The design of chemisorption and catalysis synergistic defender for efficient room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries.

Room temperature sodium-sulfur (RT-Na/S) batteries are a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage systems owing to their low manufacturing cost and high energy density. However, the severe shuttle effects and sluggish reaction kinetics hinder their practical application. Here, a Fe3Se4 nanoparticle anchored three-dimensional nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheet was designed as a functional defender to inhibit the shuttle effect and achieve high sulfur utilization. The porous carbon nanosheet builds a fast platform for electron and ion transport and acts as a limiting barrier for polysulfide dissolution and shuttling. Additionally, Fe3Se4 nanoparticles are incorporated to enhance the chemical anchoring and catalytic activity of polysulfides. The ex-situ characterization revealed that the Fe sites can feed electrons to polysulfides, thus facilitating the conversion of long-chain polysulfides to Na2S, resulting in high sulfur availability (323 mAh/g at 2 A/g) and long-term cycle life (72 % capacity retention at 1 A/g for 500 cycles).

Basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement, and defender self-efficacy as predictors of students' self-reported bystander behaviors over a school year: a growth curve analysis.

Though school children tend to view peer victimization as morally wrong most do not to intervene on the victim's behalf and some instead choose to aid the victimizer. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate how students' defending and pro-aggressive bystander behaviors evolved over the course of one school year and their association to basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement, and defender self-efficacy. Three-hundred-fifty-three upper elementary school students (55% girls; 9.9-12.9 years of age) each completed self-report surveys at three points during one school year. Results from latent growth curve models showed that pro-aggressive bystander behavior remained stable over the year, whereas defending behavior decreased. Moreover, students who exhibited greater basic moral sensitivity were both less likely to be pro-aggressive and simultaneously more likely to defend. Students with defender self-efficacy were not only associated with more defending behavior at baseline but also were also less likely to decrease in defender behavior over time. Conversely, students reporting a higher degree of moral disengagement were linked to more pro-aggressive behavior, particularly when also reporting lower basic moral sensitivity. These short-term longitudinal results add important insight into the change in bystander behavior over time and how it relates to students' sense of morality. The results also highlight the practical necessity for schools to nurture students' sense of morality and prosocial behavior in their efforts to curb peer victimization.

Judicialização em saúde e atuação defensorial em caso de insumo não incorporado: a demanda de Canabidiol na Defensoria Pública Federal de Salvador/BA durante a última década / Health judicialization and the role of Public Defender's Office in a case of non-standardized input: the demand for Cannabidiol at the Federal Public Defender's Office in Salvador/Ba over the past decade / Judicialización sanitaria y acción de la Defensoría Pública en un caso de insumo no incorporado: la demanda de Cannabidiol en la Defensoría Pública Federal de Salvador/Ba em la última década

Objetivo: avaliar a atuação da Defensoria Pública Federal e a efetividade da juridificação da saúde, como instrumento para garantia de acesso ao direito, no caso de insumo não padronizado (Canabidiol), na unidade de Salvador/Bahia. Metodologia: estudo descritivo com aplicação de método longitudinal retrospectivo das demandas de Canabidiol que chegaram à unidade, desde o caso índice admitido no país em 2014, com evolução anual e destino, na instituição e na Justiça, até 2023. Resultados: houve crescimento sistemático dos pedidos, que dobraram anualmente, sobretudo a partir de 2018, exceto no ano de 2021, totalizando 88 casos. O percentual de pleitos judicializados foi de 59%, e, dentre eles, mais da metade obteve decisão liminar favorável em alguma instância, alcançando 76% nas sentenças de mérito. O tempo entre a chegada do requerente, reunião de documentos e propositura da ação foi, em média, de 2,4 meses, e o intervalo médio entre o protocolo da peça inicial e a intimação da antecipação de tutela, nos casos em que concedida, foi de 2 meses. O intervalo entre a intimação da decisão antecipatória e o efetivo cumprimento foi em torno de 9,2 meses, somente obtido mediante bloqueio judicial em quase 70% dos casos. Conclusão: a atuação defensorial se mostrou célere, tão logo reunidos os documentos necessários, bem como as liminares concedidas. O tempo de cumprimento após a decisão concessiva mostrou intervalo alargado, evidenciando uma nova forma de inefetividade do direito social à saúde, o que a judicialização visava exatamente a combater.

