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1.
Digit Health ; 10: 20552076241265217, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39099680

ABSTRACT

Background: Electronic health (eHealth) has been widely adopted in chronic disease management. Prior studies focused on time-based reminders as a cue to facilitate behavior change intentions, ignoring the development of automatic cue-behavior associations via other cue types. Objective: Hence, this study utilized avatar appearance as a visual-based cue to help establish the automatic association between appearance transformation and health behavior to form habits without intention. Methods: To better understand users' attitudes and experiences toward applying changes in avatar appearance to develop cue-behavior associations for hypertensive patients. Fifteen participants were recruited in a 14-day experiment. After excluding one participant who dropped out of the experiment, others were randomly assigned to two groups. One group consisted of a visual-based cue (a virtual plant) and basic behavior change techniques (BCTs). The other group only included basic BCTs. Attitudes and experience outcomes were collected by interview, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: 57% of participants had been diagnosed with hypertension for more than five years, and more than 50% of participants have experience using mobile apps or wearables. 66% of participants did physical activity more than three times every week. The result shows that tailored time-based reminders, blood pressure monitoring, and daily dietary intake were the most attractive features. Additionally, hypertensive participants have positive attitudes toward avatar appearance as a visual-based cue to develop cue-behavior association, which enhances self-management motivation. Conclusion: This study proposes a visual-based cue design for habit formation and conducts a qualitative method to explore hypertensive patients' perceptions. The findings offer insights from user's perspectives into hypertensive patients' attitudes toward visual-based cues and perception of the connection between avatar appearance and health behavior for self-management. Subsequent discussions present eHealth design guidelines of habit formation from intention, automatic cue-behavior association, and self-management perspectives.

2.
Cureus ; 16(6): e63549, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39086779

ABSTRACT

The most prevalent oral habit and one of the most often habitual behavioral patterns in preschool-aged children is thumb-sucking. This behavior is crucial to the development of malocclusion and must be addressed carefully since it may cause a secondary tongue thrust that worsens the issue. Developing an effective treatment plan requires determining the underlying cause, which may include psychological, physiological, and or anatomical factors. Overall prevention of behavior needs to be planned for successful outcomes. One such device for treating tongue-thrusting and thumb-sucking habits is the palatal crib. The present case shows the possible effectiveness of palatal crib use in conjunction with myofunctional therapy for a child whose diagnosis involves habitually holding the tongue low and sucking the thumb that causes an anterior open bite (AOB). An 11-year-old boy with flared and spaced upper and lower incisors also had an AOB. Myofunctional therapy was combined with palatal cribs to help the tongue reposition itself and discourage the habit of sucking. The AOB was successfully corrected with an appropriate overjet and overbite after a total of three months of treatment.

4.
JMA J ; 7(3): 353-363, 2024 Jul 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39114619

ABSTRACT

Introduction: To examine the interaction between lifestyle habits and the COVID-19 vaccinations for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, we analyzed 11,016 adult participants registered in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study. Methods: Lifestyle variables, including regular exercise, smoking and drinking habits, sleep status, body mass index, and daily breakfast consumption, were assessed from 2014 to 2019 using baseline questionnaires. Information on SARS-CoV-2 infection and the COVID-19 vaccination were also collected from March 2020 to May 2023. The study period was divided into two in the postvaccination phase: the first period (the beginning of the vaccination program) and the second period (the fourth shot onward). Results: In the Cox proportional-hazards model analysis, the five-time vaccinations group showed a significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection adjusted age, sex, underlying health condition, and lifestyle variables (hazard ratio [HR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-0.86). Logistic regression analysis revealed that a higher number of vaccinations was significantly associated with a low risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection regardless of lifestyle habits (three times in the first period: odds ratio [OR] 0.19, 95% CI 0.15-0.24; five times in the second period: OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.05-0.11 vs. none). Regarding lifestyle habits, the risk reduction in those who had sleep satisfaction (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.08-0.18) was slightly larger than in those who had sleep dissatisfaction (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.17-0.32) in the group with the highest number of vaccinations in the first period; however, this interaction was hardly confirmed in the second period when the number of infected cases significantly increased. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that a higher number of COVID-19 vaccinations was associated with reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection; otherwise, we may need to understand the advantages and limitations of a healthy lifestyle for preventing infection depending on the situation with vaccinations and infection spreading.

