Emergency department visits and hospitalizations attributable to recent Epstein-Barr virus infection.

OBJECTIVE: Infectious mononucleosis (IM) or mono is typically caused by primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and may have a months-long, complicated course. We utilized population-based data to add to the limited literature on health care utilization following EBV infection. METHODS: The Rochester Epidemiology Project includes medical records for ∼60% of residents living in 27 counties of Minnesota (MN) and Wisconsin (WI). Persons meeting a case definition of recent EBV infection from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2021 were compared to three persons not meeting the definition, matched on case's sex, age, and index date. Emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations in the two groups were compared during 5-years' follow-up divided into three periods (short-term ≤3 months, mid-term >3 months-1 year, long-term >1-5 years). Adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) were estimated to account for the potential influence of confounding variables. RESULTS: In total, 6,423 persons had a recent EBV infection and were matched to 19,269 comparators. The risk of an ED visit was significantly higher among cases in the short-term period (24.3% vs referents: 7.6%, p <.001; AHR = 3.71, 95% CI = 3.41-4.03). Cases also had an increased risk of hospitalization in the short-term (5.2% vs 1.6%: referents, p <.001; AHR = 3.53, 95% CI = 2.94-4.24). For ED visits but not hospitalization, the excess risk persisted into the mid-term follow-up period. Persons without a concurrent clinical diagnosis of IM continued to have an increased risk of hospitalizations up to 1 year after index date (AHR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.09-1.91) and an increased risk of ED visits up to 5 years after the index date (AHR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.14-1.46). CONCLUSION: There is a substantial short- and mid-term increased risk of serious health care encounters associated with recent EBV infection. Mid- and long-term risks are increased in patients who do not have a concomitant diagnosis of IM.

Metabolomic differences between exanthematous drug eruption and infectious mononucleosis.

BACKGROUND: Exanthematous drug eruption and infectious mononucleosis (IM) are both exanthematous diseases. Current research on exanthematous drug eruption and IM mainly targets identifying these disorders, the resulting differences at the metabolism level have not yet been systematically analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 cases of exanthematous drug eruption and IM, 10 patients without exanthema and 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled, 3 mL of fasting venous blood was collected, the serum metabolite content was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. RESULTS: A total of 165 metabolites were identified, exhibiting significant differences in plasma metabolic trends between exanthematous drug eruption and IM, and pinpointed 28 potential biomarkers. Notable changes were seen in the metabolic activities of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA-cycle), and galactose metabolism, characterized by increased levels of gluconate, gluconolactone, glucose, galactaric acid, and mannose, along with decreased amounts of pyruvic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and glycerol, indicating an impairment in the exanthematous drug eruption group's capacity to endure oxidative stress and regulate energy metabolism. In contrast to its medication without rash counterpart, the exanthematous drug eruption group's plasma displayed distinct metabolic routes, predominantly in the processing of arginine and proline, along with the TCA. This resulted in a marked reduction in urea levels and a rise in pyruvate, citrate, and ornithine, indicating hypoxic stress as the primary cause of these rashes. In contrast to the healthy control group, the IM group showed 26 potential biomarkers, marked by increased levels of ketoglutaric acid, malic acid, pyruvic acid, and oxoglutaric acid, and reduced amounts of glutamine, galacturonic acid, arachidonic acid, trimethylphosphonic acid ester, gluconolactone, and indole acetic acid. Mainly, the metabolic pathways included the TCA, breaking down alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and the processing of D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, underscoring the body's crucial role in generating energy and inflammatory agents through the citric acid cycle. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of serum metabolomic features of exanthematous drug eruptions and IM outlines a unique pattern closely related to the differences in the pathogenesis of these two exanthematous diseases.

Exploring atypical manifestations and multisystem involvement of Epstein-Barr virus infection in hospitalized pediatric patients from Mexico: insights from a tertiary hospital (2012-2022).