Objective: to evaluate the performance of the Federal Public Defender's Office and the effectiveness of the juridification of health, as an instrument to guarantee access to the right, in the case of a non-standardized input (Cannabidiol), in the Salvador/Bahia unit. Methodology: a descriptive study with application of retrospective longitudinal method was carried out on the number of Cannabidiol claims that have reached the unit since the index case admitted in Brazil in 2014, its annual evolution and destination in the institution and in the court, until 2023. Results and discussion: there was a systematic growth in the number of cases, which doubled annually, especially from 2018 onwards, except in 2021. The percentage of judicialized lawsuits was about 59%, and, among those, more than half obtained a favorable decision in some instance, reaching 76% from the merit sentences. The time between the arrival of the applicant, the gathering of documents and the filing of the action was, on average, 2.4 months, and the average interval between the filing of the initial petition and the intimation of the anticipation decision, in the cases where it was granted, was 2 months. On the other hand, the interval between the intimation of the anticipatory decision and the effective compliance oscillated around 9.2 months, only being obtained through judicial blocking in almost 70% of the cases. Conclusion: it was found that the defense was swift, as soon as the necessary documents were gathered, as well as the injunctions granted. On the other hand, the time of compliance after the concession decision showed an alarmingly long interval, resulting in a new form of ineffectiveness of the social right to health, which the judicialization aimed precisely to combat.

Objetivo: evaluar el desempeño de la Defensoría Pública Federal y la efectividad de la juridificación de la salud, como instrumento para garantizar el acceso al derecho, en caso de insumo no estandarizado (Cannabidiol), en la unidad de Salvador/Bahía. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con aplicación del método longitudinal retrospectivo sobre los reclamos de Cannabidiol que han llegado a la unidad desde el caso índice admitido en el pays, en 2014, su evolución anual y destino, en la institución y en los tribunales, hasta 2023. Resultados y discusión: hubo un aumento sistemático en el número de solicitudes, que se duplicaron anualmente, especialmente a partir de 2018, a excepción de 2021. El porcentaje de demandas fue de alrededor del 59% y, entre los judicializados, más de la mitad obtuvo una decisión favorable en alguna instancia, llegando al 76% en las sentencias de mérito. El tiempo promedio entre la llegada del demandante, la recopilación de documentos y la presentación de la demanda fue de 2.4 meses, y el intervalo promedio entre la presentación de la petición inicial y la decisión de anticipación, en los casos en que fue concedida, fue de 2 meses. Por otro lado, el intervalo entre la intimación de la decisión anticipada y el cumplimiento efectivo osciló en torno a los 9,2 meses, obteniéndose únicamente a través del bloqueo judicial en casi 70% de los casos. Conclusión: se comprobó que la defensoría fue rápida, tan pronto como se reunieron los documentos necesarios, así como las medidas cautelares otorgadas, después de escuchado el órgano de soporte técnico. Por otro lado, el tiempo de cumplimiento posterior a la decisión de concesión mostró un intervalo alarmantemente largo, lo que resultó en una nueva forma de ineficacia del derecho social a la salud, que la judicialización pretendía precisamente combatir.

A Case for Social Workers as Investigators in Public Defender Offices.

Social workers play a critical role in modern public defender offices, whether performing mitigation work for pretrial negotiations and sentencing hearings or helping clients to secure access to basic human needs. Although social workers have held in-house positions in public defender offices since at least the 1970s, their service is largely limited to mitigation practice and traditional social work. This article raises an opportunity for social workers to broaden their capacity within public defense by pursuing investigator positions. A case is made for interested social workers to draw upon their education, training, and experience to showcase the alignment between their talents and the requisite skills and performance required of investigative work. Evidence is offered to support the notion that social workers bring skills and a social justice orientation to investigative work that can provide for fresh insight and innovation in investigation and defense strategy. The value brought to investigation by social workers throughout a legal defense is specified, as are considerations for applying and interviewing for investigator positions as social workers.

Defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement on social support and bystander behaviors among primary school students: a multilevel moderated mediation model.