5.
Alzheimers Dement ; 2024 Aug 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39118441

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Many individuals change their smoking habits after cancer diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the association of post-diagnosis smoking habit change with incident dementia in cancer survivors. METHODS: We identified 558,127 individuals who were diagnosed with cancer at age ≥ 20 and survived for ≥ 3 years. Participants were classified into four groups: (1) sustained non-smokers, (2) initiators/relapsers, (3) quitters, and (4) continuing smokers. Dementia risk in each group was assessed using a cause-specific Cox model. RESULTS: After cancer diagnosis, 2.3% of pre-diagnosis non-smokers initiated/relapsed into smoking, while 51.7% of pre-diagnosis smokers quit smoking. Compared to sustained non-smokers, multivariable-adjusted risk of dementia was 29% higher among initiators/relapsers, 11% higher among quitters, and 31% higher among continuing smokers. Compared to continuing smokers, the risk was 15% lower among quitters. DISCUSSION: In cancer survivors, smoking initiation/relapse was associated with increased risk of dementia, whereas smoking cessation was associated with decreased risk of dementia. HIGHLIGHTS: Approximately half of pre-diagnosis smokers quit smoking after a cancer diagnosis. Smoking cessation was associated with a 15% reduced risk of dementia. More than 2% of pre-diagnosis non-smokers initiated or relapsed into smoking after a cancer diagnosis. Smoking initiation/relapse was associated with a 29% elevated risk of dementia.

6.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 764, 2024 Aug 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39123124

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption is a fundamental adaptation strategy for plant nutrient conservation. However, the relative roles that environmental factors and plant functional traits play in regulating N and P resorption remain largely unclear, and little is known about the underlying mechanism of plant functional traits affecting nutrient resorption. Here, we measured leaf N and P resorption and 13 plant functional traits of leaf, petiole, and twig for 101 representative broad-leaved tree species in our target subtropical transitional forests. We integrated these multiple functional traits into the plant economics spectrum (PES). We further explored whether and how elevation-related environmental factors and these functional traits collectively control leaf N and P resorption. RESULTS: We found that deciduous and evergreen trees exhibited highly diversified PES strategies, tending to be acquisitive and conservative, respectively. The effects of PES, rather than of environmental factors, dominated leaf N and P resorption patterns along the elevational gradient. Specifically, the photosynthesis and nutrient recourse utilization axis positively affected N and P resorption for both deciduous and evergreen trees, whereas the structural and functional investment axis positively affected leaf N and P resorption for evergreen species only. Specific leaf area and green leaf nutrient concentrations were the most influential traits driving leaf N and P resorption. CONCLUSIONS: Our study simultaneously elucidated the relative contributions of environmental factors and plant functional traits to leaf N and P resorption by including more representative tree species than previous studies, expanding our understanding beyond the relatively well-studied tropical and temperate forests. We highlight that prioritizing the fundamental role of traits related to leaf resource capture and defense contributes to the monitoring and modeling of leaf nutrient resorption. Therefore, we need to integrate PES effects on leaf nutrient resorption into the current nutrient cycling model framework to better advance our general understanding of the consequences of shifting tree species composition for nutrient cycles across diverse forests.


Subject(s)
Forests , Nitrogen , Phosphorus , Plant Leaves , Trees , Nitrogen/metabolism , Phosphorus/metabolism , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Leaves/physiology , Trees/metabolism , Trees/physiology , Tropical Climate , China , Photosynthesis
7.
Eur J Orthod ; 46(5)2024 Oct 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39119981

