ABSTRACT
Toxoplasmosis is an important parasitic infection of man and animals. It is well-known that the progression and severity of disease depend on the immunological status of the host, but recent studies suggest that the genetics of the parasite can also play a role. Diagnosis based on clinical appearance and serology is not always easy. However, molecular methods do not depend on an immune response, and allow direct detection of the parasite in biological samples. Thus they can be used to establish a diagnosis when serological tests are not definitive. Multicopy sequences specific for Toxoplasma gondii, e.g., the B1 gene or the 529-bp sequence, are especially useful in molecular tests. Real-time PCR is very sensitive and is a promising technique that is capable of providing a quantitative result. Molecular methods are also used for genotypic characterisation of T. gondii isolates. Analysis of polymorphic sequences determines the precise strain. The choice of sequence is critical when undertaking studies on the correlation between clinical signs and symptoms of disease and the T. gondii genotype. Further studies involving direct genotyping of T. gondii from clinical samples are needed.
Subject(s)
Toxoplasmosis/diagnosis , Animals , Genotype , Humans , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , Toxoplasma/genetics , Toxoplasma/isolation & purification , Toxoplasma/pathogenicity , VirulenceABSTRACT
Interferon alpha (INF) is routine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Many controlled investigations were evaluated to establish the optimal schedule of treatment with sustained virological and biochemical response. Recently, multicentre meta-analyses suggest that combination therapy (INF + Ribavirin) was more effective than treatment with interferon alone. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of four schedules of antiviral treatment in 445 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Combination therapy (INF + Ribavirin) given for 6 mo. and monotherapy (INF) for 18 mo. were more effective than interferon alone given for 6 mo. Treatment with INF alone for 6 mo. was demonstrated to be insufficient.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage , Ribavirin/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Interferon-alpha/adverse effects , Male , Poland/epidemiology , Ribavirin/adverse effects , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Rectal formulations of mesalazine are the treatment of choice in mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A new foam formulation of mesalazine was developed to improve both drug delivery and patient acceptance. METHODS: In this multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, 111 patients with mildly to moderately active proctitis, proctosigmoiditis, or left-sided ulcerative colitis received mesalazine foam enema or placebo enema (2 g mesalazine per day) for 6 weeks. Disease activity was monitored on the basis of the Clinical Activity Index, Endoscopic Index, Histological Index, and global efficacy assessment by the investigators. Safety assessments included the recording of adverse events, laboratory variables and vital signs. RESULTS: Clinical remission was more frequent in the mesalazine group than the placebo group (65% vs. 40%; P=0.0082), particularly in patients with mild disease and patients with proctosigmoiditis. The frequency of patients with an endoscopic remission was higher in the mesalazine group (57%) than in the placebo group (37%). Similarly, 59% of patients receiving mesalazine but only 41% of those receiving placebo showed an improved Histological Index. The foam enemas were generally well-tolerated, and no treatment-related changes on laboratory variables and vital signs were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Mesalazine foam enema was well-tolerated and was more effective than placebo in the treatment of patients with distal ulcerative colitis.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy , Mesalamine/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Colitis, Ulcerative/classification , Double-Blind Method , Drug Delivery Systems , Enema , Female , Humans , Male , Mesalamine/administration & dosage , Mesalamine/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
In a patient aged 22 years with acute myeloblastic leukaemia during complete remission an allogenic transplant of bone marrow identical in the HLA antigen range was rejected despite administration before transplantation of a full marrow-ablating dose of busulphan (16 mg/kg) and severe graft-versus-host disease. Graft rejection manifested itself as disappearance of its haemopoietic function which was confirmed during the life and on autopsy. The case deserves attention in view of the rarity of HLA-identical marrow graft rejections in patients treated for leukaemias.