This study examines the influence of social support on bystander behaviors, the mediating and moderating effects of moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy at the individual and class levels, and their cross-level interaction. A total of 1310 children in grades 4-6 completed our questionnaire survey at four-time points between October and December in 2021. The questionnaires include the Scale of Perceived Social Support (T1), Moral Disengagement Scale (T2), Defender Self-Efficacy Scale (T3), and Bullying Participant Behaviors Questionnaire (T4). The multilevel moderated mediating model results show that (1) social support negatively predicts reinforcer and outsider behavior and positively predicts defender behavior; (2) defender self-efficacy plays a mediating role between social support and defender behavior, moral disengagement plays a mediating role between social support and bystander behaviors, and defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement play a chain mediation role between social support and bystander behavior; (3a) class-level defender self-efficacy has a direct impact on defender behavior and moderates the relationship between individual defender self-efficacy and reinforcer behavior; and (3b) class-level moral disengagement has a direct impact on defender and outsider behavior and a cross-level moderated role between individual moral disengagement and reinforcer behavior. These results show that the individual and class level defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement can influence the bystander behavior of primary school students, which is of great significance for schools to develop anti-bullying moral education courses and design measures to improve students' anti-bullying self-efficacy.

Defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement on social support and bystander behaviors among primary school students: a multilevel moderated mediation model

Abstract This study examines the influence of social support on bystander behaviors, the mediating and moderating effects of moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy at the individual and class levels, and their cross-level interaction. A total of 1310 children in grades 4-6 completed our questionnaire survey at four-time points between October and December in 2021. The questionnaires include the Scale of Perceived Social Support (T1), Moral Disengagement Scale (T2), Defender Self-Efficacy Scale (T3), and Bullying Participant Behaviors Questionnaire (T4). The multilevel moderated mediating model results show that (1) social support negatively predicts reinforcer and outsider behavior and positively predicts defender behavior; (2) defender self-efficacy plays a mediating role between social support and defender behavior, moral disengagement plays a mediating role between social support and bystander behaviors, and defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement play a chain mediation role between social support and bystander behavior; (3a) class-level defender self-efficacy has a direct impact on defender behavior and moderates the relationship between individual defender self-efficacy and reinforcer behavior; and (3b) class-level moral disengagement has a direct impact on defender and outsider behavior and a cross-level moderated role between individual moral disengagement and reinforcer behavior. These results show that the individual and class level defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement can influence the bystander behavior of primary school students, which is of great significance for schools to develop anti-bullying moral education courses and design measures to improve students' anti-bullying self-efficacy.

Early Adolescents' Motivations to Defend Victims of Cyberbullying.

The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of motivation to defend victims of bullying would be associated with various bystander behaviors in cyberbullying situations among early adolescents in Sweden. Data were collected from 460 Swedish adolescents aged between 11 and 15 years who completed a survey in their classroom. Results showed that autonomous motivation to defend was positively associated with defender behavior and negatively associated with pro-bully and passive behavior, while extrinsic motivation was positively associated with pro-bully and passive behavior. Age was positively associated with increased passive behavior and dampened defensive behavior, while no effect of gender was found on defender behavior. Our findings suggest that students' autonomous motivation to defend victims is important in cyberbullying situations.

Business Strategy and Environmental Information Disclosure Quality: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Heavy Pollution Listed Firms.

Using the data of listed firms in China's A-share heavy pollution industry between 2008 and 2020, based on organizational theory, this study examines the impact of prospector-type firms and defender-type firms on environmental information disclosure quality. Empirical evidence shows that prospector-type firms reduce environmental information disclosure quality, compared with defender-type firms. After a series of robustness tests, the conclusion is still valid. This paper tests the impact mechanism of business strategy on environmental information disclosure quality and finds that financing constraints play a mediating effect in the relationship between business strategy and environmental information disclosure quality. This paper enriches and expands the literature in the field of influencing factors of environmental information disclosure quality and economic consequences of business strategy. At the same time, the conclusion of this paper has important reference significance for regulators to formulate policies to improve environmental information disclosure quality according to the heterogeneity of business strategy.

