Comparative proteomic analysis of donor human milk treated by high-pressure processing or Holder pasteurization on undigested proteins across dynamic simulated preterm infant digestion.

High-pressure processing (HPP) of donor human milk (DM) minimally impacts the concentration and bioactivity of some important bioactive proteins including lactoferrin, and bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) compared to Holder pasteurization (HoP), yet the impact of HPP and subsequent digestion on the full array of proteins detectable by proteomics remains unclear. We investigated how HPP impacts undigested proteins in DM post-processing and across digestion by proteomic analysis. Each pool of milk (n = 3) remained raw, or was treated by HPP (500 MPa, 10 min) or HoP (62.5 °C, 30 min), and underwent dynamic in vitro digestion simulating the preterm infant. In the meal, major proteins were minimally changed post-processing. HPP-treated milk proteins better resisted proximal digestion (except for immunoglobulins, jejunum 180 min) and the extent of undigested proteins after gastric digestion of major proteins in HPP-treated milk was more similar to raw (e.g., BSSL, lactoferrin, macrophage-receptor-1, CD14, complement-c3/c4, xanthine dehydrogenase) than HoP.

Emerging deep eutectic solvents for food waste valorization to achieve sustainable development goals: Bioactive extractions and food applications.

Food waste, accounting for about one-third of the total global food resources wasted each year, is a substantial challenge to global sustainability, contributing to adverse environmental impacts. The utilization of food waste as a valuable source for bioactive extraction can be facilitated through the application of DES (Deep Eutectic Solvents). Acknowledging the significant need to tackle this issue, the United Nations integrated food waste management into its Sustainable Development Goals, hence, the present review explores the role of DES in bioactive compounds extraction from food waste. Various extraction processes using the DES system are thoroughly studied and the application of bioactive components as antioxidants, antimicrobials, flavourings, nutraceuticals, functional ingredients, additives, and preservatives is investigated. Most importantly, regulatory considerations and safety aspects of DES in food applications are discussed in-depth along with consumer perception and acceptance of DES in the food sector. The key hypothesis of the review is to evaluate emerging DES systems for their efficiency in bioactive extraction technologies and various food applications. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of utilizing DES for synthesizing valuable food waste-derived bioactive components, offering a sustainable approach to waste management and the development of high-value products.

Grape pomace and pecan shell fortified bread: The effect of dietary fiber-phenolic compounds interaction on the in vitro accessibility of phenolic compounds and in vitro glycemic index.

Grape pomace (GP) and pecan shell (PS) are two by-products rich in phenolic compounds (PC), and dietary fiber (DF) that may be considered for the development of functional baked foods. In this study, four formulations with different GP:PS ratios (F1(8%:5%), F2(5%:5%), F3(5%:2%), F4(0%:5%), and control bread (CB)) were elaborated and characterized (physiochemical and phytochemical content). Also, their inner structure (SEM), changes in their FTIR functional group's vibrations, and the bioaccessibility of PC and sugars, including an in vitro glycemic index, were analyzed. Results showed that all GP:PS formulations had higher mineral, protein, DF (total, soluble, and insoluble), and PC content than CB. Additionally, PC and non-starch polysaccharides affected gluten and starch absorbance and pores distribution. In vitro digestion model showed a reduction in the glycemic index for all formulations, compared to CB. These findings highlight the possible health benefits of by-products and their interactions in baked goods.

Potential interventions and interactions of bioactive polyphenols and functional polysaccharides to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease - A review.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a multifaceted condition that is influenced by nutritional, microbial, environmental, genetic, psychological, and immunological factors. Polyphenols and polysaccharides have gained recognition for their therapeutic potential. This review emphasizes the biological effects of polyphenols and polysaccharides, and explores their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbiome-modulating properties in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, polyphenols encounter challenges, such as low stability and low bioavailability in the colon during IBD treatment. Hence, polysaccharide-based encapsulation is a promising solution to achieve targeted delivery, improved bioavailability, reduced toxicity, and enhanced stability. This review also discusses the significance of covalent and non-covalent interactions, and simple and complex encapsulation between polyphenols and polysaccharides. The administration of these compounds in appropriate quantities has proven beneficial in preventing the development of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, ultimately leading to the management of IBD. The use of polyphenols and polysaccharides has been found to reduce histological scores and colon injury associated with IBD, increase the abundance of beneficial microbes, inhibit the development of colitis-associated cancer, promote the production of microbial end-products, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and improve anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the combined effects of polyphenols and polysaccharides observed in both in vitro and in vivo studies, further human clinical trials are needed to comprehend their effectiveness on inflammatory bowel disease.

