A preliminary investigation of the utility of the Word Memory Test Immediate Recognition trial as a screener for noncredible performance.

The assessment of performance validity is an important consideration to the interpretation of neuropsychological data. However, commonly used performance validity tests such as the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) and Word Memory Test (WMT) have lengthy administration times (20-30 minutes). Alternatively, utilizing a screener of performance validity (e.g., the TOMM T1 or TOMMe10) has proven to be an effective method of assessing performance validity while conserving time. The present study investigates the use of the WMT Immediate Recognition (IR) Trial scores as a screening measure for performance validity using an archival mTBI polytrauma sample (n = 48). Results show that the WMT IR demonstrates a high degree of accuracy in predicting WMT Delayed Recognition (DR) Trial performance across a range of base rates suggesting that the WMT IR is a useful screening measure for noncredible performance. Clinical implications and selection of optimal cutoff are discussed.

Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of pinch strength assessment: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To summarize and critically appraise the quality of studies investigating psychometric properties of pinch strength assessment. METHODS: Medical literature up to February 2024 was searched for studies reporting on at least one measurement property of pinch strength assessment. The quality of the evidence and the risk of bias were rated using COSMIN 2018 guidelines. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies (1962 participants) were included. The majority (16/19) of reliability studies were of adequate to very good quality. Seven of 12 studies of validity were rated as adequate or very good. The quality of the eight responsiveness studies was adequate. Reliability was good to excellent (ICC > 0.75) for neurological conditions, and excellent (ICC > 0.90) for musculoskeletal disorders and healthy participants. Pinch strength showed strong to very strong correlations with grip strength (r = 0.72-0.92), moderate to strong correlations with assessments of dexterity (r = 0.78-0.80), and weak to moderate correlation with patient-reported outcome measures (r = 0.03-0.50). Varied results were found for pinch strength responsiveness in a small number of studies. CONCLUSIONS: Pinch strength assessment is reliable. Validity and responsiveness are less reported, but there is a strong correlation between pinch and grip strength, and a moderate correlation with dexterity.

This review demonstrated that the reliability of pinch strength assessment is good to excellent.Clinicians can measure pinch strength and expect accurate results over repeated measurements and between raters.There is a strong correlation between pinch and grip strength, and a moderate correlation between pinch strength and hand dexterity.The low correlation between pinch strength and patient-reported outcome measures highlights the need to measure these outcomes independently of each other.

Spanish-Language Measures of Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of Psychometric Evidence and Translation Methodology.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent worldwide, including in Latinx populations. Reported rates of IPV in Latinx populations vary widely, indicating that measurement errors may be impeding researchers' and clinicians' understanding of IPV in these populations. We conducted a systematic review across a range of social science databases to evaluate psychometric properties and translation methodologies of Spanish-language IPV measures. Records were included if they included Spanish measures assessing IPV victimization. We identified 91 records with a total of 70 measures and evaluated the measures' extant psychometric evidence using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments. For the measures translated from English to Spanish, we evaluated the translation methodology based on best-practice recommendations for achieving translations that are psychometrically equivalent to their original versions. We found that validation information about measures was sparse and that few translations adhered to best-practice recommendations. Based on our a priori criteria we recommend the Plazaola-Castaño translation of the Index of Spouse Abuse. In closing, we discuss the validity evidence of translated measures independent of the original language version and best-practice recommendations in translating psychological measures.

Assessing Weight Stigma: Validating Attitudes and Beliefs Questionnaires Among Future Healthcare Professionals.

Background This study aimed to establish the reliability and validity of the Anti-Fat Attitudes (AFA) questionnaire and the Beliefs About Obese Persons (BAOP) scale. Methodology A convenience sample of 257 students from three distinct sections of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa" Iasi (Medical Faculty, Nutrition and Dietetics, and Nursing) participated in an observational study. Construction validity was tested with exploratory factor analysis. The students completed a form containing sociodemographic data, the AFA questionnaire, and the BAOP scale. Weight and height were self-reported and used to determine the body mass index. Results The value of the Cronbach alpha coefficient for the AFA questionnaire indicated adequate internal consistency (0.862). The exploratory factor analysis identified the following three factors corresponding to the original questionnaire: Dislike, Fear of Fat, and Willpower. We validated a single-factor structure of the BAOP scale, which had adequate internal consistency (0.781). There were statistically significant differences (AFA: p = 0.02; BAOP: p = 0.03) between the scores of the students from Nutrition and Dietetics, Nursing, and General Medicine. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the AFA questionnaire and the BAOP scale could be used to evaluate weight stigma in healthcare students, providing a useful tool to assess the effects of weight stigma awareness interventions in this population.