When autonomy is necessary for performance: Brazilian public defenders' offices / Cuando la autonomía es necesaria para el desempeño: los defensores públicos brasileños / Quando a autonomia é necessária para o desempenho: defensoria pública do Brasil

Abstract Public Defender's Offices (PDOs) are responsible for providing legal assistance to citizens in situations of social and economic vulnerability. These organizations litigate directly against the state to guarantee the provision of public services and prevent government abuses or deviations. Therefore, these organizations require autonomy to fulfill their mission. This work analyzes the relationship between autonomy and performance in Brazilian PDOs. The work tests the perception of the impact between autonomy and performance of Brazilian PDOs. A survey was carried out with bureaucrats from 27 Brazilian PDOs, and the data was analyzed through structural equation modeling. The variables observed include, in addition to performance and autonomy, availability of resources, competencies, and accountability. The results point out a perception that PDOs must be autonomous and free from political influences to perform their mission properly. The bureaucrats' skills and accountability were identified as relevant factors for the organizations' performance. However, there was no significant relationship between resource availability and perceived performance. The contributions of this study include obtaining evidence of empirical validity to measure the constructs "autonomy," "availability of resources," "skills," and "responsibility" and their impact on the performance of PDOs.

Resumen Las defensorías públicas (DP) se encargan de brindar asistencia jurídica a los ciudadanos en situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica. Estas organizaciones litigan directamente contra el Estado para garantizar la prestación de los servicios públicos y prevenir abusos o desviaciones por parte del Gobierno. Por lo tanto, la autonomía es relevante para que estas organizaciones cumplan su misión. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre autonomía y desempeño en las DP brasileñas. La investigación prueba la percepción del impacto entre autonomía y desempeño de las DP brasileñas. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta con burócratas de 27 DP brasileñas y posteriormente el análisis de datos a través de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Las variables observadas incluyen, además del desempeño y la autonomía, la disponibilidad de recursos, las competencias y la rendición de cuentas. Los resultados indican que la percepción en estas organizaciones es estas que deben operar de forma autónoma, alejadas de influencias políticas, para que puedan desempeñar su misión de la mejor manera. Las habilidades de los burócratas también son un factor relevante en el desempeño de estas organizaciones, al igual que accountability. Sin embargo, no hubo una relación significativa entre la disponibilidad de recursos y el desempeño percibido. Las contribuciones de este estudio incluyen la obtención de evidencia de validez empírica para medir los constructos autonomía, disponibilidad de recursos, habilidades y accountability y su impacto en el desempeño de las DP.

Resumo As Defensorias Públicas (DPs) são responsáveis por prover assistência jurídica a cidadãos em situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica. Essas organizações litigam diretamente contra o Estado para garantir a prestação de serviços públicos e evitar abusos ou desvios por parte do governo. Portanto, autonomia tende a ser relevante para que essas organizações cumpram sua missão. O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre autonomia e desempenho nas DPs brasileiras. O trabalho testa a percepção de impacto entre autonomia e desempenho das DPs brasileiras. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa com burocratas de 27 DPs brasileiras e a análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais. As variáveis observadas incluem, além de desempenho e autonomia, disponibilidade de recursos, competências e responsabilização. Os resultados indicam que a percepção nessas organizações é de que elas devem operar de forma autônoma, longe de influências políticas, para que possam desempenhar sua missão da melhor forma. As capacidades dos burocratas também são um fator relevante no desempenho dessas organizações, assim como a accountability. No entanto, não houve relação significativa entre a disponibilidade de recursos e o desempenho percebido. As contribuições deste estudo incluem a obtenção de evidências de validade empírica para mensurar os construtos autonomia, disponibilidade de recursos, capacidades e accountability e seu impacto no desempenho das DPs.

A perspectiva dialógica na garantia do direito à saúde: análise de uma iniciativa da Defensoria Pública articulado às gestões municipais de saúde no estado do Rio de Janeiro / The dialogic perspective in guaranteeing the right to health: analysis of an initiative of the Public Defender's Office articulated with municipal health management in the state of Rio de Janeiro