Ferulic acid: extraction, estimation, bioactivity and applications for human health and food.

Ferulic acid ((E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl) prop-2-enoic acid) is a derivative of caffeic acid found in most plants. This abundant phenolic compound exhibits significant antioxidant capacity and a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cardiovascular and neuroprotective activities. It is absorbed more quickly by the body and stays in the bloodstream for a longer period compared with other phenolic acids. It is widely used in the food (namely whole grains, fruits, vegetables and coffee), pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The current review highlights ferulic acid and its pharmacological activities, reported mechanisms of action, food applications (food preservative, food additive, food processing, food supplements and in food packaging in the form of edible films) and role in human health. In the future, the demand for ferulic acid in the food and pharmaceutical industries will increase. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Bioengineered yeast for preventing age-related diseases.

The aging process entails a multifaceted decline in the capacity to restore homeostasis in response to stress. A prevalent characteristic of many age-related diseases is the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation, a risk factor contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Specific lifestyle interventions, such as regular physical activity, targeted diet, and supplementation, can delay the accumulation of chronic age-associated conditions by mitigating inflammation processes. Bioengineered yeast-producing compounds with distinctive bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory properties, have the potential to provide rich dietary alternatives for the prevention of age-related diseases. This review highlights recent achievements in engineering effective yeast platforms, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, that hold promise in retarding the onset of aging and age-related ailments.

Green Technology for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Edible Plants.

In modern society, the use of bioactive compounds in various foods and cosmetic industry sectors through the development of general foods, functional foods, cosmetics, customized cosmetics and several pharmaceuticals has become one of the key technological sources. The most critical step in isolating and purifying bioactive compounds from natural plant materials is the extraction process. Over the past five years, there has been a reasonable compromise between economic, social, and environmental requirements, resulting in safer and more efficient traditional and non-traditional extraction methods. This literature review aims to comprehensively review green extraction technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials from 2020 to 2024.

A review on pharmacological activities and phytochemical constituents of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

Zanthoxylum armatum, a versatile plant known for its extensive pharmacological and phytochemical properties, has been traditionally utilised in various cultures for medicinal purposes. It is a widely recognised medicinal plant of the Rutaceae family, indigenous to Korea, China, Japan, and Pakistan, and thrives particularly in subtropical and temperate regions globally. Various parts of the plant hold medicinal significance: the seeds serve as a spice, condiment, and tonic; the wood finds application in dental care, crafting walking sticks, and timber; the fruit is utilised for oil extraction, water purification, and as an odontalgic, stomachic, and stimulant; the bark is valued as a tonic; while branches and thorns are utilised for their stimulant, stomachic, and odontalgic properties. The plant contains various bioactive compounds, including lignans, alkaloids, sterols, coumarins, phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, benzenoids, glycosides, alkenic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, armamide, L-sesamin, L-asarin, L-planinin, limonene, methyl cinnamate, linalool, linayl acetate, geraniol methyl cinnamate, citral, linalool and sabines. This review aims to comprehensively cover the pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Z. armatum, serving as a foundation for future research and potential applications.

Comprehensive review on the potential of ultrasound for blue food protein extraction, modification and impact on bioactive properties.

Food security for the increasing global population is a significant challenge of the current times particularly highlighting the protein deficiencies. Plant-based proteins could be considered as alternate source of the protein. The digestibility and PDCASS value of these proteins are still a concern. Blue proteins, the new approach of utilizing the proteins from aquatic sources could be a possible solution as it contains all the essential amino acids. However, the conjugation of these proteins with fats and glycogen interferes with their techno-functional properties and consequently their applicability. The application of power ultrasound for extraction and modification of these proteins from aquatic sources to break open the cellular structure, increase extractability, alter the protein structure and consequently provide proteins with higher bioavailability and bioactive properties could be a potential approach for their effective utilization into food systems. The current review focuses on the application of power ultrasound when applied as extraction treatment, alters the sulphite and peptide bond and modifies protein to elevated digestibility. The degree of alteration is influenced by intensity, frequency, and exposure time. The extracted proteins will serve as a source of essential amino acids. Furthermore, modification will lead to the development of bioactive peptides with different functional applications. Numerous studies reveal that blue proteins have beneficial impacts on amino acid availability, and subsequently food security with higher PDCAAS values. In many cases, converted peptides give anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and anti-oxidant activity. Therefore, researchers are concentrating on ultrasound-based extraction, modification, and application in food and pharmaceutical systems.

