Pan-Canadian consensus recommendations for GIST management in high- and low-throughput centres across Canada.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumours that originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal. GISTs are mainly driven by gain-of-function mutations in receptor tyrosine kinase or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for localized tumours and all currently approved medical GIST treatments are based on orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Recent discoveries in the molecular and clinical features of GISTs have greatly impacted GIST management. Due to the provincially rather than nationally administered Canadian healthcare system, there have been inconsistencies in the treatment of GISTs across the country. Therefore, guidance on the latest knowledge, clinical management and treatment of GIST is needed to standardize the approach to GIST management nationwide. To establish pan-Canadian guidance, provide up-to-date data and harmonize the clinical practice of GIST management in high- and low-throughput centres across Canada; a panel of 20 physicians with extensive clinical experience in GIST management reviewed relevant literature. This included radiologists, pathologists, interventional radiologists, surgeons and medical oncologists across Canada. The structured literature focused on seven key domains: molecular profiling, radiological techniques/reporting, targeted localized therapy, intricacies of systemic treatments, emerging tests, multidisciplinary care and patient advocacy. This literature review, along with clinical expertise and opinion, was used to develop this concise and clinically relevant consensus paper to harmonize the knowledge and clinical practice on GIST management across Canada. The content presented here will help guide healthcare providers, especially in Canada, in terms of approaching and managing GIST.

How policy advocacy promotes regulated antibiotic use: Evidence from meat duck farmers of China.

Antibiotic residues resulting from the misuse of veterinary antibiotics pose a serious threat to global food safety and the ecological environment. Regulating the use of antibiotics is currently a major concern; however, existing literature on this issue remains insufficient. Therefore, to advance research in this area, this study utilizes data from 988 questionnaires collected across 9 provinces in China and employs the 3SLS systematic estimation method. It constructs an analytical framework to explore the mechanisms through which policy advocacy (PA) influences regulating antibiotics use (RAU) among meat duck farmers. Specifically, the study examines two pathways: " PA - public opinion pressure perception (POPP) - RAU" and " PA - moral responsibility (MR) - RAU." Additionally, it explores the potential mechanisms through which PA impacts RAU among farmers. The results show that PA (Coef = 0.070, SE = 0.014) can promote RAU by increasing the level of POPP (Coef = 0.173, SE = 0.091). PA (Coef = 0.351, SE = 0.028) can also promote RAU by enhancing MR (Coef = 0.239, SE = 0.035). Meanwhile, this study introduces Internet use (IU) and reputational incentives (RI) as moderating variables to analyze their role in moderating the impact of PA on RAU. It was demonstrated that IU (Coef = 0.088, SE = 0.016) significantly enhances farmers' awareness of the value of RAU and amplifies the impact of PA on MR. However, IU (Coef = -0.017, SE = 0.008) was found to inhibit the effect of PA on POPP. RI fully satisfies farmers' need for " honor " and enhances the effectiveness of PA in promoting both POPP (Coef = 0.009, SE = 0.002) and MR (Coef = 0.058, SE = 0.004). Finally, the study proposes that the government expand PA channels, innovate methods, and combine online outreach with demonstrations to improve farmers' awareness of antibiotic use and address their reputational needs.

Racial Biases Associated With Pulse Oximetry: Longitudinal Social Network Analysis of Social Media Advocacy Impact.