O advento da Constituição Federal postulou uma gama de direitos após um grande percurso de lutas sociais. O SUS traduz e demarca na área da Saúde a expressão do acúmulo de construções e reivindicações à luz da luta pela Reforma Sanitária. Nos anos de 1990 conviveu-se em um mixar de avanço da ideologia neoliberal caminhando de encontro às conquistas legais do processo de abertura democrática e ao mesmo tempo à luta por realizar as previsões legais dos direitos recém conquistados. Nesse ínterim chega a população uma dificuldade no acesso aos serviços de saúde e aos insumos dessa política. Considerando esse contexto, iniciou-se um avolumar de ações e pleitos na esfera judicial, enquanto reivindicações do direito à saúde, passando o sistema judiciário a ser um meio expressivo para acesso. Processo esse que se por um lado revela o legítimo e saudoso acesso à justiça, também se traduz em aumento de custos para os estados e municípios e ainda a forma como vinha sendo conduzida era sobretudo por ações individuais, sem interlocução entre os serviços. Diante desse contexto, a proposta dos diálogos institucionais é fundamental. Sobretudo com o objetivo de o judiciário e saúde dialogarem na busca por soluções, preferencialmente, extrajudiciais na resolução de conflitos, no atendimento às demandas da população, com objetivo fim da garantia dos direitos. Sendo assim buscou-se analisar a experiência Construindo o SUS com a Defensoria Pública do Rio de Janeiro, enquanto uma prática de diálogo institucional envolvendo instituição jurídica e de saúde que tem como objetivo aumento da busca por resoluções administrativas das demandas de saúde e por consequência a diminuição da judicialização.

The advent of the Federal Constitution postulated a range of rights after a long journey of social struggles. The SUS translates and demarcates in the Health area the expression of the accumulation of constructions and claims in the light of the struggle for Sanitary Reform. In the 1990s, there was a mixture of advancement of neoliberal ideology, moving against the legal achievements of the democratic opening process and at the same time the struggle to carry out the legal predictions of the newly conquered rights. In the meantime, the population has a difficulty in accessing health services and the inputs of this policy. Considering this context, an increase in lawsuits and claims in the judicial sphere began, as claims for the right to health, with the judicial system becoming an expressive means of access. This process, on the one hand, reveals the legitimate and longing for access to justice, also translates into increased costs for states and municipalities, and the way in which it was being conducted was mainly through individual actions, without interlocution between the services. In this context, the proposal of institutional dialogues is fundamental. Especially with the objective of the judiciary and health to dialogue in the search for solutions, preferably extrajudicial in the resolution of conflicts, in meeting the demands of the population, with the objective of guaranteeing rights. Therefore, we sought to analyze the experience Building the SUS with the Public Defender's Office of Rio de Janeiro, as a practice of institutional dialogue involving a legal and health institution that aims to increase the search for administrative resolutions of health demands and, consequently, the decrease in judicialization.

Influence of Network Size on Adversarial Decisions in a Deception Game Involving Honeypots.

Deception via honeypots, computers that pretend to be real, may provide effective ways of countering cyberattacks in computer networks. Although prior research has investigated the effectiveness of timing and amount of deception via deception-based games, it is unclear as to how the size of the network (i.e., the number of computer systems in the network) influences adversarial decisions. In this research, using a deception game (DG), we evaluate the influence of network size on adversary's cyberattack decisions. The DG has two sequential stages, probe and attack, and it is defined as DG (n,k, γ), where n is the number of servers, k is the number of honeypots, and γ is the number of probes that the adversary makes before attacking the network. In the probe stage, participants may probe a few web servers or may not probe the network. In the attack stage, participants may attack any one of the web servers or decide not to attack the network. In a laboratory experiment, participants were randomly assigned to a repeated DG across three different between-subject conditions: small (20 participants), medium (20 participants), and large (20 participants). The small, medium, and large conditions used DG (2, 1, 1), DG (6, 3, 3), and DG (12, 6, 6) games, respectively (thus, the proportion of honeypots was kept constant at 50% in all three conditions). Results revealed that in the small network, the proportions of honeypot and no-attack actions were 0.20 and 0.52, whereas in the medium (large) network, the proportions of honeypot and no-attack actions were 0.50 (0.50) and 0.06 (0.03), respectively. There was also an effect of probing actions on attack actions across all three network sizes. We highlight the implications of our results for networks of different sizes involving deception via honeypots.

An Attacker-defender Resource Allocation Game with Substitution and Complementary Effects.

