Anti-TNFα in inflammatory bowel disease: from originators to biosimilars.

The introduction of anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) biologics significantly innovated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment and increased medical costs. The recent expiration of patents of some anti-TNFα biologics (such as infliximab and adalimumab) facilitated the development of biosimilars. Comparable pharmacokinetic, efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity profiles between anti-TNFα originators and biosimilars were demonstrated in different studies. Anti-TNFα biosimilars hold promise for reducing the high cost of biologics and increasing patient access to biologics. In this review, we outline the current data on the use of anti-TNFα originators and biosimilars in patients with IBD, with a focus on the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity profiles of infliximab and adalimumab biosimilars. The potential benefits, challenges, and future directions of anti-TNFα biosimilars are also discussed in the review.

The Drought Tolerance Function and Tanscriptional Regulation of GhAPX7 in Gossypium hirsutum.

Drought stress significantly affects the growth, development, and yield of cotton, triggering the response of multiple genes. Among them, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is one of the important antioxidant enzymes in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species in plants, and APX enhances the ability of plants to resist oxidation, thus increasing plant stress tolerance. Therefore, enhancing the activity of APX in cells is crucial to improving plant stress resistance. Previous studies have isolated differentially expressed proteins under drought stress (GhAPX7) in drought-resistant (KK1543) and drought-sensitive (XLZ26) plants. Thus, this study analyzed the expression patterns of GhAPX7 in different cotton tissues to verify the drought resistance function of GhAPX7 and explore its regulatory pathways. GhAPX7 had the highest expression in cotton leaves, which significantly increased under drought stress, suggesting that GhAPX7 is essential for improving antioxidant capacity and enzyme activities in cotton. GhAPX7 silencing indirectly affects pronounced leaf yellowing and wilting in drought-resistant and drought-sensitive plants under drought stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly increased and chlorophyll and proline content and APX enzyme activity were generally decreased in silenced plants compared to the control. This result indicates that GhAPX7 may improve drought resistance by influencing the contents of MDA, chlorophyll, proline, and APX enzyme activity through increased expression levels. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the drought-related differentially expressed genes between the control and treated groups enriched plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Therefore, the decreased expression of GhAPX7 significantly affects the expression levels of genes in these three pathways, reducing drought resistance in plants. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of GhAPX7 and its role in drought resistance and lays a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanisms of response to drought stress in cotton.

Intrinsic Out-Of-Plane and In-Plane Ferroelectricity in 2D AgCrS2 with High Curie Temperature.

2D ferroelectric materials have attracted extensive research interest due to potential applications in nonvolatile memory, nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. However, the available 2D ferroelectric materials are scarce and most of them are limited by the uncontrollable preparation. Herein, a novel 2D ferroelectric material AgCrS2 is reported that are controllably synthesized in large-scale via salt-assist chemical vapor deposition growth. By tuning the growth temperature from 800 to 900 °C, the thickness of AgCrS2 nanosheets can be precisely modulated from 2.1 to 40 nm. Structural and nonlinear optical characterizations demonstrate that AgCrS2 nanosheet crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric structure with high crystallinity and remarkable air stability. As a result, AgCrS2 of various thicknesses display robust ferroelectric polarization in both in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP) directions with strong intercorrelation and high ferroelectric phase transition temperature (682 K). Theoretical calculations suggest that the ferroelectricity in AgCrS2 originates from the displacement of Ag atoms in AgS4 tetrahedrons, which changes the dipole moment alignment. Moreover, ferroelectric switching is demonstrated in both lateral and vertical AgCrS2 devices, which exhibit exotic nonvolatile memory behavior with distinct high and low resistance states. This study expands the scope of 2D ferroelectric materials and facilitates the ferroelectric-based nonvolatile memory applications.

Facilitating giant panda crossings of national highway in Wolong area of Giant Panda National Park amid human activities.