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/RATIONALE: Systematic reviews on the effects of pacifiers on occlusion have highlighted the need for quality RCTs. TRIAL DESIGN: Single region, three parallel-armed, prospective, randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlations between early childhood non-nutritive sucking habits and malocclusion. Specifically to test whether the use of a study pacifier has differing effects compared to other pacifiers and control, and whether the duration of pacifier use or digit sucking influence the occlusion. PARTICIPANTS: The subjects were firstborn children, born in 2008 in Vantaa, Finland. INTERVENTION: One-third of participants were offered study pacifiers, free of charge, from birth up to 2 years of age. The history of the subjects' sucking habits, including pacifier use was screened in a questionnaire at the age of 2 years, and clinical examinations were performed at the age of 7 years. In addition, the subjects were divided into groups that were equally matched regarding their mother's level of education. OUTCOMES: Posterior crossbite, anterior crossbite, overjet, deep bite, open bite, and crowding. RANDOMIZATION METHOD: Three districts were randomly allocated to three study groups by drawing lots. BLINDING: It was not possible to blind the clinicians or parents from the intervention. Blinding during data analysis was performed. RESULTS: From the original cohort of 2715 children born in the town of Vantaa, 1911 were excluded and 353 were lost to follow-up. The remaining 451 children were divided into three groups according to the use of pacifiers. The prevalence of posterior crossbite at the age of 7 years was higher if a non-study pacifier had been used (P = .005) even when matched for the mother's level of education (P = .029). The prevalence of posterior crossbite was higher if the pacifier habit had continued for 12 months or more compared to 11 months or less, 7% and 1%, respectively, (P = .003). Digit sucking for 12 months or more was associated with crowding (P = .016). The prevalence of crossbite in the study pacifier group was less than in control pacifiers. HARMS: No adverse harms were reported other than effects on the dentition. CONCLUSION: The use of pacifiers is associated with the posterior crossbite, especially if their use continues for a year or more. Parents/guardians should be advised to stop the use or reduce the use of pacifiers to a minimum after their child's first birthday. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01854502.


Subject(s)
Fingersucking , Malocclusion , Pacifiers , Sucking Behavior , Humans , Pacifiers/adverse effects , Female , Male , Fingersucking/adverse effects , Infant , Prospective Studies , Child, Preschool , Child , Open Bite/etiology , Finland , Time Factors
8.
J Appl Crystallogr ; 57(Pt 4): 1001-1010, 2024 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39108819

ABSTRACT

The spatial orientation of α lamellae in a metastable ß-Ti matrix of Timetal LCB (Ti-6.8 Mo-4.5 Fe-1.5 Al in wt%) was examined and the orientation of the hexagonal close-packed α lattice in the α lamella was determined. For this purpose, a combination of methods of small-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction was used. The habit planes of α laths are close to {111}ß, which corresponds to (1320)α in the hexagonal coordinate system of the α phase. The longest α lamella direction lies approximately along one of the 〈110ã€‰ß directions which are parallel to the specific habit plane. Taking into account the average lattice parameters of the ß and α phases in aged conditions in Timetal LCB, it was possible to index all main axes and faces of an α lath not only in the cubic coordinate system of the parent ß phase but also in the hexagonal system of the α phase.

9.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(33): e2408731121, 2024 Aug 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39106305

ABSTRACT

AI is now an integral part of everyday decision-making, assisting us in both routine and high-stakes choices. These AI models often learn from human behavior, assuming this training data is unbiased. However, we report five studies that show that people change their behavior to instill desired routines into AI, indicating this assumption is invalid. To show this behavioral shift, we recruited participants to play the ultimatum game, where they were asked to decide whether to accept proposals of monetary splits made by either other human participants or AI. Some participants were informed their choices would be used to train an AI proposer, while others did not receive this information. Across five experiments, we found that people modified their behavior to train AI to make fair proposals, regardless of whether they could directly benefit from the AI training. After completing this task once, participants were invited to complete this task again but were told their responses would not be used for AI training. People who had previously trained AI persisted with this behavioral shift, indicating that the new behavioral routine had become habitual. This work demonstrates that using human behavior as training data has more consequences than previously thought since it can engender AI to perpetuate human biases and cause people to form habits that deviate from how they would normally act. Therefore, this work underscores a problem for AI algorithms that aim to learn unbiased representations of human preferences.