BACKGROUND: Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method widely used in critical care and various clinical settings to monitor blood oxygen saturation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, its application for at-home oxygen saturation monitoring became prevalent. Further investigations found that pulse oximetry devices show decreased accuracy when used on individuals with darker skin tones. This study aimed to investigate the influence of X (previously known as Twitter) on the dissemination of information and the extent to which it raised health care sector awareness regarding racial disparities in pulse oximetry. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the impact of social media, specifically X, on increasing awareness of racial disparities in the accuracy of pulse oximetry and to map this analysis against the evolution of published literature on this topic. METHODS: We used social network analysis drawing upon Network Overview Discovery and Exploration for Excel Pro (NodeXL Pro; Social Media Research Foundation) to examine the impact of X conversations concerning pulse oximetry devices. Searches were conducted using the Twitter Academic Track application programming interface (as it was known then). These searches were performed each year (January to December) from 2012 to 2022 to cover 11 years with up to 52,052 users, generating 188,051 posts. We identified the nature of influencers in this field and monitored the temporal dissemination of information about social events and regulatory changes. Furthermore, our social media analysis was mapped against the evolution of published literature on this topic, which we located using PubMed. RESULTS: Conversations on X increased health care awareness of racial bias in pulse oximetry. They also facilitated the rapid dissemination of information, attaining a substantial audience within a compressed time frame, which may have impacted regulatory action announced concerning the investigation of racial biases in pulse oximetry. This increased awareness led to a surge in scientific research on the subject, highlighting a growing recognition of the necessity to understand and address these disparities in medical technology and its usage. CONCLUSIONS: Social media platforms such as X enabled researchers, health experts, patients, and the public to rapidly share information, increasing awareness of potential racial bias. These platforms also helped connect individuals interested in these topics and facilitated discussions that spurred further research. Our research provides a basis for understanding the role of X and other social media platforms in spreading health-related information about potential biases in medical devices such as pulse oximeters.

Recommendations for Interchangeability in a Growing Biosimilar Market in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Biosimilars offer significant advantages for improving access to biologic treatments in Latin America. However, their uptake has been slow due to misconceptions, regulatory uncertainties, and inadequate pharmacovigilance. OBJECTIVE: To address these issues, Americas Health Foundation convened a multidisciplinary panel of regional experts in biosimilar use and interchangeability from Latin America. The panel assessed the current landscape and recommended steps to enhance access. RESULTS: Key recommendations include strengthening biosimilar regulations, ensuring transparent enforcement, implementing robust pharmacovigilance, and promoting collaboration among stakeholders to educate about the safety, efficacy, and economic advantages of biosimilars and their interchangeability. CONCLUSIONS: By embracing biosimilars and interchangeability, Latin American countries can expand patient access, foster competition, diversify treatment sources, and enhance the sustainability of their healthcare systems. However, achieving these goals requires addressing knowledge gaps and biases among healthcare providers, patients, regulators, and government agencies. This can be accomplished through clear communication and the use of real-world evidence.

Biosimilars offer an opportunity to expand access to crucial biologic treatments in Latin America by providing lower-cost alternatives when patents expire. However, adopting biosimilars has been slow due to misconceptions and regulatory uncertainties. To address this, experts recommend considering approved biosimilars as interchangeable with reference products, allowing for switching without compromising safety or efficacy, with the limitation of switching only once per year. To improve access, well-defined regulations, enforcement, and transparency from regulatory agencies are necessary, along with education for healthcare providers, patients, and other stakeholders to address knowledge gaps and negative perceptions. Improved pharmacovigilance systems and collaboration between stakeholders can help communicate the benefits of biosimilars and interchangeability. By embracing biosimilars, Latin American countries can expand patient access, foster market competition, diversify treatment options, and improve the sustainability of healthcare systems.

Healthcare providers' advocacy approaches and ethical challenges in delivering healthcare to undocumented migrants: a scoping review.

Delivering healthcare to undocumented migrants presents a complex challenge for healthcare providers. Integrating advocacy efforts into their daily practices can be ambiguous in practical terms, stemming from the intricate task of addressing the health needs of this population while simultaneously advocating for their health rights within the constraints imposed on them. This study seeks to consolidate findings from literature regarding the advocacy approaches employed by healthcare providers and the correlated ethical challenges. We conducted a scoping review of qualitative literature by systematically searching four databases-PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cinahl, and Cochrane Library. For developing our search strategy, we employed the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) scheme. Our analysis followed the qualitative content analysis approach proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. 30 studies were included, revealing a cumulative total of 915 healthcare providers who were interviewed. A total of 30 themes emerged comprising 14 advocacy approaches and 16 ethical challenges. Healthcare providers made a deliberate choice to engage in advocacy, responding to injustices experienced by undocumented migrants. The spectrum of advocacy initiatives varied, encompassing voluntary participation in healthcare provision, empathetic understanding, and healthcare-focused strategies. We also identified numerous correlated ethical challenges, necessitating healthcare providers to strike a balance between their eagerness to assist and their professional competence, respect the autonomy of undocumented migrants, and establish trust with them. These findings not only offer practical guidance for healthcare providers to enhance accessibility to healthcare services for undocumented migrant patients but also foster awareness of the ethical challenges that may arise in their advocacy roles.