The United States is funding homeland security programs with a large budget (e.g., 74.4 billion for FY 2019). A number of game-theoretic defender-attacker models have been developed to study the optimal defense resource allocation strategies for the government (defender) against the strategic adversary (attacker). However, to the best of our knowledge, the substitution or complementary effects between different types of defensive resources (e.g., human resource, land resource, and capital resource) have not been taken into consideration even though they exist in practice. The article fills this gap by studying a sequential game-theoretical resource allocation model and then exploring how the joint effectiveness of multiple security investments influences the defensive budget allocation among multiple potential targets. Three false belief models have been developed in which only the defender, only the attacker, and both the defender and attacker hold false beliefs about the joint effectiveness of resources. Regression analysis shows that there are significant substitution effects between human and capital resources. The results show that the defender will suffer a higher loss if he fails to consider the substitution or complementary effects. Interestingly, if the attacker holds a false belief while the defender does not, the defender will suffer an even higher loss, especially when the resources are substitutes. However, if both the attacker and defender hold false beliefs, there will be lower loss when resources are complementary. The results also show that the defender should allocate the highly effective resource when the resources substitute each other. This article provides some new insights to the homeland security resource allocation.

A "Defender Protective Effect" in Multiple-Role Combinations of Bullying Among Chinese Adolescents.

Although existing research has advanced our understanding of participant roles in bullying, it is limited by its focus on a single participant role and reliance on samples of children or adolescents in Western nations. Under a "multiple participant roles" perspective based on adaptive strategy hypothesis, the current study used a modified version of the Participant Role Scale approach to identify participant roles in 523 Chinese eighth graders (47.0% boys; M = 14.43) based on peer ratings using two role classification methods: single participant role (using standardized scores) and multiple participant role (using raw scores). First, the single-role method was used. Second, primary, secondary, and tertiary roles were assigned to each adolescent according to his or her three highest scores; they also were assigned to various combinations of roles. Associations between variation in bullying roles and peer social preference (i.e., peer acceptance and rejection) were examined. Overall, the results regarding single-role classification showed that the distribution of and gender differences in roles were consistent with previous studies of Western adolescents. Results regarding multiple-role classification revealed wide variation: primary roles, 85.3% of the sample; secondary roles, 54.2%; tertiary roles, 43.2%. Girls tended to occupy only one role, whereas boys occupied multiple roles. Furthermore, 11 role combinations were identified (e.g., probully-defender; probully-defender-outsider) that were dominated by boys, but also included some girls. Youth whose combination included the role of defender had higher peer acceptance and lower rejection, compared with those without the defender role-a "defender protective effect." The findings have important implications for understanding and reducing bullying.

Individual and Classroom Social-Cognitive Processes in Bullying: A Short-Term Longitudinal Multilevel Study.

The aim of this study was to examine whether individual and classroom collective social-cognitive processes (moral disengagement and self-efficacy) were associated with bullying perpetration among schoolchildren. An additional aim was to examine whether changes in these processes from grade 4 (Time 1) to grade 5 (Time 2) were associated with a change in bullying perpetration. Self-reported survey data were collected from 1,250 Swedish students from 98 classrooms. Results of multilevel analysis indicated that individual and classroom collective moral disengagement (CMD) were positively associated with bullying, and defender self-efficacy (DSE) was negatively associated with bullying. The effect of changes in individual moral disengagement on changes in bullying was positive, and the effects of changes in DSE and classroom collective efficacy on changes in bullying were negative. Thus, the findings demonstrate the changeability of moral disengagement, DSE and collective efficacy over time, and how these changes are linked to changes in bullying perpetration.

Identificando políticas públicas: Defensoria Pública e homens infratores da Lei Maria da Penha / Identificación de políticas públicas: Defensoría Pública y hombres infractores de la Ley Maria da Penha / Identifying public policies: Public Defenders and men who broke the Maria da Penha Law