Subject(s)
Artificial Intelligence , Decision Making , Humans , Decision Making/physiology , Male , Female , Adult , Choice Behavior/physiology , Young Adult
10.
Transl Androl Urol ; 13(7): 1206-1218, 2024 Jul 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39100824

ABSTRACT

Background: Having a spicy diet and smoking habit may be important factors causing erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of spicy diet and smoking habits on the risk of ED in men, with a focus on the interaction between these lifestyle factors. Methods: Our investigation was conducted as a retrospective analysis spanning from June 2017 to June 2023. Participants underwent interviews utilizing the Structured Interview on Erectile Dysfunction (SIEDY) to evaluate the degree of pathological factors. The International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) was employed as a metric for assessing ED. Additionally, the subjects were comprehensively questioned about their smoking history and dietary preferences, which included an inquiry into how often they consumed spicy meals. Results: Our research involved 373 participants, with 67.6% being individuals with ED. Among the participants, 50.7% were non-smokers and 49.3% were smokers, totaling 188 and 185, respectively. There was no significant difference in the spicy food frequency consumption among smokers with ED. However, non-smokers who consumed spicy food more frequently experienced more severe ED (P=0.02). ED patients showed significant differences in body mass index (BMI), blood glucose and testosterone, which were linked to vascular damage (P=0.03, P=0.02, P=0.04, respectively). Additionally, non-smokers who consumed more spicy food had higher scores on the SIEDY 2 scale, indicating marital factors (P=0.004). In non-smoking participant, a high spicy ratio indicated an even higher risk of ED [odds ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval: 1.27-5.26; P=0.008], while there was no significant impact on ED in smoking participants (data not shown). Conclusions: This retrospective study suggests that a considerable consumption of spicy foods is independently correlated with an elevated risk of ED, particularly among non-smoking men.

11.
Front Nutr ; 11: 1428844, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39135550

ABSTRACT

Background: Daily dietary habits are closely related to human health, and long-term unhealthy dietary intake, such as excessive consumption of alcohol and pickled foods, may promote the development of cancers. However, comprehensive research on the causal relationship between dietary habits and cancer is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the potential causal link between dietary risk factors and the prognosis of cancer-related to genetic susceptibility. Methods: GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Studies) summary data on dietary habits and five common types of cancer and their pathological subtypes were obtained from the UK Biobank and various cancer association consortia. A univariable two-sample Mendelian randomization (UVMR) and FDR correction analysis was conducted to explore the causal relationships between 45 dietary habits and five common types of cancer and their histopathological subtypes. In addition, multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis (MVMR) was performed to adjust for traditional risk factors for dietary habits, and the direct or indirect effects of diet on cancer were evaluated. Finally, the prognostic impact of selected instrumental variables on cancer was analyzed using an online data platform. Results: In the UVMR analysis, four dietary habits were identified as risk factors for cancer, while five dietary habits were identified as protective factors. Among the latter, one dietary habit showed a significant association with cancer even after FDR correction, indicating a potential causal relationship. The MVMR analysis revealed that weekly beer and cider intake, may act as an independent risk factor for cancer development. Other causal associations between dietary habits and cancer risk may be mediated by intermediate factors. In the prognostic analysis, the SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) of average weekly beer and cider intake were set as independent risk factors and were found to significantly impact overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in lung cancer. Conclusion: This causal relationship study supports the notion that adjusting daily dietary habits and specific dietary interventions may decrease the risk of cancer.

12.
Front Psychol ; 15: 1370823, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39077205

ABSTRACT

Undoubtedly, social media is one of the significant components of computer and internet technologies. It offers users the opportunity to share emotions, thoughts, and life experiences through various means such as text, images, and videos on the internet. In doing so, it not only provides a multifaceted communication and interaction opportunity for users of all ages but also creates a dynamic and entertaining parallel universe. This universe shapes and transforms individual, social, and cultural life, as well as habits. With the daily increase in user numbers, social media has become an integral part of our lives. The primary objective of this study is to determine the social media usage habits of fourth-grade students, known as Generation Z. The research was conducted using semi-structured interviews, a qualitative data collection method. The universe of the study consisted of 654 fourth-grade students attending state schools in seven different provincial centers representing the seven geographical regions of Turkey during the 2021-2022 academic year. The data were collected using an interview form developed for this research and analyzed with the content analysis technique. According to the research findings, it was determined that approximately three-quarters of primary school fourth-grade students use social media on a daily basis. Moreover, most participants stated that they use social media for educational, communicative, and entertainment purposes. The most preferred social media platforms by students were identified as YouTube, WhatsApp, TikTok, and Instagram.