Valid and accurate simple equation to predict 3,000-m steeplechase performance.

Introduction: Predict running performances is very important for athletes and trainers. Sport researchers have therefore developed certain tools to predict running performances, but only in non-obstacle races. This study aimed to develop and test the validity and accuracy of an equation for predicting 3,000-m steeplechase performance (PerfSteeple ). Methods: The official rankings of French runners for the 3,000-m track-running (Perf3000 ) and 3,000-m steeplechase events were examined. Age, height and body mass were collected. From 146 included athletes, two groups were randomly composed: one comprising 80% of the sample (n = 117) to develop a simple equation to predict PerfSteeple (i.e., development group) and the other comprising the remaining 20% (n = 29) to test the validity and accuracy of the developed prediction equation (i.e., cross-validation group). Results: The simple prediction equation included Perf3000 and age: P e r f S t e e p l e = - 57 , 165 + 1 , 147 × P e r f 3000 + 0 , 955 × a g e . No significant difference was noted between the actual and predicted performances. Predicted performances were significantly correlated with the actual ones, with a very high correlation coefficient (p < 0.001; r = 0.929). Bias and 95% limits of agreement were -5 ± 24 s, i.e., -0.8 ± 7.6%. In 95 of 100 new predictions, the difference between actual and predicted performance would be less or equal to-5 ± 24 s. Discussion: The study confirms the validity and accuracy of the equation for predicting PerfSteeple . Predictions using this simple equation may be used in training and competitions for athletes and coaches. PerfSteeple = -57,165 + 1,147 X Perf3000 + 0,955 X age.

Derivation and external validation of a portable method to identify patients with pulmonary embolism from radiology reports: The READ-PE algorithm.

BACKGROUND: Identification of pulmonary embolism (PE) across a cohort currently requires burdensome manual review. Previous approaches to automate capture of PE diagnosis have either been too complex for widespread use or have lacked external validation. We sought to develop and validate the Regular Expression Aided Determination of PE (READ-PE) algorithm, which uses a portable text-matching approach to identify PE in reports from computed tomography with angiography (CTA). METHODS: We identified derivation and validation cohorts of final radiology reports for CTAs obtained on adults (≥ 18 years) at two independent, quaternary academic emergency departments (EDs) in the United States. All reports were in the English language. We manually reviewed CTA reports for PE as a reference standard. In the derivation cohort, we developed the READ-PE algorithm by iteratively combining regular expressions to identify PE. We validated the READ-PE algorithm in an independent cohort, and compared performance against three prior algorithms with sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive-value (PPV), negative-predictive-value (NPV), and the F1 score. RESULTS: Among 2948 CTAs in the derivation cohort 10.8 % had PE and the READ-PE algorithm reached 93 % sensitivity, 99 % specificity, 94 % PPV, 99 % NPV, and 0.93 F1 score, compared to F1 scores ranging from 0.50 to 0.85 for three prior algorithms. Among 1206 CTAs in the validation cohort 9.2 % had PE and the algorithm had 98 % sensitivity, 98 % specificity, 85 % PPV, 100 % NPV, and 0.91 F1 score. CONCLUSIONS: The externally validated READ-PE algorithm identifies PE in English-language reports from CTAs obtained in the ED with high accuracy. This algorithm may be used in the electronic health record to accurately identify PE for research or surveillance. If implemented at other EDs, it should first undergo local validation and may require maintenance over time.