INTRODUCTION: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, with a global prevalence exceeding 95%, typically manifests in children as infectious mononucleosis. However, clinical practice frequently encounters diverse atypical presentations characterized by multisystem involvement, often resulting in an unfavorable clinical course. Our objective is to describe the clinical manifestations and results of EBV infection in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Mexico. METHOD: An observational, transversal, retrospective, and descriptive study that included a systematic review of medical records (2012-2022) of patients under 18 years of age with detectable EBV particles in peripheral blood. RESULTS: The study included 26 patients with a median age of 5 years and a male predominance of 53.8%. Predominant symptoms were fever (85%) and lymphadenopathy (35%). Sixty-five percent had severe and atypical manifestations, including pneumonia and hepatic, hematologic-oncologic, and autoimmune diseases. Anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were common, with lymphocytosis in 19% of cases. The median EBV viral load was 2816 copies/mL (range: 555-355,500 copies/mL). Four deaths related to EBV infection were reported. Viral load in these cases also varied widely from 594 to 121,000 copies/mL. Supportive care was administered to 85% of patients, while others received antiviral treatment, steroids, and rituximab. CONCLUSION: Atypical manifestations were common, especially in children with multisystem involvement. EBV should be considered as a potential contributor to a diverse spectrum of clinical presentations, emphasizing the need for comprehensive evaluation and awareness in clinical diagnosis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La infección por el virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) tiene una prevalencia mundial superior al 95%. Se considera que en los niños se manifiesta principalmente como mononucleosis infecciosa; sin embargo, en la práctica clínica, a menudo encontramos numerosas manifestaciones atípicas con compromiso multisistémico que llevan a un curso desfavorable. Nuestro objetivo es describir las manifestaciones clínicas y los resultados de la infección por VEB en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel en México. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo, en el cual se revisaron sistemáticamente los expedientes médicos de pacientes menores de 18 años con una detección positiva de partículas de VEB en sangre periférica en el periodo 2012-2022. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 26 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 5 años y predominio de varones (53.8%). El 65% presentaron manifestaciones graves y atípicas, incluyendo enfermedades respiratorias, hepáticas, hematooncológicas y autoinmunitarias. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre (85%) y linfadenopatía (35%). El 54% presentaron manifestaciones atípicas, incluyendo linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica, neumonía y neoplasia. La anemia, la trombocitopenia y la leucocitopenia fueron comunes, mientras que el 19% presentaron linfocitosis. La media de la carga viral fue de 2816 copias/ml (555-355,500). Se informaron cuatro muertes atribuidas a la infección por VEB, con valores de carga viral de 594 a 121,000 copias/ml. El 85% de los pacientes recibieron solo tratamiento sintomático, mientras que otros recibieron antivirales, esteroides y rituximab. CONCLUSIÓN: Las manifestaciones atípicas se observaron comúnmente, en especial en niños con compromiso multisistémico. El VEB debe considerarse como un potencial factor contribuyente en el diagnóstico de una amplia gama de manifestaciones clínicas.

Atypical Presentation of Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis With Cholestatic Hepatitis and Hyperbilirubinemia in a Young Adult: A Case Report.

This case report details the presentation of a 24-year-old male of South Asian descent with an atypical manifestation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infectious mononucleosis, characterized by cholestatic hepatitis and hyperbilirubinemia. The patient initially presented with common symptoms of sore throat, intermittent fever, and general malaise, which subsequently progressed to include nausea and vomiting. Laboratory investigations revealed significantly elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin levels. Comprehensive serological testing confirmed an EBV infection. Despite the absence of typical risk factors, this case underscores the importance of considering EBV in the differential diagnosis for young adults presenting with both infectious symptoms and abnormal liver function tests. Early recognition of such atypical presentations is crucial for guiding appropriate management and avoiding unnecessary diagnostic procedures.

Three cases of infectious mononucleosis with concurrent false-positive non-treponemal and treponemal tests: Serological findings masquerading as syphilis.

