Extent of Surgical Resection in Lower-Grade Gliomas: Differential Impact Based on Molecular Subtype.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffuse lower-grade gliomas are classified into prognostically meaningful molecular subtypes. We aimed to determine the impact of surgical resection on overall survival in lower-grade glioma molecular subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For 172 patients with lower-grade gliomas (World Health Organization grade II or III), pre- and postsurgical glioma volumes were determined using a semiautomated segmentation software based on FLAIR or T2-weighted MR imaging sequences. The association of pre- and postsurgical glioma volume and the percentage of glioma resection with overall survival was determined for the entire cohort and separately for lower-grade glioma molecular subtypes based on isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and 1p/19q status, after adjustment for age, sex, World Health Organization grade, chemotherapy administration, and radiation therapy administration. RESULTS: For the entire cohort, postsurgical glioma volume (hazard ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.18-2.75; P = .006) and the percentage of resection (hazard ratio, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.79-5.82; P < .001) were associated with overall survival. For IDH-mutant 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendrogliomas, the percentage of resection (hazard ratio, 6.69; 95% CI, 1.57-28.46; P = .01) was associated with overall survival. For IDH-mutant 1p/19q-noncodeleted astrocytomas, presurgical glioma volume (hazard ratio, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.22-8.39; P = .018), postsurgical glioma volume (hazard ratio, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.32-4.12; P = .004), and percentage of resection (hazard ratio, 4.34; 95% CI, 1.74-10.81; P = .002) were associated with overall survival. For IDH-wild-type lower-grade gliomas, pre-/postsurgical glioma volume and percentage of resection were not associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of surgical resection has a differential survival impact in patients with lower-grade gliomas based on their molecular subtype. IDH-mutant lower-grade gliomas benefit from a greater extent of surgical resection, with the strongest impact observed for IDH-mutant 1p/19q-noncodeleted astrocytomas.

Determining indirect caregivers' contribution to patient care.

It is critical to measure contributions of staff who are not direct caregivers so that organizations can continually maximize resource. Understanding the consumer's perceptions is necessary to identify activities that contribute to the perception of an effective CNE. An awareness of the values placed by consumers on education services helps the educators to focus their efforts on those activities with the greatest perceived value. If educators put their efforts toward valued activities, their services would be frequently used and the staff would be more willing to accept the information, thereby benefiting from the educator's expertise. Learning how a role directly benefits patient care helps nurses in leadership positions meet institutional objectives. It allows nurse leaders to ensure that the role is, in fact, contributing to care, and it is doing so to the fullest extent. This builds institutional support and value for the role. The process of evaluating the benefit also allows the educators to gain support and credibility among consumers and other individuals within the institution. This perpetuates the increased utilization and benefit of the role. Results of this project can be used as a guide in evaluating various roles. Understanding activities that are valued by consumers enables staff in the roles that are being evaluated to determine how and where they should focus their efforts. This is especially critical as staff is being asked to do more work with less time and must establish priorities in their ongoing workload. Finally, it is vital to identify ways of turning the invisible work that indirect caregivers provide into visible work.

The role of incest issues in relapse.

Comprehensive studies have established that relapse is the most common outcome of recovery programs treating addictive behaviors. This article examines the fact that relapse is often related to uncovering painful early childhood incest experiences that have been defended against through self-destructive addictive behaviors. Another aspect of relapse is the phenomenon of multiaddictions: withdrawal from an identified addictive behavior will often lead to the unmasking of other addictive behaviors. The phenomenon of cross-addiction is widely acknowledged in the addictions field, but the connection between cross-addiction and relapse needs to be more fully explored. This article focuses on the following points: (1) addictive behaviors may serve to defend against memories of sexual abuse; (2) unidentified incest material may precipitate relapse or result from relapse, and therefore must be considered as a possible component of treatment in recovery--indications for treatment in terms of 12-Step recovery in conjunction with therapy are explored; (3) relapse may indicate the existence of additional addictions that must be identified and explored in order for recovery to proceed; and (4) sex and love addiction is often found in conjunction with alcoholism, codependency and compulsive overeating, and often comes to light through the emergence of incest memories. The identification and treatment of this hidden addiction (i.e., sex and love addiction) will determine the extent and depth of recovery.