Validity and Reliability of the Greek Version of Adult Vaccine Hesitancy Scale in Terms of Dispositional Optimism in a Community-Dwelling Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Vaccine hesitancy is an important public health issue referring to concerns about the safety and efficacy of vaccination. Within a framework, this study aimed to assess the cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Greek version of the adult Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (aVHS) as well as to identify the determinants of vaccine hesitancy among a large regional population in central Greece. A cross-sectional study was conducted enrolling 300 adults who had received primary healthcare services in the Health Centers and Local Health Units of the Magnesia Region from October to December 2022. The aVHS and the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) were used to identify vaccine hesitancy and the dispositional level of optimism, respectively. For survey translation, the procedure of forward and backward translation was followed. Also, the aVHS was tested in a pilot study with a sample of 18 responders. Construct validity and internal consistency reliability were investigated via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficients, respectively. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis were used to determine predictors for vaccine hesitancy. Factor analyses indicated that the aVHS comprises two constructs ("lack of confidence" and "risk perception") explaining 68.9% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha of the total scale was 0.884, indicating its high internal consistency. Participants who lived in rural areas, had a lower annual income, and reported a lower level of optimism showed a higher lack of confidence in vaccination. On the other hand, people aged above 45 years old who had graduated from high school or elementary school and were unemployed showed greater aversion to the risks of side effects. Finally, certain socio-demographic characteristics were associated with vaccine hesitancy. Our data suggest that the aVHS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring vaccine-related attitudes and perceptions in Greek society, providing meaningful insight into designing vaccination-related preventive interventions in the community.

The Hemianopia Reading Questionnaire (HRQ): Development and Psychometric Qualities in a Large Community Sample.

The ability to read is important for daily life functioning. Individuals with homonymous visual field defects (iwHs) after brain injury experience frequent reading difficulties. The current study presents a novel self-report questionnaire aimed at measuring the wide variety of reading difficulties iwHs can experience: the Hemianopia Reading Questionnaire (HRQ). The 24-item HRQ was developed with help from clinical experts and experts by experience and was inspired by existing reading questionnaires for adults. The three tested subscales of the HRQ assess the relationship to reading, reading skills and daily life functional reading. The factor structure, reliability, convergent validity and divergent validity were examined in a large community sample (i.e., individuals without homonymous visual field defects) with a comparable distribution of age, gender and level of education to those who have suffered a stroke (N = 998). Two competing hypothesized models were tested and a good fit was found for a three-bifactor model of the HRQ. The reliability of the three subscales was found to be good (ω range 0.93-0.99), as well as the convergent and divergent validity (9 out of 12 Spearman's correlations, according to expectations). The results support further use of the HRQ in iwHs, especially in the context of reading rehabilitation. Suggestions for clinical and scientific use and future psychometric research on the HRQ are provided.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Decision Fatigue Scale among Korean Registered Nurses.

Nurses make decision for patients and the quality of nurses' decision making can affect patient outcomes. For some reason, nurses are experiencing impaired decision making and it can negatively impact patient care. A valid and reliable instrument to assess decision fatigue may let people know about the concept and guide the development of new policies or interventions for Korean nurses' decision fatigue. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the decision fatigue scale. The design was a cross-sectional descriptive study and convenience sampling was used to recruit participants. A total of 247 nurses from across South Korea participated in an online survey. The survey consisted of demographic questionnaires, decision fatigue scale, nursing practice environment scale, and compassion fatigue scale. It was validated through confirmatory factor analysis that the Korean version of the decision fatigue scale was a single factor with the same structure as the original scale. The Korean version of the decision fatigue scale showed significant correlations with compassion fatigue, and the scale showed appropriate internal consistency. This study established well enough the psychometric characteristics of the Korean version of decision fatigue.

The positive solitude scale (PS): psychometric properties among Chinese older.

BACKGROUND: Positive solitude, taken as a meaningful activity, contributes to the improvement of health, well-being, and quality of life of older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Positive Solitude Scale (PS) among Chinese older to provide a reference for related research. METHODS: A convenience sample of 608 older people from 10 provinces in China was used to conduct the survey. RESULTS: The Chinese version of the PS consisted of 9 items with a unidimensional structure, which could explain 60.91% of the variance. The factor loadings of each item ranged from 0.67 to 0.82, and the communality ranged from 0.44 to 0.68. The confirmatory factor analysis showed good model fit (χ2/df = 2.771, RMSEA = 0.076, CFI = 0.972, IFI = 0.972, TLI = 0.959, PNFI = 0.665, PCFI = 0.675). It was found from the criterion-related validity test that PS scores were significantly and positively correlated with Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness scores (r = 0.45 to 0.44); PS scores were significantly and negatively correlated with Short-Form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), Ego Depletion Scale (EDS), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2nd Edition (AAQ-II) (r = -0.27 to -0.36). The Cronbach's α coefficient value for the scale was 0.917; the split-half reliability coefficient value was 0.928. In addition, the PS showed cross-gender consistency. CONCLUSIONS: The PS presented favorable psychometric characteristics in older people, which can be used as a valid tool for assessing older people's positive solitude.