Biological false-positive reactions to non-treponemal syphilis tests occur under various conditions, including in patients with infectious mononucleosis. However, false-positive treponemal test results are rarely reported. We present three cases of Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis that exhibited concurrent false-positive results in both treponemal and non-treponemal tests, effectively imitating syphilis serology. Notably, the false-positive treponemal test results were transient and persisted for more than 6 months before reverting to negative. This is atypical for true Treponema pallidum infection (syphilis), in which treponemal tests usually remain positive for life. This case series highlights the potential for misdiagnosis and emphasizes the importance of careful interpretation of syphilis serology results in the context of infectious mononucleosis. This is particularly important when typical syphilis symptoms are absent, as in our patients. The similarity in the clinical manifestations between infectious mononucleosis and syphilis, including sore throat, lymphadenopathy, rash, and hepatitis, further complicates the diagnostic process. Clinicians should consider recent Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis when interpreting positive syphilis serology, especially in young adults presenting with mononucleosis-like symptoms. Follow-up serological testing is useful to avoid unnecessary treatment and potential patient mismanagement.

Liver Function Test Results Correlate With Spleen Size in Patients With Infectious Mononucleosis.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of measuring transaminase levels to determine the resolution of splenomegaly in athletes diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis (IM). METHODS: We collected serial aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and ultrasound-measured spleen sizes in university athletes who had been diagnosed with IM. Our study included seven university-aged athletes from a single institution. Patients received serial liver function tests (LFT) and splenic ultrasound testing until resolution of symptoms and full return to sport. The effects of AST, ALT, and days from symptom onset were analyzed using multivariable mixed-effects linear regression models. RESULTS: Levels of AST and ALT were significantly correlated with spleen size. For each 10-unit increase in AST and ALT values, spleen size increased by 0.1 cm (p = 0.007) and 0.09 cm (p = 0.008), respectively. Decreasing levels of ALT and AST correlated with a decrease in spleen size. Normalization of AST/ALT values correlated with return of spleen size to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Liver function testing may be useful in the return-to-play decision-making process for athletes with IM.

Comparative Clinical Characteristics of Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Mononucleosis in Immunocompetent Hosts: Experience from a Tropical Setting.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) are herpesviruses that cause different clinical syndromes depending on the host's immune status. EBV is known for causing infectious mononucleosis (IMN), which presents with fever, pharyngitis, cervical lymphadenopathy, and atypical lymphocytes. CMV can also cause a mononucleosis syndrome with similar symptoms but is less frequently reported. Comparative studies on IMN and CMV mononucleosis from India are rare. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of IMN and CMV mononucleosis in a South Indian tertiary care center, emphasizing the differences in their presentations. A retrospective analysis using Electronic Medical Records (EMR) from a tertiary care hospital at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, was conducted, including patients diagnosed with IMN or CMV mononucleosis based on clinical and serological tests during 2017 to 2023. Immunocompromised patients were excluded. The study compared demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics between the two groups. Out of 136 IMN cases and 17 CMV mononucleosis cases, the CMV group had a significantly higher median age (34.0 years) compared to the IMN group (20.0 years). The CMV group experienced a longer duration of fever (median 14.0 days) compared to the IMN group (5.0 days). Sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy, and tonsil enlargement were significantly less common in CMV cases. The study concludes that CMV mononucleosis is more likely in older adults with prolonged fever and an absence of sore throat, tonsillitis, or cervical lymphadenopathy.

Multivalent MVA-vectored vaccine elicits EBV neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques that reduce EBV infection in humanized mice.