13.
Eur J Neurosci ; 2024 Jul 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38973167

ABSTRACT

The balance between goal-directed and habitual control has been proposed to determine the flexibility of instrumental behaviour, in both humans and animals. This view is supported by neuroscientific studies that have implicated dissociable neural pathways in the ability to flexibly adjust behaviour when outcome values change. A previous Diffusion Tensor Imaging study provided preliminary evidence that flexible instrumental performance depends on the strength of parallel cortico-striatal white-matter pathways previously implicated in goal-directed and habitual control. Specifically, estimated white-matter strength between caudate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex correlated positively with behavioural flexibility, and posterior putamen-premotor cortex connectivity correlated negatively, in line with the notion that these pathways compete for control. However, the sample size of the original study was limited, and so far, there have been no attempts to replicate these findings. In the present study, we aimed to conceptually replicate these findings by testing a large sample of 205 young adults to relate cortico-striatal connectivity to performance on the slips-of-action task. In short, we found only positive neural correlates of goal-directed performance, including striatal connectivity (caudate and anterior putamen) with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. However, we failed to provide converging evidence for the existence of a neural habit system that puts limits on the capacity for flexible, goal-directed action. We discuss the implications of our findings for dual-process theories of instrumental action.

14.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract ; 214: 111771, 2024 Jul 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38971374

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Evaluate the association between cumulative tobacco consumption (CTC; packs-year) and atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D), and study whether the inclusion of CTC in the Steno T1 Risk Engine (ST1RE) equation improves the identification of plaques. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in T1D patients without cardiovascular disease (CVD), with ≥ 1 of the following: ≥40 years-old, diabetic kidney disease, and/or T1D duration ≥ 10 years + cardiovascular risk factors.Preclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated by carotid ultrasonography. RESULTS: N = 584 patients were included (46.1 % women, age 48.7 ± 10.5 years, T1D duration 27.3 ± 10.8 years, 26.2 % active smokers). The overall plaque prevalence was 40.9 %. In models adjusted for age, sex, lipids, blood pressure, kidney function, statin use, microvascular complications and HbA1c, CTC was dose-dependently associated with the number of plaques (none, 1-2, ≥3) overall and in both active and former smokers (p < 0.001). This association remained after adjusting for ST1RE (OR 1.11 [1.02-1.19]). Although the inclusion of CTC in the ST1RE did not improve plaque identification overall (p = 0.180), it did so when analyzing active smokers separately (AUC 0.738 vs. 0.768; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In T1D patients, CTC is dose-dependently associated with atherosclerosis. Further prospective studies are needed to determine if CTC could identify T1D individuals more prone to accelerated atherosclerosis.

15.
Ecotoxicology ; 2024 Jul 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38985288

ABSTRACT

Reservoir construction promotes many environmental impacts, including the enhancement of mercury concentrations in fish. The processes that can influence mercury concentrations in fish in Amazonian reservoirs are still little explored in depth, especially when we consider the possible particularities of the ecosystems in question. This study aims to investigate how mercury concentrations in fish could be influenced by the Tucuruí dam, considering possible changes in their feeding and trophic position according to the dam position (up or downstream). Fish were sampled upstream and downstream of the Tucuruí reservoir, and total mercury (THg) and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ15N and δ13C) were measured in muscles. We observed three different Hg bioaccumulation patterns influenced by the dam. These differences occurred due to species trophic niche changes corroborated by the isotope analysis. Higher THg concentrations downstream compared to those upstream ones were only observed for Geophagus proximus. On the contrary, Plagioscion squamosissimus, from downstream, presented lower concentrations than upstream ones. The isotopic niche of these two species presented different changes according to the sampled site. THg biomagnification was higher upstream compared to downstream, considering that the regression slope was approximately two times higher upstream versus downstream. THg concentrations in fish were explained by the differences in their feeding habits according to their location in relation to the dam. The difference in THg biomagnification was able to reflect differences in structure of the food web chain in ecosystems under the dam's influence.