Additive manufacturing and in vitro study of biological characteristics of sulfonated polyetheretherketone-bioactive glass porous bone scaffolds.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a high-performance special engineering plastic, has gradually been used in bone substitutes due to its wear resistance, acid and alkali resistance, non-toxicity, radiolucency, and modulus close to that of human bone. However, its stable biphenyl structure determines strong biological inertness, thus artificial interventions are required to improve the biological activity of fabricated PEEK parts for better clinical applications. This study developed a novel strategy for grafting bioactive glass (BAG) onto the surface of PEEK through sulfonation reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), aiming to improve the bioactivity of printed porous bone scaffolds manufactured by fused deposition modeling (FDM) to meet clinical individual needs. In vitro biological study was conducted on sulfonated polyetheretherketone-bioactive glass (SPEEK-BAG) scaffolds obtained by this strategy. The results demonstrated that the optimal modification condition was a 4-hour sulfonation reaction with 1 mol/L concentrated H2SO4 at high temperature and high pressure. The scaffold obtained under this condition showed minimal cytotoxicity, and the Ca/P molar ratio, yield compressive strength, and compressive modulus of this scaffold were 2.94 ± 0.02, 62.78 MPa, and 0.186 GPa respectively. The hydrophilicity and the biomineralization ability of PEEK modified by the proposed strategy were substantially improved. The SPEEK-BAG bone scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatible properties, suggesting that the sulfonation reaction and BAG effectively enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. The presented method provides an innovative, highly effective, and customized strategy to improve the biocompatibility and bone repair ability of printed PEEK bone scaffolds for virous biomedical applications.

Effect of pH and hydroxyapatite-like layer formation on the antibacterial properties of borophosphate bioactive glass incorporated poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement.

Infection is a leading cause of total joint arthroplasty failure. Current preventative measures incorporate antibiotics into the poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement that anchors the implant into the natural bone. With bacterial resistance to antibiotics on the rise, the development of alternative antibacterial materials is crucial to mitigate infection. Borate bioactive glass, 13-93-B3, has been studied previously for use in orthopedic applications due to its ability to be incorporated into bone cements and other scaffolds, convert into hydroxyapatite (HA)-like layer, and enhance the osseointegration and antibacterial properties of the material. The purpose of this study is to better understand how glass composition and change in surrounding pH effects the composite's antibacterial characteristics by comparing the incorporation of 30% wt/wt 13-93-B3 glass and pH neutral borophosphate bioactive glass into PMMA bone cement. We also aim to elucidate how HA-like layer formation on the cement's surface may affect bacterial adhesion. These studies showed that 13-93-B3 incorporated cements had significant reduction of bacterial growth surrounding the composite beyond 24 h of exposure when compared to a neutral borate bioactive glass incorporated cement (p < 0.01) and cement only (p < 0.0001). Additionally, through soaking cement composites in simulated body fluid and then exposing them to a bioluminescent strand of staphylococcus aureus, we found that the presence of a HA-like layer on the 13-93-B3 or pH neutral glass incorporated cement disks resulted in an increase in bacterial attachment on the composite cement's surface, where p < 0.001, and p < 0.05 respectively. Overall, our studies demonstrated that borate bioactive glass incorporated PMMA bone cement has innate antimicrobial properties that make it a promising material to prevent infection in total joint arthroplasties.

Analyzing the Bioactivity of a Novel Bone Cement: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: To analyze the effect of bioactive bone cement (BBC) placed in a phosphate buffer saline solution in comparison to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). METHODOLOGY: Ten samples each of BBC (group 1) and MTA (group 2) were prepared and stored in a phosphate buffer saline solution. After three days of storage, white precipitates were formed on the surface of the samples. The solution with precipitates from each sample was analyzed for the presence of calcium and phosphate ions with coupled plasma atomic spectroscopy. RESULTS: BBC showed a significant amount of calcium and phosphate release after a seven-day storage period in phosphate buffer saline solution. Calcium release was significantly higher in group 1 (MTA) (p < 0.001) compared to that in group 2 (BBC), while group 2 (BBC) (p < 0.001) exhibited greater phosphate release compared to group 1 (MTA). CONCLUSION: BBC (group 2) retains its bioactivity when it comes into contact with a stimulated oral environment (STF). This demonstrates that BBC is bioactive in a simulated oral environment. Moreover, it retained good handling properties and could be easily manipulated into a dough form. Clinically, in cases of apical surgery, internal resorption or perforation repair where material placement poses difficulty, BBC will prove to be beneficial.

A Comprehensive Review on Manufacturing and Characterization of Polyetheretherketone Polymers for Dental Implant Applications.

