GSDMD in regulated cell death: A novel therapeutic target for sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction syndrome caused by an abnormal host response to infection. Regulated cell death is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged, infected, or aging cells in multicellular organisms. Gasdermin D, as a member of the gasdermin family, plays a crucial role in the formation of cytoplasmic membrane pores. Research has found that GSDMD plays important roles in various forms of regulated cell death such as pyroptosis, NETosis, and necroptosis. Therefore, through mediating regulated cell death, GSDMD regulates different stages of disease pathophysiology. This article mainly summarizes the concept of GSDMD, its role in regulated cell death, its involvement in organ damage associated with sepsis-related injuries mediated by regulated cell death via GSDMD activation and introduces potential drugs targeting GSDMD that may provide more effective treatment options for sepsis patients through drug modification.

Caspase-3/GSDME mediated pyroptosis: A potential pathway for sepsis.

The inflammatory response is one of the host's mechanisms to combat pathogens. Normal and controlled inflammation can accelerate the clearance of pathogens. However, in sepsis, the host often exhibits an excessive inflammatory response to infection, leading to tissue and organ damage. Therefore, studying the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of sepsis is of significant importance. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD) executed by the gasdermins (GSDMs) family, and its pro-inflammatory characteristics are considered a crucial component of the sepsis mechanism. Previous research on pyroptosis in sepsis has mainly focused on the caspase-1/4/5/11-GSDMD pathway, which has made significant progress. However, there is a lack of research on the roles of other GSDMs family members in sepsis. New research has revealed that the caspase-3/GSDME pathway can also mediate pyroptosis, playing important roles in cancer, other inflammatory diseases, and even some sepsis-related conditions. This discovery suggests the potential value of investigating caspase-3/GSDME in sepsis research. This review provides an overview of the role of the GSDMs family in infectious diseases, summarizes current research on the caspase-1/4/5/11-GSDMD pathway, describes the role of caspase-3 in sepsis, and discusses the research findings related to pyroptosis mediated by the caspase-3/GSDME pathway in cancer, inflammatory diseases, and sepsis-related conditions. The aim of this article is to propose the concept of caspase-3/GSDME as a potential target in sepsis research. Considering the role of this pathway in other diseases, including inflammatory conditions, and given the unique nature of sepsis as an inflammatory disease, the article suggests that this pathway may also play a role in sepsis. This hypothesis provides new insights and options for future sepsis research, although direct experiments are needed to validate this hypothesis.

New insights into regulatory cell death and acute pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) may be associated with both local and systemic complications. Although it is usually self-limiting, up to 20% of patients develop severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), which leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiorgan dysfunction and failure affecting the lung, kidney, liver and heart. Patients who survive the condition frequently develop devastating long-term consequences such as diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, chronic pancreatitis (CP) and poor quality of life. A lack of specific targeted treatments is the main reason for high mortality and morbidity, indicating that more research on the pathogenesis of AP is needed. In the past decade, substantial advancements have been made in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of AP, including mechanisms of calcium-mediated acinar cell injury and death, the cytoprotective role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy in preventing sustained endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs); however, the mechanism of parenchymal cell death is relatively poorly understood. This paper reviews the research progress of the regulatory cell death (RCD) mode in the pathogenesis of AP, providing some new insights and regulatory targets for the pathogenesis and treatment of AP, facilitating better targeted drug development.

Autophagy-driven neutrophil extracellular traps: The dawn of sepsis.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory syndrome caused by infection disorders. The core mechanism of sepsis is immune dysfunction. Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating white blood cells, which play a crucial role in mediating the innate immune response. Previous studies have shown that an effective way to treat sepsis is through the regulation of neutrophil functions. Autophagy, a highly conserved degradation process, is responsible for removing denatured proteins or damaged organelles within cells and protecting cells from external stimuli. It is a key homeostasis process that promotes neutrophil function and differentiation. Autophagy has been shown to be closely associated with inflammation and immunity. Neutrophils, the first line of innate immunity, migrate to inflammatory sites upon their activation. Neutrophil-mediated autophagy may participate in the clinical course of sepsis. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the latest research findings on the changes in neutrophil external traps during sepsis, the regulatory role of autophagy in neutrophil, and the potential application of autophagy-driven NETs in sepsis, so as to guide clinical treatment of sepsis.

Meta-analysis of Long-Term Relapse Rate of Type 2 Diabetes Following Initial Remission After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

This study aims to determine the long-term relapse rate of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) following initial remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We searched studies in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. A total of 17 eligible studies were included for analysis. Meta-analysis suggested a pooled long-term relapse rate of 0.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.34) and a remission rate of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.55-0.72) after RYGB and a hazard ratio of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.66-0.81) for comparison of RYGB and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Subgroup analyses established pooled results. This study suggested RYGB may be a preferred regime for obese patients with T2DM because it is associated with lower long-term relapse and relatively higher initial remission and was also superior to SG due to lower risk of recurrence.

[Numerical Simulation on the Radiative Characteristics of the Particles in the Pulverized Coal Furnace].

The radiative characteristics of char and ash in the pulverized coal furnace at the wavelength of 560 nm are analyzed here. The particles' radiative coefficients are calculated in the exit of the burner and in the upper part of the furnace separately according to the Mie theory. It can be inferred that in the exit of the burner, char has a great effect on the particles' radiative coefficient, which accounts for a percentage of 90%. While in the upper of the furnace, ash dominates the particles' radiative coefficient. The scattering ratio of the ash is calculated to be 91.6 and the scattering ratio of the char is only 50%.

[Research on the Distribution of Gas Concentration of Two-Dimensional Reconstruction Based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy with Multispectral Absorption].

The two-dimensional concentration distribution was reconstructed by using algebraic iterative reconstruction algorithm. This paper mainly focused on the effects of multispectral H2O absorptions on condition that the laser beam was less and the temperature was known, i.e. the influence of temperature on spectral line-strength was not considered as to this concentration distribution. Based on ART algorithm, increased spectral lines and increased laser beam were compared under the same concentration model. Three H2O lines were selected to reconstruct two-dimensional distribution of non-uniform gas concentration, and these three transitions were selected within the external cavity diode laser turning range in the simulated system. The interested region was discretized to 10×10 grid points, and the temperature and concentration of the reconstruction model were not evenly distributed, so the unimodal distribution and bimodal distribution were used to describe the concentration distribution. The simulated system also calculated the effective utilization of laser beams and absorption lines. The results showed that the reconstruction quality quickly increased with increasing H2O absorption lines when the laser beams were very few, the increased absorption lines could get more spectral information related to the concentration. The increased laser beam is also effective to improve the accuracy of reconstruction results, but increasing the absorption lines can better reconstruct a two-dimensional concentration distribution. Improving the absorption lines can also effectively reduce the costs of the hardware and the complexity of the measurement system, which shows that the multispectral absorption lines are applicable to in-situ measurements.

[Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of volatile components from pollen pini].

Headspace solid-phase microextraction HS-SPME) technique was employed to extract the volatile compounds from Pollen Pini. The volatile components were isolated and identified successfully by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatiles were collected using several SPME parameters (including extraction time and temperature). The best response was obtained using a PA fiber by when the extraction temperature was 70 degrees C, extraction time was 30 minutes and desorption time was 10 time. Analysis was performed by GC-MS. Seventy components were identified by HS-SPME. The main components were fatty compounds. The results showed that the HS-SPME technique could be used to extract the volatile components from HS-SPME-GC-MS.