16.
Vet Parasitol ; 331: 110255, 2024 Jul 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39084102

ABSTRACT

Haemonchus contortus is a parasitic nematode of ruminants. Once inside its host, it is exposed to reactive oxidative species and responds by synthesising antioxidant enzymes as a defence. In Caenorhabditis elegans, antioxidant genes are regulated by the transcription factor skinhead-1 (Cel-SKN-1). However, there is little information about the function of SKN-1 in H. contortus (Hco-SKN-1). Therefore, we performed a molecular investigation to characterise Hco-SKN-1 and its putative relationship with genes encode antioxidant enzymes, namely glutathione S-transferases (Hco-GSTs, n = 3), superoxide dismutase (Hco-SOD) and catalase (Hco-CAT), which are involved in haematophagy and defence against the host. We used in silico sequence analysis of Hco-SKN-1 and Hco-GSTs to design and perform relative expression assays involving H. contortus eggs, infective larvae (L3) and adults. Furthermore, we exposed H. contortus transitional infective larvae (xL3) to erythrocytes or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and evaluated the relative expression of antioxidant genes at 24 or 48 h. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed 31 functions associated with Hco-SKN-1 and Hco-GSTs, including stress resistance, larval development and the active immune response. Hco-GST-5957 and Hco-SOD showed the highest expression in adults, indicating a relationship with specific functions at this mature stage. xL3 exposed to erythrocytes or H2O2 showed significant upregulation of Hco-SKN-1, but it occurred after upregulation of the antioxidant genes, indicating that these genes are not regulated by Hco-SKN-1 during the blood-feeding stage. Additional investigation is necessary to understand the putative regulation of antioxidant genes by Hco-SKN-1 during the blood-feeding stage.

17.
Neurobiol Learn Mem ; 213: 107961, 2024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39025429

ABSTRACT

In an animal model of compulsive drug use, a subset of rats continues to self-administer cocaine despite footshock consequences and is considered punishment resistant. We recently found that punishment resistance is associated with habits that persist under conditions that typically encourage a transition to goal-directed control. Given that random ratio (RR) and random interval (RI) schedules of reinforcement influence whether responding is goal-directed or habitual, we investigated the influence of these schedules on punishment resistance for cocaine or food. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to self-administer either intravenous cocaine or food pellets on a seeking-taking chained schedule of reinforcement, with the seeking lever requiring completion of either an RR20 or RI60 schedule. Rats were then given four days of punishment testing with footshock administered at the completion of seeking on a random one-third of trials. For cocaine-trained rats, the RI60 schedule led to greater punishment resistance (i.e., more trials completed) than the RR20 schedule in males and females. For food-trained rats, the RI60 schedule led to greater punishment resistance (i.e., higher reward rates) than the RR20 schedule in female rats, although male rats showed punishment resistance on both RR20 and RI60 schedules. For both cocaine and food, we found that seeking responses were suppressed to a greater degree than reward rate with the RI60 schedule, whereas response rate and reward rate were equally suppressed with the RR20 schedule. This dissociation between punishment effects on reward rate and response rate with the RI60 schedule can be explained by the nonlinear relation between these variables on RI schedules, but it does not account for the enhanced resistance to punishment. Overall, the results show greater punishment resistance with the RI60 schedule as compared to the RR20 schedule, indicating that schedules of reinforcement are an influencing factor on resistance to negative consequences.