Construct validity and reliability of Amharic version of DASS-21 scale among Ethiopian Defense University College of Health Science students.

BACKGROUND: DASS-21 is the common and widely used tool for assessing depression, anxiety and stress. However, its validity and Reliability in Ethiopian Amharic language is not assessed. OBJECTIVE: To translate the DASS-21 and assess its validity and reliability among Ethiopian Defense University college of health science students in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. METHOD: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 435 students from different departments in accordance with their proportional size were participated in this study. As to the sampling technique, the study units were selected from each department and year of study using simple random sampling proportional to size. Confirmatory factor analyses were employed to assess the factor structure and construct validity of Amharic version of the DASS-21. Cronbach alpha coefficient and corrected item total correlation was calculated to assess the internal consistency of Amharic version of DASS-21. RESULT: Among 435 undergraduate students who participated in the study, 246(56.6%) were the age of 18-25 year and majority 347(79.8%) were males. Regarding their year of study; 200 (46.0%) were first year students. Confirmatory factor analysis indicates a good model fit of the three correlated factors (Comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.92 with root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.059[0.052-0.066] and standardize root mean residual SRMR = 0.045). The internal consistency of overall DASS-21 and each sub scale were in acceptable range (0.91, 0.82, 0.77 and 0.77) respectively. CONCLUSION: Amharic version of DASS-21 was found to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure the mental problem especially, Depression, Anxiety and Stress among university students.

Predictive validity of the Standardized Infant NeuroDevelopmental Assessment (SINDA) to identify 4-5 year-old children at risk of developmental delay in a low-risk sample.

BACKGROUND: Early detection of developmental problems is important as it allows for early intervention. Previous studies, in high-risk infants, found high predictive values of atypical scores on the Standardized Infant NeuroDevelopmental Assessment (SINDA) for later neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., cerebral palsy, intellectual disability). AIMS: The present study explored SINDA's predictive values to identify risk of developmental delay at 4-5 years. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study. SUBJECTS: 786 low-risk Dutch children (367 boys; median gestational age: 40 (27-42) weeks; mean birth weight: 3455 (SD 577) grams). OUTCOME MEASURES: The SINDA was assessed at 2-12 months and risk of developmental delay was assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) at 4-5 years. SINDA's predictive values were determined for five ASQ domains and the total ASQ score for children at risk of marked (all ASQ domains deviant) and any (one or more ASQ domains deviant) developmental delay. RESULTS: Presence of one atypical SINDA scale score showed low to moderate sensitivities (12-88 %, depending on the SINDA scale and ASQ domain involved), moderate to high specificities (66-94 %), low positive predictive values (PPVs; 3-16 %), and high negative predictive values (NPVs; 95-100 %) for children at risk of marked and any developmental. Presence of multiple atypical SINDA scale scores predicted deviant ASQ domains slightly better (sensitivities = 11-62 %, specificities = 90-98 %, PPVs = 6-30 %, and NPVs = 95-100 %). CONCLUSIONS: In low-risk infants, SINDA's predictive value is low for detecting children at risk of marked and any developmental delay at 4-5 years, as reflected by the low sensitivities. One of the explanations is the relatively low prevalence of developmental delay in low-risk populations. This might have consequences for the application of the SINDA in general healthcare settings (e.g. child health clinics), but further studies are needed to draw this conclusion.

Reliability and validity of Chinese version of the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) in community-dwelling old people.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire (SNAQ). METHODS: The SNAQ was translated and back-translated for the study population. We surveyed 122 community-dwelling residents aged ≥60 years in Beijing's residential communities. Participants underwent face-to-face surveys including the SNAQ, mini-nutritional assessment short-form (MNA-SF), FRAIL scale, Sarcopenia-Five (SCAR-F), 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), 8-item Oral Frailty Index (OFI-8), 10-item Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the internal consistency and the relationship between individual items. The construct validity was verified using the KMO-Bartlett. Concurrent validity was established to validate measures of the same constructs. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha measured the internal consistency of the questionnaire at 0.694. The split-half reliability stood at 0.725. The construct validity of the SNAQ was confirmed using a KMO-Bartlett value of 0.648 (P <0.001). The MNA-SF, as validation benchmark, has a correlation coefficient of 0.345 (P =0.001). CONCLUSION: The Chinese version of the SNAQ has good reliability and validity for older adults in community settings.