Hot topics in genitourinary cancers: A multidisciplinary discussion on state-of-the-art and latest developments among international experts and patient advocacy.

Genitourinary cancers present significant challenges to oncologists, necessitating innovative approaches for improved patient outcomes. The 'Controversies in Genitourinary Cancers' congress, held in January 2024, convened international experts to address the complexities of prostate, bladder, renal and rare genitourinary cancers. Sessions explored current trends, novel treatments, and unmet needs, emphasizing collaborative efforts to advance knowledge and patient care. Through multidisciplinary engagement and patient advocacy, the congress underscored the imperative of collective action in navigating the complexities of genitourinary cancers, ultimately aiming to transform clinical practice and improve patient outcomes.

Environmentally sustainable person-centred care: Occupational therapy students' attitudes, perceptions and self-perceived preparedness for practice.

INTRODUCTION: Climate change threatens the environments in which person-centred occupational therapy occurs. Environmental sustainability is directly linked with the health and wellbeing of current and future generations, presenting occupational therapists with a unique advocacy and activist role. As practitioners of the future, there is an urgent need to understand students' attitudes, perceptions of, and self-perceived preparedness for, dealing with environmental determinants of health and intergenerational occupational and climate justice. METHODS: A cross-sectional exploratory descriptive survey collected United Kingdom (UK) based allied health professional students' attitudes, perceptions, and self-perceived preparedness for advocating for environmental sustainability in the context of person-centred care. The survey was distributed to 48 gatekeepers in UK institutions with approved allied health professional training programmes (44 offered occupational therapy); 62 occupational therapy students responded. Descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data. Text and short answers were analysed qualitatively via inductive content analysis. CONSUMER AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT: The study was co-designed and implemented with MSc (pre-registration) occupational therapy students. RESULTS: Participants (94%) expressed concerns for climate change, with 84% feeling responsible for addressing environmental sustainability in health care. While 64.5% identified climate justice as a top priority, a perceived challenge emerged between person-centred care and sustainability, with only 18% of participants feeling prepared for environmental sustainability in occupational therapy practice. Participants requested education on personal and professional sustainability practices, as well as collective action. Sharing personal climate change experiences, advocating with family and friends, and facilitating connections for collective action were highlighted as potentially transformative educational tools in this area. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapy curricula should address environmental sustainability through pragmatic, critical, and ethical lenses to enhance students' preparedness for this advocacy and activist role. Reflection and continuous professional development for environmentally sustainable practices is recommended. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Occupational therapists believe that it is important to support people to participate in occupations that matter to them. However, the activities that some people choose to participate in may have negative effects on the environment and the planet. It is important to ensure that when occupational therapists support people in their choices of activities, this does not lead to unequal access to healthy and meaningful occupations of others, now or in the future. That is because occupational therapists also have a responsibility to prevent occupational injustice. Occupational therapy students are the professionals of the future, so it is important to include them in research about this topic. They need to develop skills that allow them to simultaneously make sure that they are delivering person-centred care, which is not environmentally detrimental and that does not lead to occupational injustice. Making sure that occupational therapists provide person-centred care while also managing risks of occupational injustice may be seen as a profession-specific dilemma. In this study, occupational therapy students in the UK completed a survey about their feelings, views, and readiness for managing this dilemma. Results showed that most respondents are concerned about climate change, but do not feel that their occupational therapy education sufficiently prepared them to practise in an environmentally sustainable way. They were asked to propose ideas for addressing this issue, and the article discusses how occupational therapy curricula might be changed in accordance.

Empowering Internal Medicine Residents Through Health Policy: A Simple Approach to Inspire and Teach Action.