Introduction: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus associated with ~350,000 cases of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies every year, and is etiologically linked to infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis. Despite four decades of research, no EBV vaccine candidate has yet reached licensure. Most previous vaccine attempts focused on a single viral entry glycoprotein, gp350, but recent data from clinical and pre-clinical studies, and the elucidation of viral entry mechanisms, support the inclusion of multiple entry glycoproteins in EBV vaccine design. Methods: Here we generated a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-vectored EBV vaccine, MVA-EBV5-2, that targets five EBV entry glycoproteins, gp350, gB, and the gp42gHgL complex. We characterized the genetic and translational stability of the vaccine, followed by immunogenicity assessment in BALB/c mice and rhesus lymphocryptovirus-negative rhesus macaques as compared to a gp350-based MVA vaccine. Finally, we assessed the efficacy of MVA-EBV5-2-immune rhesus serum at preventing EBV infection in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-reconstituted NSG mice, under two EBV challenge doses. Results: The MVA-EBV5-2 vaccine was genetically and translationally stable over 10 viral passages as shown by genetic and protein expression analysis, and when administered to female and male BALB/c mice, elicited serum EBV-specific IgG of both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes with neutralizing activity in vitro. In Raji B cells, this neutralizing activity outperformed that of serum from mice immunized with a monovalent MVA-vectored gp350 vaccine. Similarly, MVA-EBV5-2 elicited EBV-specific IgG in rhesus macaques that were detected in both serum and saliva of immunized animals, with serum antibodies demonstrating neutralizing activity in vitro that outperformed serum from MVA-gp350-immunized macaques. Finally, pre-treatment with serum from MVA-EBV5-2-immunized macaques resulted in fewer EBV-infected mice in the two challenge experiments than pretreatment with serum from pre-immune macaques or macaques immunized with the monovalent gp350-based vaccine. Discussion: These results support the inclusion of multiple entry glycoproteins in EBV vaccine design and position our vaccine as a strong candidate for clinical translation.

[Cold agglutinin syndrome associated with infectious mononucleosis: A case report]. / Síndrome por aglutininas frías secundario a mononucleosis infecciosa: reporte de un caso.

Background: Cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) is a hemolytic anemia mediated by antibodies, mainly IgM, whose maximum activity occurs at 4 °C. It happens secondary to infectious, autoimmune or neoplastic diseases, due to the formation of antibodies that cross-react against erythrocyte antigens, particularly of the I system. Here, we describe a case of CAS associated to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in a patient with primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Clinical case: 22-year old man with no medical history, hospitalized due to mononucleosis and anemic syndrome. Hemoglobin of 3.7 g/dL and elevation of lactate dehydrogenase were documented. In the peripheral blood smear it was observed spherocytosis, polychromasia and nucleated erythrocytes. EBV infection was confirmed with serology and viral load, as well as seronegative HIV infection with positive viral load. The C3d monospecific direct antiglobulin test was positive and an irregular antibody screening revealed the presence of an anti-I antibody. The patient received transfusion support and conservative treatment, with remission of the symptoms 2 weeks after admission. Conclusions: Cold agglutinin syndrome is a rare, potentially fatal complication of infectious mononucleosis, which should be considered in the face of findings suggestive of hemolysis in order to initiate support measures in a timely manner.

Introducción: el síndrome por aglutininas frías (SAF) es una anemia hemolítica mediada por anticuerpos principalmente de tipo IgM, cuya máxima actividad se da a 4 °C. Se presenta en el contexto de enfermedades infecciosas, autoinmunes o neoplásicas por la formación de anticuerpos que tienen reacción cruzada contra antígenos eritrocitarios, particularmente del sistema I. En este trabajo presentamos un caso de SAF asociado a reactivación del virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) en un paciente con primoinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Caso clínico: hombre de 22 años, sin antecedentes patológicos, hospitalizado por síndrome mononucleósico y anémico. Presentó hemoglobina de 3.7 g/dL y elevación de lactato deshidrogenasa. En el frotis de sangre periférica se observó esferocitosis, policromasia y eritrocitos nucleados. Se confirmó infección por VEB con serología y carga viral, así como infección por VIH seronegativa, con carga viral positiva. La prueba de antiglobulina directa monoespecífica a C3d fue positiva y el rastreo de anticuerpos irregulares demostró un anticuerpo anti-I. El paciente recibió soporte transfusional y tratamiento conservador, con remisión del cuadro a las 2 semanas de su ingreso. Conclusiones: el SAF es una complicación poco frecuente de la mononucleosis infecciosa, potencialmente mortal, la cual debe ser considerada ante hallazgos sugestivos de hemólisis con la finalidad de iniciar medidas de soporte de forma oportuna.