As human activities continue to expand, wildlife persistence faces escalating threats from roads. In Wolong area of Giant Panda National Park, the local giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are divided into two population groups along the National Highway G350 (NHG). Therefore, selecting suitable areas to help those giant pandas communicate across the NHG is necessary. In this research, we evaluated the presence of human activities and simulated their absence to analyze how they affect the giant panda's habitat in Wolong. Subsequently, based on the kernel density estimation (KDE) for giant pandas and the main human distribution locations, we selected suitable areas for the population link between the two road sections on the NHG. We simulated the absence of human activities on the two road sections to compare changes in the habitat suitability index (HSI) and connectivity value (CV) relative to their presence. We aimed to carefully select the area for future giant panda corridor plans and simulate whether eliminating human activities will significantly improve the HSI and CV of the area. Our results show that: (1) Human activities presence has led to subtle changes in the landscape pattern of suitable habitats and a decrease in Wolong by 78.76 km2 compared to their absence. (2) Human activities presence significantly reduced HSI and CV in the 1000 m buffer along the NHG compared to their absence. (3) The HSI and CV of the 1000 m buffer in the simulated absence of human activities for the two road sections were significantly higher than their presence. This research identified the optimal road section for crossing the NHG to link giant panda population groups and habitats in Wolong. These insights are significant for formulating conservation decisions and corridor plans and for promoting wildlife conservation in reserves amid high levels of human activity.

Management of infected bone defects of the femoral shaft by Masquelet technique: sequential internal fixation and nail with plate augmentation.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effectiveness of a sequential internal fixation strategy and intramedullary nailing with plate augmentation (IMN/PA) for bone reconstruction in the management of infected femoral shaft defects using the Masquelet technique. METHODS: We performed a retrospective descriptive cohort study of 21 patients (mean age, 36.4 years) with infected bone defects of the femoral shaft treated by the Masquelet technique with a minimum follow-up of 18 months after second stage. After aggressive debridement, temporary stabilisation (T1) was achieved by an antibiotic-loaded bone cement spacer and internal fixation with a bone cement-coated locking plate. At second stage (T2), the spacer and the locking plate were removed following re-debridement, and IMN/PA was used as definitive fixation together with bone grafting. We evaluated the following clinical outcomes: infection recurrence, bone union time, complications, and the affected limb's knee joint function. RESULTS: The median and quartiles of bone defect length was 7 (4.75-9.5) cm. Four patients required iterative debridement for infection recurrence after T1. The median of interval between T1 and T2 was 10 (9-19) weeks. At a median follow-up of 22 (20-27.5) months, none of the patients experienced recurrence of infection. Bone union was achieved at 7 (6-8.5) months in all patients, with one patient experiencing delayed union at the distal end of bone defect due to screws loosening. At the last follow-up, the median of flexion ROM of the knee joint was 120 (105-120.0)°. CONCLUSIONS: For infected femoral shaft bone defects treated by the Masquelet technique, sequential internal fixation and IMN/PA for the reconstruction can provide excellent mechanical stability, which is beneficial for early functional exercise and bone union, and does not increase the rate of infection recurrence.

Electron beam lithography of GeTe through polymorphic phase transformation.

We report two previously undiscovered phases of GeTe including the sphalerite (c-) phase and the hexagonal (h-) phase with interlayer van der Waals gaps. A polymorphic phase transformation from rhombohedral α-GeTe to c- and h-GeTe at near room temperature is first realized via electron beam irradiation. Their underlying thermodynamics and kinetics are illustrated using the in situ heating experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. Density-functional theory calculations indicate that c-GeTe exhibits typical metallic behavior and h-GeTe is a narrow-gap semiconductor with a strong spin-orbital coupling effect. Our findings shed light on a strategy for designing GeTe-based quantum devices compromising nanopillars and heterostructures via an atomic-scale electron beam lithography technique.

Long-term in situ straw returning increased soil aggregation and aggregate associated organic carbon fractions in a paddy soil.

Despite the well-documentation of the effects of straw returning on soil structural stability and fertility, its long-term in situ impacts on profile aggregate size composition and organic carbon (OC) fractions remain poorly investigated. To address this research gap, the present nine-year field trial explored the co-effects of straw returning and chemical fertilization on soil total OC (TOC), dissolved OC (DOC), resistant OC (ROC), easily oxidative OC (EOC), as well as soil aggregate size composition of different soil depths (0-15, 15-30, and 30-50 cm) in a paddy field, East China. To do so, four different treatments were set up, including no straw returning plus no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (F), straw returning plus conventional fertilization (SF), and straw returning plus 80 % conventional fertilization (SDF). Our findings revealed that the >2 mm aggregates were dominant in all treatments, particularly in SF and SDF 0-30 cm soil layers ranging from 62 to 70 % (P < 0.05). The highest TOC contents happened in SF topsoil 0.25-2 mm aggregates (0-30 cm; 21.4 g/kg), 44.4 and 21.1 % higher than the CK and F treatments, respectively (P < 0.05). Regardless of soil depth, the highest EOC contents occurred in SDF 0.25-2 mm aggregates varying from 2.36 ± 0.1 to 7.7 ± 0.57 g/kg (P < 0.05). Further, the highest ROC and DOC contents took place in SF 0.25-2 mm and SF > 2 mm aggregates, respectively, differing from 3.86 to 15.8 g/kg and 250-413 mg/kg, respectively (P < 0.05). It is also worth noting that SF had the highest crop productivity with the seasonal yields of 3.51 and 13.5 t ha-1 for rapeseed and rice, respectively (P < 0.05). Altogether, our findings suggested that long-term straw returning coupled with conventional (SF) or 80 % conventional (SDF) fertilization are the most efficient schemes for the formation/stability of soil aggregates, as well as for the accumulation of different soil OC fractions and crop productivity in the Chaohu Lake agricultural soils of East China.