Aging, tooth trauma, and pathological infections cause partial or total tooth loss, leading to the usage of dental implants for restoration treatments. As such, mechanical and tribological properties play an important role in the osseointegration and durability of these implants. Metallic and ceramic implants are shown to have mechanical properties much higher than the natural teeth structure, leading to stress shielding-related failure of an implant. Stress shielding occurs due to the difference in the elastic modulus between the implant material and the surrounding teeth structure, leading to bone loss and implant failure. The implant's properties (i.e., mechanical) should be as close as human teeth components. To achieve this, various materials and coatings are being developed and investigated. This review is a comprehensive survey of materials, manufacturing, coating techniques, and mechanical and tribological characterizations of dental implants, with a particular focus on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a potential alternative dental implant material. PEEK has mechanical properties similar to natural teeth, which make it a promising material for dental implants. The findings of this review suggest that PEEK offers superior biocompatibility, osseointegration, and wear resistance for implant applications. With the help of bioactive coatings, bone growth on the implant surface can be promoted. In addition, PEEK dental implants made using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology can significantly reduce the cost of implants, making them more affordable and increasing access to dental care, which can improve oral health significantly. In summary, this review highlights the potential of PEEK as a promising alternative dental implant material, and provides an overview of various techniques, testing, and future directions for PEEK dental implants.

The high-value and sustainable utilization of grape pomace: A review.

A large portion of global grape production has been utilized for wine production, accompanied by tremendous pressure to dispose grape pomace. To achieve circular economy, the high-value recycling of grape pomace must be considered. The social level barriers to circular economy promotion are also important constraints, like the acceptability of upcycled products. The main components of grape pomace and their utilization are summarized, and critical reviews of green extraction methods analyzed the key points of grape pomace recycling process to achieve the goal of sustainability in the production process, culminating in discussions of the factors affecting the acceptability of upcycled products. Grape pomace bioactive substances have higher added value. To realize its green extraction, various emerging technologies need to be made a comprehensive choice. Nevertheless, the acceptability of upcycled products is influenced by personal, context and product factors, optimizing them is essential to remove the constraints of circular economy development.

Impact of foam-mat drying conditions of "Gac" aril on drying rate and bioactive compounds: Optimization by novel statistical approaches.

This study was conducted to optimize the foam-mat drying conditions to maximize quality [ß-carotene and total polyphenol content (TPC)] and drying rate of "Gac" aril powder by using two novel statistical techniques as Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) couple with Genetic Algorithm (GA). During production process, level of egg albumin (EA) used for foaming process and drying temperature mainly influenced the drying rate and content of antioxidant compounds in powder. ANN model of 3-10-3 showed more accuracy and faster prediction capacity than RSM model did. ANN-GA model predicted the optimal conditions to be 13.31 % EA, 0.26 % xanthan gum and drying temperature of 73.1 °C, with the drying rate of 1.89 g-water/g-dry matter/min, ß-carotene content of 395.88 µg/g, TPC of 1.68 mgGAE/g. These results confirmed the suitability and promising of foam-mat drying for "Gac" aril powder production, to be producing food ingredient containing highly bioactive compounds.

Plant-derived exosomes in therapeutic nanomedicine, paving the path toward precision medicine.

BACKGROUND: Plant-derived exosomes (PDEs), are nanoscale vesicles secreted by multivesicular bodies, play pivotal roles in critical biological processes, including gene regulation, cell communication, and immune defense against pathogens. Recognized for their potential health-promoting properties, PDEs are emerging as innovative components in functional nutrition, poised to enhance dietary health benefits. PURPOSE: To describe the efficacy of PDEs in nanoform and their application as precision therapy in many disorders. STUDY DESIGN: The design of this review was carried out in PICO format using randomized clinical trials and research articles based on in vivo and in vitro studies. METHODS: All the relevant clinical and research studies conducted on plant-derived nanovesicle application and efficacy were included, as retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane, after using specific search terms. This review was performed to determine PDEs' efficacy as nanomedicine and precision therapy. Sub-group analysis and primary data were included to determine the relationship with PDEs. RESULT: PDEs are extracted from plant materials using sophisticated techniques like precipitation, size exclusion, immunoaffinity capture, and ultracentrifugation, encapsulating vital molecules such as lipids, proteins, and predominantly microRNAs. Although their nutritional impact may be minimal in small quantities, the broader application of PDEs in biomedicine, particularly as vehicles for drug delivery, underscores their significance. They offer a promising strategy to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of therapeutic agents carrying nano-bioactive substances that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer activities. CONCLUSION: PDEs enhance the therapeutic potency of plant-derived phytochemicals, supporting their use in disease prevention and therapy. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted aspects of PDEs, including their isolation methods, biochemical composition, health implications, and potential to advance medical and nutritional interventions.

