this article. Furthermore, the signal of time domain is integrated in the data processing to reduce the effect of error caused by multi-peak of spectra. The PM2.5 and PM10 were collected simultaneously in particle selection. Three different wave-lengths of lasers were coupled into an optical fiber by coupler (3 in 1) and passed through the sample cell. The attenuated light was detected by a PIN. Output of the detector was converted, amplified, displayed and stored by electronic system. Finally, the data were transmitted and shared in network through the 3G wireless module. The average particle size and concentration of inhalable particles were measured by this device at the same time. The technical specifications of the detector were verified by experiment, the experimental results indicate that the detection sensitivity of the system is 0.01 microg m(-3), the responsive time of system is approximately 90 s and it is suitable for measuring particulate matter concentrations of atmosphere.