Cytokine Storm Syndromes Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous and predominantly B cell tropic virus. One of the most common viruses to infect humans, EBV, is best known as the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM). Although most people experience asymptomatic infection, EBV is a potent immune stimulus and as such it elicits robust proliferation and activation of the B-lymphocytes it infects as well as the immune cells that respond to infection. In certain individuals, such as those with inherited or acquired defects affecting the immune system, failure to properly control EBV leads to the accumulation of EBV-infected B cells and EBV-reactive immune cells, which together contribute to the development of often life-threatening cytokine storm syndromes (CSS). Here, we review the normal immune response to EBV and discuss several CSS associated with EBV, such as chronic active EBV infection, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Given the critical role for cytokines in driving inflammation and contributing to disease pathogenesis, we also discuss how targeting specific cytokines provides a rational and potentially less toxic treatment for EBV-driven CSS.

Effects of ganciclovir combined with recombinant human interferon-α on clinical efficacy and immune function in children with infectious mononucleosis.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of ganciclovir combined with recombinant human interferon on clinical efficacy and immune function of children with infectious mononucleosis(IM). Methods: This was a retrospective study. Children (n=120) with IM hospitalized in Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Baoding Hospital from January 2020 to January 2022 were selected and randomly divided into study group and control group((n=60). Patients in the control group were treated with ganciclovir by intravenous infusion, and patients in the study group were given ganciclovir+recombinant human interferon-α1b. The time for eliminating clinical symptoms, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, immune function condition and T-lymphocyte subsets between the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results: After treatment, the time for body temperature returned to normal, time for recovery from cervical lymphadenopathy, time for recovery from hepatosplenomegaly and time for disappearance of angina and oral mucosal congestion in the study group were significantly shorter than those in the control group(p= 0.00); after treatment, the levels of TNF-a and IL-6 in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group; the indexes of CD3+ and CD8+ in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group; after treatment, the levels of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Conclusion: Ranciclovir combined with recombinant human interferon-α1b, rapid improvements of clinical symptoms, significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines, improved T-lymphocyte function and no significant increase in adverse drug reactions were found in children with IM.

Pelvic inflammatory disease associated with cytomegalovirus infection in an immunocompetent adult: Case report and literature review.

Pelvic inflammatory disease associated with cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent adults might be difficult to diagnose because of the rarity and relatively inconspicuous symptoms of infectious mononucleosis. Even if the main complaint is lower abdominal pain, careful search for symptoms latent outside the abdomen could lead to the diagnosis.

Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Secondary to Infectious Mononucleosis.

Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) is a relatively rare but potentially lethal complication of infectious mononucleosis (IM). While SSR is extremely rare in patients with proven IM, it is the most lethal complication of the infection (9% mortality rate) and can present completely asymptomatically or with abdominal pain and hemodynamic instability. As adolescents and young adults are the most affected population group, with this case report, we intend to raise the vigilance of any doctor treating those patients in the emergency department. We present the case of a 16-year-old patient with an atraumatic splenic rupture and hemoperitoneum secondary to an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, and a splenectomy was performed. This case demonstrates that, even if SSR in patients with IM is extremely rare, it should always be considered in a patient with a relevant clinical presentation.

Acute Appendicitis in the Setting of Infectious Mononucleosis: A Case Report.

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a viral illness caused by the Epstein-Barr virus that typically manifests with pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, and fatigue. In rare cases, IM can cause acute appendicitis. We present the case of an 18-year-old female who arrived at the emergency department with worsening abdominal pain and an ongoing cough. Initial imaging showed a questionably dilated appendix, and a follow-up examination revealed cervical lymphadenopathy. She later returned to the ED with severe abdominal pain, clinical signs of acute appendicitis, and a positive monospot test, which led to an appendectomy. This case illustrates the need for complete history taking and thorough physical examination in patients with acute appendicitis, as their condition may be due to an atypical underlying cause.

Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a Patient With Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: A Case Report.

A 13-year-old male with a past medical history of receiving a whole liver transplant secondary to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) with subsequent inferior vena cava thrombosis nine years prior presented to the emergency department with abdominal distension, shortness of breath, coughing, and left superficial cervical lymphadenopathy. He had seen his pediatrician the day before where he tested negative for group A Streptococcus, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Additionally, the patient reported having elevated liver function tests noted from the results of lab tests taken earlier that day. The patient was admitted to the hospital. While at the hospital, a lymph node biopsy was performed, and pathology from that biopsy revealed infectious mononucleosis-like nondestructive posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Due to the patient's liver transplant nine years prior, the patient was on an immunosuppressant medication: tacrolimus 2 mg. To treat the PTLD, the tacrolimus was reduced, then stopped, and then subsequently restarted at 1 mg. He also was given ganciclovir and prednisone. Two months after recovering from the PTLD, the patient's Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV) viral load continued to fluctuate, and he was treated with three doses of the monoclonal antibody drug rituximab. After treatment with rituximab, his EBV viral load remained stable. This case report gives insight into the treatment of PTLD and can serve as a reminder to be aware of the possibility of PTLD in a pediatric patient with AATD multiple years after a transplant.

Histopathology of peritonitis due to infectious mononucleosis with background Chlamydia trachomatis infection: A case report and literature review.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a major cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM), characterized by fever, fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, atypical lymphocytosis, and elevated liver enzymes. However, ascites is a rare complication associated with IM. We present a rare case of IM with ascites and peritonitis in a patient who underwent a peritoneal biopsy. A 20-year-old woman presented with fatigue and abdominal distension. Laboratory examination revealed atypical lymphocytes in peripheral blood (54%) and elevated liver enzymes. EBV serological tests revealed a recent primary infection (EBV VCA IgM 1:160). Computed tomography revealed moderate ascites and peritonitis. Adenocarcinoma was suspected based on the ascites' cytology. Considering possible complications of IM and adenocarcinoma, a laparoscopic biopsy was performed. Histological findings of biopsy specimens from the peritoneum, omentum, and fimbria of the fallopian tube demonstrated severe inflammatory cell infiltration and focal aggregation of large EBV-encoded RNA-1 (EBER1)-positive B cells, mimicking EBV-positive polymorphous B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Furthermore, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis were observed by immunohistochemistry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction detected C. trachomatis in cervical secretions. Two months after laparoscopy, ascites decreased, and the diagnosis was IM-associated peritonitis with C. trachomatis infection. IM should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young patients with ascites.

Seroprevalence and characterization of Epstein-Barr virus exposure among paediatric population.

The study explored Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) exposure in 244 children using EBV-specific serology. Seroprevalence of EBV was 75-80%. Past infection and primary infection were observed in 52.04% & 8.6% respectively, whereas 23.36% showed no serological evidence of exposure to EBV. Age-stratification suggested maternal antibodies may have protected infants till 6 months of age, while the 1-3 year age group showed maximum primary infection and the 6 months to 1 year group showed the maximum susceptible group to EBV primary infection. There is a paucity of literature about EBV in India and further research is required for a better understanding of EBV pathogenesis and its clinical implications in Indian children.