Laser powder bed fusion printed poly-ether-ether-ketone/bioactive glass composite scaffolds with dual-scale pores for enhanced osseointegration and bone ingrowth.

Although poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) implants hold significant medical promise, their bioinert nature presents challenges in osseointegration and bone ingrowth within clinical contexts. To mitigate these challenges, the present study introduces Diamond PEEK/bioactive glass (BG) composite scaffolds, characterized by macro/micro dual-porous structures, precisely fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology. The findings indicate that an increase in BG content within these scaffolds significantly augments their hydrophilicity and hydroxyapatite formation capacities. Stress-strain curve analysis demonstrates reliable load-bearing stability across all scaffold types. In vitro assessments confirmed the non-cytotoxicity of PEEK/BG samples and demonstrated improved osteogenic differentiation and mineralization with increased BG incorporation. Further, in vivo experiments illustrated that the Diamond porous structure of these scaffolds facilitated bone growth, an effect notably amplified with higher BG content. Particularly in groups with 15 wt% and 25 wt% BG scaffolds, new bone formation was observed not only within the macropores of the Diamond structure but also within the micropores inside the scaffold rod, suggesting an almost seamless fusion with the new bone. This demonstrates the scaffolds' effective osteointegration and bone ingrowth properties. This study conclusively established the effectiveness of Diamond-structured PEEK/BG composite scaffolds, fabricated via LPBF, in bone repair. It highlights the crucial role of BG in enhancing osteogenic potential through interaction with the macro/micro pores of the scaffold. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study addresses the bioinert nature of PEEK implants by developing Diamond-structured PEEK/bioactive glass (BG) composite scaffolds by laser powder bed fusion. The dual-porous macro/microstructure enhances hydrophilicity and hydroxyapatite formation, vital for bone regeneration. By adjusting the BG content, we controlled the melt viscosity and sintering rate, leading to the formation of beneficial microscale pores. These pores resolve the issue of ineffective bioactive fillers in previous LPBF-fabricated scaffolds, enhancing the osteogenic potential of BG and inducing superior bone ingrowth and osseointegration. In vitro and in vivo analyses show enhanced osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and bone growth, underscoring the clinical potential of these scaffolds for bone repair.

Unveiling the potential applications of buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (Wats.) Bak based on in vitro biological activities, bio-active components, and potential applications coupled to targeted metabolomics.

Introduction: The buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (Wats.) Bak, commonly named red honeysuckle, have attracted attention because of their bright colors. However, owing to the lack of systematic studies, the potential applications of red honeysuckle are not clear, and its development and utilization have not been well known. Methods: In this study, compared with the buds of L. japonica Thunb. (honeysuckle), the potential applications of red honeysuckle were explored based on biological activities, bio-active components, and sensory flavor combined with widely targeted metabolomics. Results: As a result, in vitro tests showed that it had a stronger antioxidant and a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. There was no cytotoxicity on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells in its aqueous extract using the CCK-8 method. Moreover, it also had a stronger effect on inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß). The content of its bio-active components chlorogenic acid and cynaroside was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) than that of green honeysuckle. Widely targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that 4 volatile metabolites, such as (E)-4-hexene-1-ol and pyrazole, and 21 non-volatile metabolites, such as macranthoside B and oleanolic acid-3-O-glc(1-2)-(ara)-28-O-glucoside ester, were specific in red honeysuckle. Interestingly, 14 specific terpenoid metabolites were triterpenoid saponins, indicating a stronger biological activity in red honeysuckle. The sensory flavor analysis showed that the red honeysuckle had a stronger herbal and lighter floral flavor. Discussion: In conclusion, red honeysuckle had great development value with potential applications in medicines, foods, beverages, pigment additives, and health products.

The biology and chemistry of a mutualism between a soil bacterium and a mycorrhizal fungus.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (e.g., Rhizophagus species) recruit specific bacterial species in their hyphosphere. However, the chemical interplay and the mutual benefit of this intricate partnership have not been investigated yet, especially as it involves bacteria known as strong producers of antifungal compounds such as Bacillus velezensis. Here, we show that the soil-dwelling B. velezensis migrates along the hyphal network of the AM fungus R. irregularis, forming biofilms and inducing cytoplasmic flow in the AM fungus that contributes to host plant root colonization by the bacterium. During hyphosphere colonization, R. irregularis modulates the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in B. velezensis to ensure stable coexistence and as a mechanism to ward off mycoparasitic fungi and bacteria. These mutual benefits are extended into a tripartite context via the provision of enhanced protection to the host plant through the induction of systemic resistance.