Background Most physicians receive little or no teaching about health policy during residency, despite accreditation organizations emphasizing the need to do so. Lack of time, expert faculty, and institutional financial support can be barriers to implementing a health policy experience. Aim Our goal was to educate internal medicine residents about the legislative process, improve their ability to engage with lawmakers and inspire them to effect policy change in their role as physicians. We aimed to impart a basic knowledge of how health policy decisions are made and give residents hands-on experience in speaking to lawmakers without requiring significant faculty or resident time.  Settings Residents attended an hour-long classroom presentation at our medical school. A portion of them attended a lobby day with the Texas Medical Association (TMA). This consisted of introductory training at the TMA building and then a meeting with individual legislators at the Capitol.  Participants Sixty-three internal medicine residents received the classroom presentation. Thirteen residents attended the lobby day, ten of whom were in the primary care track, and three were residents in the categorical program who expressed interest and had scheduled availability. Three Dell Medical School faculty members also attended the lobby day. Program description Residents attended a one-hour classroom presentation about the legislative process, current health policy proposals, and local organizations and their policy priorities. Residents then participated in a lobby day with the Texas Medical Association (TMA) in the spring of 2023, which consisted of an introductory session with an issue briefing and training sessions. Residents were then separated into groups based on their zip code, guided in how to speak on behalf of their experiences, and met with their local lawmakers. Program evaluation We administered a pre- and post-experience survey. Only 16.7% had ever met with a lawmaker, but they highly rated the importance of engaging in health policy (mean±SD, 4.42±0.79). The experience significantly increased from pre- to post-experience their ability to contact their lawmaker (2.75 to 3.89), confidence in their ability to discuss policy with a lawmaker (2.33 to 3.56), and their sense of empowerment that they have a voice that can influence policy (2.92 to 4.22). Discussion Internal medicine residents view engagement with health policy as an important experience during training. By utilizing existing resources in our institution combined with an existing lobbying opportunity, we were able to improve resident confidence and abilities to engage in policymaking without substantial financial or time costs.

Utilizing Health Literacy to Empower Latino Adolescents.

Latinos are a minority population that experience many healthcare disparities that impact their access to health-related services. Improvement of health literacy is one way that healthcare providers can positively influence health outcomes within this population. Changes in educational curriculum have limited student's exposure to health information and created a gap in knowledge. A presentation regarding health literacy and advocacy was created for a group of Latino adolescents at a metro area high school. The presentation was offered in English, providing education on how to obtain health information from reputable sources, best words to describe symptoms of illness, and tips to successfully advocate for family members who may have difficulty communicating in English. The overall experience of the students was positive and impactful based on engagement and anecdotal feedback. The hope is to continue to partner with community organizations and improve health literacy among Latino adolescents and their families.

Responding to the Impact of Climate Change on Adolescent and Young Adult Health: A Position Paper of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and the International Association for Adolescent Health.

The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and the International Association for Adolescent Health recognize that climate change impacts multiple dimensions of health and well-being for adolescents and young adults. According to the World Health Organization, climate change is one of the top 10 health threats facing humanity. No aspect of adolescent health is spared from the consequences of climate change: food and housing insecurity, heat-related morbidity and mortality, water-borne diseases, infectious diseases, including sexually transmitted infections and HIV, mental health disorders, gender-based violence, conflict, internal displacement, and migration are all impacted. Vulnerable populations, such as adolescents and young adults, and those living in lower- to middle-income countries and environmental justice communities, are the ones whose health will be most affected. The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and the International Association for Adolescent Health call for urgent action in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Convention on the Rights of the Child to avert the irreversible consequences of climate change. Health professionals and health-care organizations can and should help lead global climate action along with youth, supporting mitigation and adaptation strategies that protect young people. Adolescent health professionals and organizations must advocate for climate justice and equitable resources, urge health systems to mitigate their adverse impacts on the environment, advocate for health organizations to focus on green investments, be leaders in climate education of the next generation of adolescent health professionals, and focus research on equitable strategies to reduce climate harms.

Facilitating psychiatric nurses' advocacy for mental healthcare users' human rights in a primary healthcare setting: a conceptual framework.