Effects of climate warming on soil nitrogen cycles and bamboo growth in core giant panda habitat.

Climate change can pose a significant threat to terrestrial ecosystems by disrupting the circulation of soil nitrogen. However, experimental analyses on the effect of climate change on soil nitrogen cycles and the implications for the conservation of key wildlife species (i.e., the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca) remain understudied. We investigated the effects of a 1.5 °C, 3 °C, and 4.5 °C temperature increase on nitrogen distribution in different soil layers of bamboo forest via an in-situ experiment and assessed the implications for the growth and survival of arrow bamboo (Bashania faberi), a critical food resource for giant pandas. Our results showed that warming treatments generally increased soil N content, while effects differed between surface soil and subsurface soil and at different warming treatments. Particularly an increase of 1.5 °C raised the subsurface soil NO3-N content, as well as the content of N in bamboo leaves. We found a significant positive correlation between the subsurface soil NO3-N content and the N content of arrow bamboo. An increase of 3-4.5 °C raised the content of total N and NO3-N in the surface soil and led to a reduction in the total aboveground biomass and survival rate of arrow bamboo. Limited warming (e.g., the increase of 0-1.5 °C) may promote the soil N cycle, raise the N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) enzyme activity, increase NO3-N in subsurface soil, increase the N content of bamboo, and boost the biomass of bamboo - all of which could be beneficial to giant panda survival. However, higher warming (e.g., an increase of 3-4.5 °C) resulted in mass death of bamboo and a large reduction in aboveground biomass. Our findings provide a cautiously optimistic scenario for bamboo forest ecosystems under low levels of warming over a short period of time, but risks from higher levels of warming may be serious, especially considering the unpredictability of global climatic change.

Predicting metabolizable energy of soybean meal and rapeseed meal from chemical composition in broilers of different ages.

This study determined metabolizable energy (ME) and developed ME prediction equations for broilers based on chemical composition of soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) using a 2 × 10 factorial arrangement of age (11 to 14 or 25 to 28 d of age) and 10 sources of each ingredient. Each treatment contained 6 replicates of 8 broilers. The ME values were determined by total collection of feces and urine. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the chemical composition clearly revealed distinct differences in SBM and RSM based on a principal components (PC) score plot. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of SBM was higher in broilers from 25 to 28 than 11 to 14 d of age (P = 0.013). Interactions between broiler age and ingredient source affected apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of SBM and ME of RSM (P < 0.05). The ME of SBM in 11 to 14 and 25 to 28-day-old broilers were estimated by crude protein (CP) content (R2≥ 0.782; SEP ≤ 83 kcal/kg DM; P < 0.001). The AME and AMEn of RSM in 11 to 14-day-old broilers were estimated by ether extract (EE), ash and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (R2 = 0.897, SEP = 106 kcal/kg DM; P = 0.002), and by EE and ash (R2 = 0.885, SEP = 98 kcal/kg DM; P = 0.001), respectively. The AME and AMEn of RSM in 25 to 28-day-old broilers were estimated by ash and ADF (R2 = 0.925, SEP = 104 kcal/kg DM; P < 0.001) and by ash and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (R2 = 0.921, SEP = 91 kcal/kg DM; P < 0.001), respectively. These results indicate that ME of these 2 plant protein ingredients are affected interactively by chemical composition and age of broilers. This study developed robust, age-specific prediction equations of ME for broilers based on chemical composition for SBM and RSM. Overall, ME values can be predicted from CP content for SBM, or EE, ash, ADF, and NDF for RSM.

Urea Electrosynthesis from Nitrate and CO2 on Diatomic Alloys.