Testing a policy intervention in the lab: differences between students and non-students in switching bank accounts.

The reliance on student samples has long been a subject of debate in experimental approaches to studying behaviour. We contribute to this discussion by looking at differences in financial behaviour between a student and a non-student sample in three sets of lab experiments conducted in Spain, Germany and Poland (n=857). Participants from both samples switched more often and made better financial decisions after they received a message encouraging them to switch financial service providers. While the size of the effect on switching frequency was comparable between the two samples, the effect on switching quality was significantly stronger on non-students. Further analysis suggests this is due to a better performance of students before the prompt leaving less room for improvement by the reminder. Results suggest that experimental evidence derived from students should be generalized with caution.

Validity and reproducibility of food group intakes in a self-administered food frequency questionnaire for genomic and omics research: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project.

BACKGROUND: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project (TMM) was established to realize personalized healthcare and medicine using genomic and omics data. This study evaluated the validity and reproducibility of food group intakes derived from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (TMM-FFQ) that included the response option "constitutionally unable to eat/drink it" among community-dwelling Japanese adults. METHODS: Participants comprised 89 men and 124 women aged ≥20 years from Miyagi Prefecture. Participants completed weighed food records (WFRs) for 3 consecutive days per season as reference intake and FFQs in 2019 (FFQ1) and 2021 (FFQ3). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (CCs) were calculated for correlations between food group intakes estimated from the 12-day WFR and FFQ3 (validity), and for correlations between those estimated from the FFQ1 and FFQ3 (reproducibility). Cross-classification according to quintiles using FFQ and WFR data was also performed. RESULTS: The percentage of participants who chose the "constitutionally unable to eat/drink it" option was non-negligible for some food groups. In the validity analysis, CCs were >0.40 for many food groups; the median across 21 food groups was 0.49 in men and 0.45 in women. The median percentages of cross-classification into exact plus adjacent quintiles were 73.0% in men and 66.9% in women. In the reproducibility analysis, CCs were >0.50 for many food groups; the median across 21 food groups was 0.60 in men and 0.51 in women. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of the TMM-FFQ compared with 12-day WFR and the reproducibility of the TMM-FFQ were reasonable for food groups in the TMM cohort studies.

Translation and examination of construct validity of the Danish version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the construct validity of the Danish Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). METHODS: The English 17-item scale was translated into Danish adhering to WHO's guidelines. The construct validity of the TSK was examined in a random general population sample of 4,884 18- to 72-year olds with pain within the past 4 weeks. Examination of construct validity adhered to the COSMIN checklist. Structural validity was examined by splitting the sample and conducting exploratory factor analysis on one half and confirmatory factor analysis on the other half. Convergent validity was examined through associations with self-report measures and objective physical performance tests. Reference scores for the TSK were calculated. RESULTS: After translation, all respondents felt confident that they understood the meaning of the items. All but one found the questionnaire acceptable. The exploratory factor analysis suggested that a 1-factor 13-item version without 4 reversed items resulted in the most consistent fit across subgroups of gender, age, and severe pain report. Five different models of the TSK were tested in the confirmatory factor analysis. While none were excellent fits, both one- and two-factor models of the TSK-13 and TSK-11 were acceptable. Two-factor models marginally outperformed one-factor models on goodness of fit. There was no association between TSK scores and muscular fitness or self-reported physical activity. Cardiorespiratory fitness, self-perceived physical fitness, and self-efficacy had weak correlations with TSK scores. Scores showed modest associations with self-report measures of anxiety, illness worry, pain interference, and daily limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Based on an overall consideration of results, we recommend using the TSK-13 as a one-dimensional construct for both research and clinical purposes pending further examinations of the TSK in clinical samples. TSK scores from the present study can serve as a standard of reference for levels of Kinesiophobia in the general population.

[Establishment and content validity assessment of evaluation index system for development value of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions].