BACKGROUND: Even though human rights advocacy is a part of mental health care, psychiatric nurses in South Africa's primary healthcare (PHC) setting face substantial challenges when advocating for the rights of mental health care users (MHCUs). The study aimed to develop a conceptual framework to facilitate psychiatric nurses' advocacy for mental healthcare users' human rights in a PHC setting. METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual design was used to investigate the psychiatric nurses' experiences advocating for MHCUs' human rights in a PHC setting. Three phases were followed: the empirical phase, the classification of concepts, and a development phase. Following the empirical phase, a conceptual framework was developed to facilitate psychiatric nurses' advocacy for MHCUs human rights in a PHC setting. RESULTS: Three themes were derived from focus group interviews with psychiatric nurses in the empirical phase. These themes yielded the central concept as 'the facilitation of empowerment' of psychiatric nurses in advocating for MHCUs' human rights. The central concepts were also classified. A conceptual framework was developed that included the relationship, working and termination phases. CONCLUSION: The study described the development of a conceptual framework to facilitate psychiatric nurses' advocacy for mental healthcare users' human rights in a PHC setting. Psychiatric nurses play a key role in advocating for the human rights of MHCUs. This task is important and should be implemented from the government to the societal level, including all stakeholders.

Self-Advocacy Among Black Women During the Perinatal Period: Prevalence and Relationship to Patient Experiences.

INTRODUCTION: Black women experience many barriers to receiving high-quality maternal healthcare. The ability of Black women to self-advocate may mitigate these threats to their health. Limited research describes Black women's self-advocacy during the perinatal period and how self-advocacy related to other relevant concepts. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between self-advocacy, patient-provider relationships, and mental health outcomes among Black women in the perinatal period. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive pilot study recruited Black women who were either in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy or within a year postpartum to complete surveys describing their self-advocacy (Female Self-Advocacy in Cancer Survivorship Scale adapted for perinatal period) and maternal health outcomes (trust and comfort with maternal healthcare providers-Patient-Provider Relationship Scale; abuse and disrespect during childbirth-Mothers of Respect Index; experiences of discrimination-Experiences of Discrimination scale; depression-Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; and postpartum posttraumatic stress-City Birth Trauma Scale). RESULTS: N = 40 participants were recruited between January and September 2022. Participants reported moderate levels of self-advocacy which were associated with trust and comfort with healthcare providers (r = 0.57-0.76, p < 0.001). Feeling respected by healthcare providers was positively associated with two self-advocacy subscales (r = 0.42-0.44, p < 0.01). Depression was inversely related to all self-advocacy subscales (r = -0.47-0.62, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Black women's self-advocacy during the perinatal period is associated with trust and comfort with healthcare providers, perceptions of respect from their providers, and perinatal depression. Future research should focus on promoting trusting, respectful relationships between Black women and their maternal health providers.

Strategic Ethics: Physician Associations and Their Roles in Pursuing Racial Equity.

Since 2020, physician associations have become more vocal about confronting racism, initiating a wide range of advocacy efforts, making programming changes, and issuing public statements on the topic. However, associations have directed their enthusiasm about addressing racism toward an overly broad range of statements, initiatives, and legislative advocacy. In this essay, we provide some guidance regarding which race-based actions are best suited for physicians' professional associations. We describe traits of three types of physician associations in the United States-state, specialty, and affinity-highlighting characteristics of each and discussing their strengths and weaknesses regarding different types of action around racism. It is our hope that we might direct concerned physicians toward initiatives that draw upon association strengths and that can serve as the basis for association-specific advocacy niches-and away from initiatives that enable associations to signal that they are engaged in racial-equity work without accountability or efficacy.

Conceptualization and teaching health advocacy in undergraduate medical education: a document analysis.