Resumo A avaliação dos serviços de assistência prestados pela Defensoria Pública possibilita a identificação de demandas e problemas que constituirão a origem de futuras políticas públicas. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma observação na qual se avaliaram os serviços de assistência prestados pelo Núcleo de Atendimento ao Homem Autor de Violência Doméstica e Familiar (Neah), a partir de depoimentos dos assistidos e de suas companheiras. Como resultado, identificam-se futuros serviços e políticas públicas voltados à prevenção, autorreflexão e mudança de percepção dos homens agressores. Os resultados da observação empírica ressaltam o paradoxo das políticas públicas de atendimento a homens acusados de violência doméstica: enquanto a avaliação dos serviços de assistência prestados pela DP-PA e do atendimento policial por parte das mulheres cônjuges manifesta uma insatisfação pelos resultados do atendimento recebido na DP-PA, com relação aos seus parceiros. Os homens que participaram do grupo terapêutico manifestaram nas entrevistas haver experimentado uma mudança de comportamento com relação às suas cônjuges e sobre a visão da mulher.

Resumen La evaluación de los servicios de asistencia prestados por la Defensoría Pública permite identificar demandas y problemas que constituirán el origen de futuras políticas públicas. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una observación en la que se evaluaron los servicios de asistencia prestados por el Núcleo de Atención al Hombre Autor de Violencia Doméstica y Familiar (Neah) a partir de testimonios de los asistidos y sus cónyuges. Como resultado, se identifican futuros servicios y políticas públicas dirigidas a la prevención, autorreflexión y cambio de percepción de los hombres agresores. Los resultados de la observación empírica resaltan la paradoja de las políticas públicas de atención a los hombres acusados de violencia doméstica: mientras que la evaluación de los servicios de asistencia ofrecidos por la DP-PA y de la atención policial por parte de las mujeres cónyuges manifiesta una insatisfacción por los resultados de la atención recibida en la DP-PA con relación a sus compañeros. Los hombres que participaron en el grupo terapéutico manifestaron en las entrevistas que habían experimentado un cambio de comportamiento con relación a sus cónyuges y sobre la visión de la mujer.

Abstract The evaluation of the assistance services provided by the Public Defender's Office allows to identify demands and problems for public policies. This article presents the results of an observation research that evaluated the services of the Núcleo de Atendimento ao Homem Autor de Violência Doméstica e Familiar (Neah) (Support Center for men who committed Domestic and Family Violence), considering the testimonies of people assisted by the institution and their partners. From the results, it is possible to identify future actions and public policies aimed to prevent, promote self-reflection, and change the perception related to aggressive men. The results of the empirical observation highlight the paradox of the public policies of assistance to men accused of domestic violence, since the spouses' evaluation about the police assistance and the assistance services offered by the DP-PA shows a dissatisfaction with the results of the services their partners receive. Men who participated in the therapeutic group expressed during the interviews that they experienced a change in behavior toward their spouses and their view about women.

Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo, participação social e acesso à justiça / Public Defenders' Office of the State of São Paulo, social participation and access to justice

RESUMO O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar espaços para a participação social e alternativas institucionais para a garantia de acesso aos direitos de pessoas com sofrimento mental, na Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de relato de experiência de imersão na referida instituição, no período de 2012 a 2015, no qual as autoras realizaram entrevistas semiestruturadas com ativistas, profissionais e usuários do serviço. Para o escopo do presente artigo, foram selecionados os conteúdos temáticos específicos dos diálogos sobre participação social e acesso à justiça. A análise dos resultados identificou quatro eixos temáticos fundamentais: i) presença de espaços institucionais previstos em regimento para a participação social; ii) características da participação social distintas na instituição, de acordo com o período analisado; iii) a construção de um modelo de atuação que possibilita o acompanhamento individual de pessoas com sofrimento mental; iv) iniciativas de monitoramento, fiscalização e acompanhamento da implantação das políticas públicas de saúde mental.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to analyze spaces for social participation and institutional alternatives to ensure access to justice to the rights of individuals with mental illness at the Public Defender's Office of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It consists of an experience emergence report at said institution, conducted from 2012 to 2015, in which the authors performed semi-structured interviews with activists, professionals, and service users. For the scope of this article, we selected specific thematic content of the dialogues on social participation and access to justice. The resulting analysis identified four principal thematic axes: i) the presence of institutional spaces provided for in the regulation of social participation; ii) diverse social participation characteristics in the institution, according to the analyzed period; iii) construction of an action model to enable individual follow-up of people with mental illness; iv) monitoring, supervision, and follow-up initiatives for the implementation of mental health public policies.