The development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) preparations as an incubator for new drugs in medical institutions has flourished, while an evaluation index system remains to be established for comprehensively assessing the development value of these prescriptions. This study established an item pool through literature research, employed the Delphi method to determine the content of evaluation indexes, and adopted the superiority chart to determine the weight of each index. Two-level evaluation index system for the development value of TCM preparations in medical institutions was established, which included 7 first-level items and 36 se-cond-level items, demonstrating scientific validity. The first-level items(weight) were inheritance(10.61%), effectiveness(23.22%), safety(22.71%), innovation(13.21%), economy(10.00%), suitability(8.57%), and accessibility(11.68%). The top three second-level items in terms of weight distribution were adverse reaction monitoring(6.73%), evidence of therapeutic effect(5.71%), and clinical response rate(4.75%). The bottom three second-level items were production advantages(0.86%), medicinal dosage(0.48%), and medicinal smell or taste(0.18%). The content validity of the established system was assessed, which revealed that the index system was reliable, with the overall and average content validity indexes of 0.47 and 0.90, respectively. Furthermore, the established evaluation index system was used to evaluate six TCM preparations in a city-level hospital of TCM in Sichuan Province, which demonstrated that the system had operability. The results indicate that the evaluation index system is scientific, reliable, and operable, providing a reference for developers to selectively develop TCM preparations in medical institutions. In practical application, the system can be adjusted regarding the index weights according to actual conditions.

Health-related quality of life for children with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: Ensuring content validity of the new KIDS-KNEES-ACL questionnaire.

PURPOSE: The existing knee-specific pediatric patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) lack content and construct validity for children with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. This impairs their accuracy which can lead to false interpretations of data and inaccurate clinical guidelines. The purpose of this study was to develop a content-valid PROM for children with an ACL injury. METHODS: The process adhered to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments guidelines for PROM development. Informants were children with ACL deficiency and sampled based on age, sex, and treatment. Semistructured interviews were conducted exploring themes within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model. Interviews continued beyond data saturation. By thematic analysis and by probing items from the adult PROM 'KNEES-ACL', new themes and items emerged. Content coverage, relevance and understandability were continuously evaluated. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The NVivo 12 software was used for data analysis and coding of items. RESULTS: A PROM of 60 items across nine subscales was formed. From cognitive interviews, 19 new items emerged. Forty-one of 55 items from KNEES-ACL were endorsed as relevant; however, all required rewording to ensure understandability. Substantial differences in the psychosocial impact between adults and children were observed. The children experienced a more considerable negative psychosocial impact caused by a loss of participation in sports, lower self-confidence and loss of social networks. This resulted in four new domains. The physical issues were similar to adults, with few exceptions. CONCLUSION: The 'KIDS-KNEES-ACL' 1.0 (qualitative version) was developed. This version will be subjected to psychometric analysis, resulting in adequate measurement properties of the final KIDS-KNEES-ACL 2.0. As the only adequate pediatric ACL-specific PROM, its use in clinical trials and databases will enhance PROM data quality, and strengthen clinical guidelines and thus the treatment of children with ACL injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Not applicable.

Behavioural differences and similarities between dog breeds: proposing an ecologically valid approach for canine behavioural research.

The behaviour of dogs holds great relevance for not only scientists from fundamental and applied research areas, but also due to the widespread roles of dogs in our societies as companions and working animals; their behaviour is also an important factor in animal and human welfare. A large proportion of dogs currently under human supervision belong to one of roughly 400 recognised breeds. Dog breeds can be characterised by distinctive, predictable and reproducible features, including some of their behavioural traits. To the scientist, the comparative analysis of the behaviour of dog breeds provides an opportunity for investigating an array of intriguing phenomena within an easily accessible model organism created from natural and human-driven evolutionary processes. There are many ways to design and conduct breed-related behavioural investigations, but such endeavours should always be based around biologically relevant research questions and lead to ecologically valid conclusions. In this review, we surveyed recent research efforts that included dog behaviour-related comparisons and applied a critical evaluation according to their methods of breed choice and the subsequent research design. Our aim was to assess whether these two fundamentally important components of experimental design provide a solid basis to reach valid conclusions. Based on 97 publications that fulfilled our selection criteria, we identified three primary methods used by researchers to select breeds for their investigations: (i) convenience sampling; (ii) hypothesis-driven, ancestry-based sampling; and (iii) hypothesis-driven, functional sampling. By using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) evaluation system, we highlight each of these techniques' merits and shortcomings. We identify when particular methods may be inherently unable to produce biologically meaningful results due to a mismatch between breed choice and the initial research goals. We hope that our evaluation will help researchers adopt best practices in experimental design regarding future dog breed comparisons.