BACKGROUND: Health advocacy is considered to be a core competence for physicians, but it remains unclear how the health advocacy role, despite being described in overarching competency frameworks, is operationalized in undergraduate medical education (UME). This study aimed to identify how health advocacy is conceptualized and taught in undergraduate medical curricula. METHODS: We performed a qualitative analysis of curriculum documents from all eight medical schools in the Netherlands, all of which offered competency-based UME. Thematic analysis was used to code all the documents and generate themes on health advocacy conceptualization and teaching. To categorize the emerging themes, we used the framework of Van Melle et al. for evaluating the implementation of competency-based medical educational programs. RESULTS: Health advocacy was mostly conceptualized in mission statements about social responsibility of future physicians, related to prevention and promoting health. We found key concepts of health advocacy to be taught mainly in public health and social medicine courses in the bachelor stage and in community-based clerkships in the master stage. Specific knowledge, skills and attitudes related to health advocacy were taught mostly in distinct longitudinal learning pathways in three curricula. CONCLUSION: Health advocacy is conceptualized mostly as related to social responsibility for future physicians. Its teaching is mostly embedded in public health and social medicine courses and community-based settings. A wider implementation is warranted, extending its teaching to the full width of medical teaching, with longitudinal learning pathways providing a promising route for more integrative health advocacy teaching.

High levels of Patient Self Advocacy may confound clinical research in understudied patient populations.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the levels of patient self-advocacy in a sample of participants with Chiari Malformation (CM) and to explore how they relate to clinical outcomes. METHODS: As part of a larger clinical trial addressing chronic pain in patients with CM, 111 participants completed the Patient Self Advocacy Scale (PSAS), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). RESULTS: PSAS scores indicated a moderately high level of patient self-advocacy (Mean = 3.86 SD = 0.50). The PSAS was not related to depression, anxiety, stress, pain intensity, or pain interference. There were no differences in PSAS according to surgical status (t(61.25) = 0.44, p = 0.66) or use of pain medication (t(109) = 1.05, p = .29). DISCUSSION: Participants in a clinical trial for CM have high levels of pre-existing patient self-advocacy. Research is needed to understand how patient self-advocacy contributes to the management of CM and how it could impact research of individuals with understudied conditions. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT05581472.

From Platelets to Preschoolers: The Pioneering Journey of Dr. Valentin Fuster in Cardiology and Global Health Education.

Dr. Valentin Fuster's career, blending pioneering research with global health education, has profoundly influenced cardiology and public health. From his early life in Barcelona's medical community to groundbreaking contributions at major institutions like Mount Sinai and Harvard, Dr. Fuster has led transformative research on cardiovascular diseases and their prevention. His work spans from detailed studies on platelets and aspirin's preventative roles to innovative uses of MRI for understanding atherosclerosis. Beyond academia, he has significantly impacted public health through educational programs like the character "Dr. Ruster" on Sesame Street, advocating heart-healthy lifestyles to preschoolers worldwide. Dr. Fuster's dual focus on advanced medical research and community health initiatives exemplifies an integrated approach to tackling heart disease on multiple fronts.

Parents' anti-Black messages, empathic reactions toward racism, fear of Black individuals, and perceived ability to engage in anti-racism advocacy among Asian American emerging adults.

Asian Americans, historically oppressed and influenced by White supremacist norms, may internalize anti-Blackness (beliefs of behaviors that minimize, marginalize, or devalue Black individuals) as they navigate White-dominated environments to survive and seek acceptance. However, there is limited research addressing the intergenerational socialization of anti-Blackness within Asian American communities and its impact as a barrier to cross-racial solidarity and involvement in anti-racism efforts. Thus, we tested whether parents' anti-Black messages were associated with fear of Black individuals and lack of empathic reactions to anti-Black racism, and in turn, related to hindrance in the perceived ability to engage in anti-racism advocacy among Asian American emerging adults. With data from 205 participants (Mage = 19.92, SD = 2.64, online convenience sample), we conducted a path analysis of parents' anti-Black messages indirectly associated with perceived ability in advocacy against anti-Black racism through fear of Black individuals and empathic reactions to anti-Black racism. Parents' anti-Black messages were associated with greater fear of Black individuals, which was associated with lower empathic reactions to racism, and in turn, ultimately associated with a lower perceived ability to engage in advocacy against anti-Black racism. This pathway was the best-fitting model compared with an alternative parallel model (fear and empathy as separate mediators) and a model with empathy as the first mediator. Our study suggests that clinicians, educators, and researchers should target parents' anti-Black messages and Asian American emerging adults' emotional responses (fear, empathy) to anti-Black racism in disrupting anti-Blackness at parental/family and individual levels.