An Optimization-Based Framework for the Identification of Vulnerabilities in Electric Power Grids Exposed to Natural Hazards.

This article proposes a novel mathematical optimization framework for the identification of the vulnerabilities of electric power infrastructure systems (which is a paramount example of critical infrastructure) due to natural hazards. In this framework, the potential impacts of a specific natural hazard on an infrastructure are first evaluated in terms of failure and recovery probabilities of system components. Then, these are fed into a bi-level attacker-defender interdiction model to determine the critical components whose failures lead to the largest system functionality loss. The proposed framework bridges the gap between the difficulties of accurately predicting the hazard information in classical probability-based analyses and the over conservatism of the pure attacker-defender interdiction models. Mathematically, the proposed model configures a bi-level max-min mixed integer linear programming (MILP) that is challenging to solve. For its solution, the problem is casted into an equivalent one-level MILP that can be solved by efficient global solvers. The approach is applied to a case study concerning the vulnerability identification of the georeferenced RTS24 test system under simulated wind storms. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for identifying critical locations under multiple hazard events and, thus, for providing a useful tool to help decisionmakers in making more-informed prehazard preparation decisions.

GmDAD1, a Conserved Defender Against Cell Death 1 (DAD1) From Soybean, Positively Regulates Plant Resistance Against Phytophthora Pathogens.

Initially identified as a mammalian apoptosis suppressor, defender against apoptotic death 1 (DAD1) protein has conserved plant orthologs acting as negative regulators of cell death. The potential roles and action mechanisms of plant DADs in resistance against Phytophthora pathogens are still unknown. Here, we cloned GmDAD1 from soybean and performed functional dissection. GmDAD1 expression can be induced by Phytophthora sojae infection in both compatible and incompatible soybean varieties. By manipulating GmDAD1 expression in soybean hairy roots, we showed that GmDAD1 transcript accumulations are positively correlated with plant resistance levels against P. sojae. Heterologous expression of GmDAD1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced its resistance to Phytophthora parasitica. NbDAD1 from N. benthamiana was shown to have similar role in conferring Phytophthora resistance. As an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein, GmDAD1 was demonstrated to be involved in ER stress signaling and to affect the expression of multiple defense-related genes. Taken together, our findings reveal that GmDAD1 plays a critical role in defense against Phytophthora pathogens and might participate in the ER stress signaling pathway. The defense-associated characteristic of GmDAD1 makes it a valuable working target for breeding Phytophthora resistant soybean varieties.

A Study on a Sequential One-Defender-N-Attacker Game.

Government usually faces threat from multiple attackers. However, in the literature, researchers often model attackers as one monolithic player who chooses whether to attack, how much investment to spend, and on which target, instead of treating multiple attackers as independent agents. This modeling strategy may potentially cause suboptimal defense investment if the attackers have vastly different interests and preferences and may not be combined as one in theory. In this article, we develop a sequential game with complete information. This model considers one defender explicitly dealing with multiple unmergeable attackers. Thorough numerical experiments are conducted using ratio and exponential contest success functions under different scenarios. The result is also contrasted with the corresponding single attacker model to study the effect of mishandling multiple attackers. The propositions and observations drawn from the numerical experiments provide insights for government decision making with a better understanding of the attackers' behavior.

Defending Victims of Bullying in Early Adolescence: A Multilevel Analysis.

Adolescents' defending behaviors in school bullying situations is likely determined by individual characteristics, social status variables, and classroom/school contextual factors operating simultaneously in the peer ecology. However, there is little research on defending behavior that utilizes this multilevel approach. This study investigated how students' willingness to defend victims of bullying was affected by feelings of empathy, perceived popularity, and classroom-level perceived prosocial norms. Participants were 1373 adolescents (40% girls, Mage: 14 yrs) from 54 classrooms in six middle schools in South Korea. These youth reported on their feelings of empathy and how prosocial they perceived their classmates to be. Peer-ratings and peer nominations were used to estimate defending behaviors and which students were perceived as popular. Multilevel analyses showed that participants were more likely to defend victims when they had greater empathy and perceived popularity and when classroom-level prosocial norms were higher. The findings have implications for interventions to reduce school bullying and for studying defending behavior in multiple cultural contexts.