Urea electrosynthesis from co-electrolysis of NO3 - and CO2 (UENC) offers a promising technology for achieving sustainable and efficient urea production. Herein, a diatomic alloy catalyst (CuPd1Rh1-DAA), with mutually isolated Pd and Rh atoms alloyed on Cu substrate, is theoretically designed and experimentally confirmed to be a highly active and selective UENC catalyst. Combining theoretical computations and operando spectroscopic characterizations reveals the synergistic effect of Pd1-Cu and Rh1-Cu active sites to promote the UENC via a tandem catalysis mechanism, where Pd1-Cu site triggers the early C-N coupling and promotes *CO2NO2-to-*CO2NH steps, while Rh1-Cu site facilitates the subsequent protonation step of *CO2NH2 to *COOHNH2 toward the urea formation. Impressively, CuPd1Rh1-DAA assembled in a flow cell presents the highest urea Faradaic efficiency of 72.1% and urea yield rate of 53.2 mmol h-1 gcat -1 at -0.5 V versus RHE, representing nearly the highest performance among all reported UENC catalysts.

Integrative bioinformatics approach for identifying key genes and potential therapeutic targets in the concurrent manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension.

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), identified as a primary cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD), intertwines with pulmonary hypertension (PH) to amplify cardiovascular morbidity. This complex synergy poses significant therapeutic challenges due to the absence of drugs specifically targeting their concurrent manifestation. This study seeks to unravel the molecular intricacies linking HCM and PH, aiming to lay the groundwork for targeted therapeutic interventions. Methods: Through the analysis of gene expression profiles from datasets GSE36961 (HCM) and GSE113439 (PH) within the public data repository of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), this research systematically identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), conducted extensive functional annotations, and constructed detailed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to uncover crucial hub genes. Further, co-expression analyses, alongside drug prediction and molecular docking simulations, were employed to pinpoint potential therapeutic agents that could ameliorate the combined pathology of HCM and PH. Results: Our comprehensive analysis unearthed 79 DEGs shared between HCM and PH, highlighting fourteen as pivotal hub genes. Validation across three additional datasets (GSE35229, GSE32453, and GSE53408) from GEO accentuated secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) as a key gene of interest. Remarkably, the study identified tacrolimus, ponatinib, bosutinib, dasatinib, doxorubicin, and zanubrutinib as promising drugs for addressing the dual challenge of HCM and PH. Conclusions: The findings of this investigation shed light on the genetic underpinnings of HCM and PH's simultaneous occurrence, emphasizing the central role of SPP1 in their pathogenesis. The identification of six candidate drugs offers a hopeful vista for future therapeutic strategies targeting this complex cardiovascular interplay, marking a significant stride towards mitigating the compounded morbidity of HCM and PH. Future mechanistic and clinical studies are warranted for the investigation of this potential target and therapeutics.

Myeloid cell-expressed MNDA enhances M2 polarization to facilitate the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Stable infiltration of myeloid cells, especially tumor-associated M2 macrophages, acts as one of the essential features of the tumor immune microenvironment by promoting the malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the factors affecting the infiltration of M2 macrophages are not fully understood. In this study, we found the molecular subtypes of HCC with the worst prognosis are characterized by immune disorders dominated by myeloid cell infiltration. Myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) was significantly elevated in the most aggressive subtype and exhibited a positively correlation with M2 infiltration and HCC metastasis. Moreover, MNDA functioned as an independent prognostic predictor and has a good synergistic effect with some existing prognostic clinical indicators. We further confirmed that MNDA was primarily expressed in tumor M2 macrophages and contributed to the enhancement of its polarization by upregulating the expression of the M2 polarization enhancers. Furthermore, MNDA could drive the secretion of M2 macrophage-derived pro-metastasis proteins to accelerate HCC cells metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. In summary, MNDA exerts a protumor role by promoting M2 macrophages polarization and HCC metastasis, and can serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.

Fc-null anti-CTLA-4 antibody: a novel strategy to facilitate cancer immunotherapy by ridding the colitis-inducing mishap.

Writing recently in Science, Lo and coworkers characterized a critical role of the gut microbiota in CTLA-4 blockade-induced colitis, revealing that an Fc domain deficient anti-CTLA-4 antibody can elicit antitumor responses effectively while avoiding the induction of colitis-like disease.1 This research opens up novel avenues for employing anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy to circumvent the onset of colitis, which is often considered the Achilles' heel of what is arguably the most efficacious treatment for certain blood cancers and/or solid tumors.

Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 65 (TRIM65) Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Transcription.

Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, comprising a family of over 100 members with conserved motifs, exhibit diverse biological functions. Several TRIM proteins influence viral infections through direct antiviral mechanisms or by regulating host antiviral innate immune responses. To identify TRIM proteins modulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, we assessed 45 human TRIMs in HBV-transfected HepG2 cells. Our study revealed that ectopic expression of 12 TRIM proteins significantly reduced HBV RNA and subsequent capsid-associated DNA levels. Notably, TRIM65 uniquely downregulated viral pregenomic (pg) RNA in an HBV-promoter-specific manner, suggesting a targeted antiviral effect. Mechanistically, TRIM65 inhibited HBV replication primarily at the transcriptional level via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and intact B-box domain. Though HNF4α emerged as a potential TRIM65 substrate, disrupting its binding site on the HBV genome did not completely abolish TRIM65's antiviral effect. In addition, neither HBx expression nor cellular MAVS signaling was essential to TRIM65-mediated regulation of HBV transcription. Furthermore, CRISPR-mediated knock-out of TRIM65 in the HepG2-NTCP cells boosted HBV infection, validating its endogenous role. These findings underscore TRIM proteins' capacity to inhibit HBV transcription and highlight TRIM65's pivotal role in this process.

Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract with a gradually increasing global incidence and prevalence. A prolonged course of IBD leads to a decline in patient quality of life and the creation of a substantial economic burden on society. Owing to the lack of specific diagnostic markers, the diagnosis of IBD still needs a gold standard based on a combination of clinical manifestations, imaging, laboratory, and endoscopic results. Accordingly, the current goals of IBD treatment are to alleviate clinical symptoms and reduce recurrence rates. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a standard set of procedures to diagnose and treat IBD. In this review, we summarize prominent and emerging studies, outline classical and contemporary approaches to diagnosing and managing IBD, and integrate multiple guidelines. Furthermore, we propose the possibility of establishing an early and comprehensive diagnostic workflow and personalized management strategy in the future. We aim to enhance the quality and standardization of diagnostic and treatment procedures for IBD.

SIRT1 Stabilizes ß-TrCP1 to Inhibit Snail1 Expression in Maintaining Intestinal Epithelial Integrity to Alleviate Colitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier comprising the junctional complex of tight junctions and adherent junctions leads to increased intestinal permeability, which is a major cause of uncontrolled inflammation related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is implicated in inflammation and the pathologic process of IBD. We aimed to elucidate the protective role and underlying mechanism of SIRT1 in cell-cell junction and intestinal epithelial integrity. METHODS: The correlation of SIRT1 expression and human IBD was analyzed by GEO or immunohistochemical analyses. BK5.mSIRT1 transgenic mice and wild-type mice were given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the manifestation of colitis-related phenotypes was analyzed. Intestinal permeability was measured by FITC-dextran and cytokines expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of the cell junction-related proteins in DSS-treated or SIRT1-knockdown Caco2 or HCT116 cells was analyzed by Western blotting. The effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide in DSS-induced mice colitis were investigated. Correlations of the SIRT1-ß-TrCP1-Snail1-Occludin/Claudin-1/E-cadherin pathway with human IBD samples were analyzed. RESULTS: Reduced SIRT1 expression is associated with human IBD specimens. SIRT1 transgenic mice exhibit much-reduced manifestations of DSS-induced colitis. The activation of SIRT1 by nicotinamide mononucleotide bolsters intestinal epithelial barrier function and ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Mechanistically, DSS downregulates SiRT1 expression, leading to destabilization of ß-TrCP1 and upregulation of Snail1, accompanied by reduced expression of E-cadherin, Occludin, and Claudin-1, consequently resulting in increased epithelial permeability and inflammation. The deregulated SIRT1-ß-TrCP1-Snail1-Occludin/Claudin-1/E-cadherin pathway correlates with human IBD. CONCLUSIONS: SIRT1 is pivotal in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity via modulation of the ß-TrCP1-Snail1-E-cadhein/Occludin/Claudin-1 pathway.