[The Role of Notch Signaling Pathway in Adult Patients with Epstein-Barr Virus-induced Infectious Mononucleosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of Notch signaling molecules and Th22 cells in adult patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), and assess the regulatory function of Notch signaling inhibition to Th22 cells. METHODS: Forty-two IM patients and twenty-one healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Their peripheral blood was collected, from which plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. Plasma interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The percentages of CD3+ CD4+ IL-17+ Th17 cells and CD3+ CD4+ IL-22+ Th22 cells were investigated by flow cytometry. The mRNA relative levels corresponding to Th17 transcription factor retinoic acid related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), Th22 transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and Notch signaling pathway molecules (including Notch receptors, Notch ligands, Notch downstream molecules) were semi-quantified by real-time PCR. CD4+ T cells were purified and stimulated with γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI). Cellular proliferation, Th17 and Th22 percentage, IL-17 and IL-22 secretion, transcription factor mRNA were measured in response to GSI stimulation. RESULTS: The relative expression levels of Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA in PBMCs of IM group were 13.58±3.18 and 4.73±1.16, respectively, which were significantly higher than 1.09±0.12 and 1.07±0.15 in PBMCs of control group (both P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in relative expression levels of Notch3 and Notch4 mRNA between IM group and control group (P >0.05). The relative expression levels of Notch ligands (including DLL1 and Jagged1 ) mRNA and Notch downstream molecules (including Hes1, Hes5, and Hey1 ) were increased in IM group compared with control group (all P < 0.001). In IM group, the Th17 and Th22 percentage were 5.03%±1.15% and 4.48%±1.29%, respectively, which were both higher than 4.36%±0.82% and 3.83%±0.55% in control group (both P < 0.05). In IM group, the IL-17 and IL-22 level were (301.1±53.82) and (101.2±16.45) pg/ml, respectively, which were both higher than (237.2±72.18) and (84.75±11.83) pg/ml in control group (both P < 0.001). In IM group, the relative expression levels of RORγt and AhR mRNA were 1.25±0.22 and 1.21±0.12, respectively, which were both higher than 0.99±0.15 and 1.04±0.11 in control group (both P < 0.001). There were no remarkable differences in CD4+ T cell proliferation, Th17 percentage, IL-17 secretion, and relative expression level of RORγt mRNA between cells with GSI stimulation and without GSI stimulation (P >0.05). GSI stimulation reduced Th22 percentage, IL-22 secretion, and relative expression level of AhR mRNA compared with non-stimulation (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Notch signaling pathway regulates IL-22 secretion by CD4+ T cells via AhR in IM patients. Notch-AhR-Th22 pathway may take part in the pathogenesis of IM.

Histone methylation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is linked to various human diseases, including both noncancerous conditions like infectious mononucleosis and cancerous diseases such as lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. After the initial infection, EBV establishes a lifelong presence and remains latent in specific cells. This latent infection causes changes in the epigenetic marks known as histone methylation. Many studies have examined the role of histone methylation in different EBV-associated diseases, and understanding how EBV affects histone methylation can help us identify potential targets for epigenetic therapies. This review focuses on the research progress made in understanding histone methylation in well-studied EBV-associated diseases, intending to provide insights into potential strategies based on histone methylation to combat EBV-related ailments.

This review focuses on histone methylation in EBV-associated diseases, offering potential strategies to combat EBV-related ailments. #EBV #histonemethylation #epigenetics #medicalresearch.

Two cases of misleading Epstein-Barr virus infection and the role of EBV-DNA.

Two atypical cases of infectious mononucleosis in two teenagers with initially negative serology and non-evocative blood examinations are reported. The first patient had recently traveled to Africa, and Epstein-Barr virus negative serology led us to make many extensive investigations. The second patient complained of asthenia for a month, and PET/CT was performed to suspicion of lymphoma. PET scan revealed hypermetabolic lymph nodes in the supradiaphragmatic and subdiaphragmatic stations, along with18F-FDG uptake in the spleen and pharynx, raising more suspicion of lymphoma. Fortunately, Epstein-Barr virus DNA testing was performed and turned positive in both cases, and Epstein-Barr virus serology subsequently became positive. Diagnosing EBV infection can be challenging in rare cases, as EBV-specific serology may be negative in the early stages and confounding factors may be present. Therefore, Epstein-Barr virus DNA testing should be considered early in the diagnostic algorithm to prevent unnecessary investigations in similar cases.