Subject(s)
Cocaine , Punishment , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reinforcement Schedule , Self Administration , Animals , Male , Female , Cocaine/administration & dosage , Cocaine/pharmacology , Rats , Conditioning, Operant/drug effects , Reinforcement, Psychology , Drug-Seeking Behavior/drug effects , Drug-Seeking Behavior/physiology
18.
Nutrients ; 16(14)2024 Jul 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39064739

ABSTRACT

Although promoting healthy eating is a policy objective, the manageability of dietary habits remains uncertain. Personal dietary patterns reflect many factors, some of which are relatively manageable for individuals whilst others are not. In this article, assuming that some sort of information about the manageability of dietary habits is contained in the observed patterns of food consumption, we focused on dietary patterns on their own. We introduced a statistical descriptive model for data from a food frequency questionnaire, estimated the strength of pairwise linkage between foodstuffs, and grouped foodstuffs by applying community detection to the networks of the estimated inter-food linkages. Those linkages represent the co-movement of pairs of food in consumption. Furthermore, we demonstrated an analysis of the relationship between mental health and dietary habits, considering the aspect of the manageability of dietary habits. Using an observational study in Japan, we obtained the following results: 115 foodstuffs were divided into three groups for both genders, but the compositions were different by gender; in the analysis of mental and physical health, some stress response items were associated with a dependence on some of those food groupings (e.g., "extremely tired" was negatively associated with a group containing tomatoes, cucumber, mandarin, etc., for female subjects). As the grouping of foodstuffs based on our estimation depicted an internal structure of dietary habit that a healthy eating policy could regard as a constraint, it follows that we should design such a policy along the same lines as that grouping.


Subject(s)
Diet, Healthy , Feeding Behavior , Nutrition Policy , Humans , Japan , Female , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Mental Health , Surveys and Questionnaires
19.
Eur Eat Disord Rev ; 2024 Jul 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38995266

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests that interpersonal stress plays a role in maintaining binge eating and purging (e.g., self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives). Stress is especially likely to promote engagement in maladaptive behaviour if the behaviour is habitual; therefore, individuals whose binge eating and/or purging are habitual may be particularly likely to engage in these behaviours in the context of interpersonal stress. We aimed to investigate this hypothesis in a sample of women with binge eating and/or purging using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). METHOD: Women (N = 81) with binge-eating and/or purging symptoms completed a self-report measure assessing habit strength of binge eating and purging followed by a 14-day EMA protocol assessing daily perceived interpersonal stress and binge-eating and purging episodes. RESULTS: Habit strength of purging moderated the within-person effect of interpersonal stress on purging frequency, such that higher daily stress was associated with greater same-day purging frequency when purging was more habitual. Contrary to expectations, the interactive effect of habit strength of binge eating and daily interpersonal stress on same-day binge-eating frequency was non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that individuals with habitual purging may be vulnerable to engaging in purging when they are experiencing high levels of interpersonal stress.

20.
World J Psychiatry ; 14(7): 999-1008, 2024 Jul 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39050195

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and habit reversal training (HRT) have shown application potential in addressing tic symptoms and comorbid psychiatric conditions. Despite their theoretical potential, empirical evidence on their combined efficacy remains limited. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of CBT combined with HRT on anxiety disorders in children with Tourette's syndrome (TS). METHODS: Clinical data of children with TS admitted to our hospital from January 2022 to June 2023 were collected, and the patients were grouped into the conventional therapy (control) group and the CBT combined with HRT group. Baseline characteristics, anxiety scores, tic severity scores, treatment adherence, and parental satisfaction were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests, chi-square tests, and correlation analysis. RESULTS: A total of 136 patients, including 65 patients in the control group and 71 patients in the CBT combined with HRT group, were included. The CBT combined with HRT group showed remarkable improvements compared with the control group. Post-intervention assessment revealed a decrease in anxiety scores from 63.52 ± 1.81 to 40.53 ± 1.64 (t = 2.022, P = 0.045), and the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale total score decreased from 22.14 ± 5.67 to 16.28 ± 4.91 (t = 2.288, P = 0.024). Treatment adherence was significantly higher in the CBT combined with HRT group (85.47 ± 7.62%) compared with the control group (82.32 ± 6.54%; t = 2.596, P = 0.010). Parental satisfaction scores were also higher in the CBT combined with HRT group (8.69 ± 1.77) compared with the control group (7.87 ± 1.92; t = 2.592, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that CBT combined with HRT significantly reduces anxiety symptoms and tic severity in children with TS, with higher treatment adherence and parental satisfaction. These findings support the potential application of this comprehensive therapeutic approach for TS treatment.

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