Assessment of medical information on irritable bowel syndrome information in Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia: comparative study.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) with heterogeneous clinical presentations. There are no clear testing parameters for its diagnosis, and the complex pathophysiology of IBS and the limited time that doctors have to spend with patients makes it difficult to adequately educate patients in the outpatient setting. An increased awareness of IBS means that patients are more likely to self-diagnose and self-manage IBS based on their own symptoms. These factors may make patients more likely to turn to Internet resources. Wikipedia is the most popular online encyclopedia among English-speaking users, with numerous validations. However, in Mandarin-speaking regions, the Baidu Encyclopedia is most commonly used. There have been no studies on the reliability, readability, and objectivity of IBS information on the two sites. This is an urgent issue as these platforms are accessed by approximately 1.45 billion people. Objective: We compared the IBS content on Wikipedia (in English) and Baidu Baike (in Chinese), two online encyclopedias, in terms of reliability, readability, and objectivity. Methods: The Baidu Encyclopedia (in Chinese) and Wikipedia (in English) were evaluated based on the Rome IV IBS definitions and diagnoses. All possible synonyms and derivatives for IBS and IBS-related FGIDs were screened and identified. Two gastroenterology experts evaluated the scores of articles for both sites using the DISCERN instrument, the Journal of the American Medical Association scoring system (JAMA), and the Global Quality Score (GQS). Results: Wikipedia scored higher overall with DISCERN (p < .0001), JAMA (p < .0001) and GQS (p < .05) than the Baidu Encyclopedia. Specifically, Wikipedia scored higher in DISCERN Section 1 (p < .0001), DISCERN Section 2 (p < .01), DISCERN Section 3 (p < .001), and the General DISCERN score (p < .0001) than the Baidu Encyclopedia. Both sites had low DISCERN Section 2 scores (p = .18). Wikipedia also had a larger percentage of high quality scores in total DISCERN, DISCERN Section 1, and DISCERN Section 3 (p < .0001, P < .0001, P < .0004, respectively, based on the above 3 (60%) rule). Conclusions: Wikipedia provides more reliable, higher quality, and more objective IBS-related health information than the Baidu Encyclopedia. However, there should be improvements in the information quality for both sites. Medical professionals and institutions should collaborate with these online platforms to offer better health information for IBS.

Potential molecular mechanism of exercise reversing insulin resistance and improving neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating nervous system disorders attributed to various conditions such as body aging, gene mutations, genetic factors, and immune system disorders. Prominent neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Insulin resistance refers to the inability of the peripheral and central tissues of the body to respond to insulin and effectively regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance has been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases and has been suggested to induce the occurrence, development, and exacerbation of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies have suggested that reversing insulin resistance may be a critical intervention for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Among the numerous measures available to improve insulin sensitivity, exercise is a widely accepted strategy due to its convenience, affordability, and significant impact on increasing insulin sensitivity. This review examines the association between neurodegenerative diseases and insulin resistance and highlights the molecular mechanisms by which exercise can reverse insulin resistance under these conditions. The focus was on regulating insulin resistance through exercise and providing practical ideas and suggestions for future research focused on exercise-induced insulin sensitivity in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.

What Determines the Low-Friction Mechanism of the Silicon-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Film in a Water Environment: An Atomic-Level Understanding.

It is widely acknowledged that doping silicon can significantly enhance the friction performance of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films in a water environment. However, the mechanism of low friction caused by doped silicon is still highly controversial. Therefore, this article compares the interface interaction between DLC and Si-DLC films in a water environment through first-principles calculations of physisorption and chemisorption effects. The results indicate that water molecules are predominantly chemically adsorbed rather than physically adsorbed on the Si-DLC surface. Further study reveals that when OH-termination is formed on the Si-DLC surface, water molecules are predominantly physically adsorbed rather than chemically adsorbed on the Si-DLC hydroxylation surface. Consequently, a more stable hydration layer is formed on the surface through the hydrogen bond network formed by Si-OH groups, ultimately leading to lower friction. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations further suggest that the lower friction coefficient of Si-DLC films in a water environment may be due to more water molecules at the friction interface and fewer interface covalent bonds. In short, the low-friction coefficient of the Si-DLC film in a water environment may be caused not only by the chemisorption of water molecules on its surface but also by the physisorption of water molecules on the Si-DLC film after surface hydroxylation.

Ring-Opening Coupling of Cyclopropanol with 1,2,3-Triazole for the Synthesis of Fused Triazoles.

A radical ring-opening arylation of cyclopropanol with 1,2,3-triazole has been achieved. This synthetic protocol provides straightforward access to a wide range of structurally diverse and chiral 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro[1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines with high efficiency from readily available chiral cyclopropanols.