Comparison between Spectral-Domain and Swept-Source OCT Angiography for the Measurement of Persistent Hypertransmission Defects in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: Spectral-domain OCT angiography (SD-OCTA) scans were tested in an algorithm developed for use with swept-source OCT angiography (SS-OCTA) scans to determine if SD-OCTA scans yielded similar results for the detection and measurement of persistent choroidal hypertransmission defects (hyperTDs). Design: Retrospective study. Participants: Forty pairs of scans from 32 patients with late-stage nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Patients underwent both SD-OCTA and SS-OCTA imaging at the same visit using the 6 × 6 mm OCTA scan patterns. Using a semiautomatic algorithm that helped with outlining the hyperTDs, 2 graders independently validated persistent hyperTDs, which are defined as having a greatest linear dimension ≥250 µm on the en face images generated using a slab extending from 64 to 400 µm beneath Bruch's membrane. The number of lesions and square root (sqrt) total area of the hyperTDs were obtained from the algorithm using each imaging method. Main Outcome Measures: The mean sqrt area measurements and the number of hyperTDs were compared. Results: The number of lesions and sqrt total area of the hyperTDs were highly concordant between the 2 instruments (rc = 0.969 and rc = 0.999, respectively). The mean number of hyperTDs was 4.3 ± 3.1 for SD-OCTA scans and 4.5 ± 3.3 for SS-OCTA scans (P = 0.06). The mean sqrt total area measurements were 1.16 ± 0.64 mm for the SD-OCTA scans and 1.17 ± 0.65 mm for the SS-OCTA scans (P < 0.001). Because of the small standard error of the differences, the mean difference between the scans was statistically significant but not clinically significant. Conclusions: Spectral-domain OCTA scans provide similar results to SS-OCTA scans when used to obtain the number and area measurements of persistent hyperTDs through a semiautomated algorithm previously developed for SS-OCTA. This facilitates the detection of atrophy with a more widely available scan pattern and the longitudinal study of early to late-stage AMD. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Fast updating of stimulus history reveals weak internal representations of faces in autism.

Atypical perception has been widely reported in autism spectrum disorders, and deficits in face recognition, specifically, are argued to be closely associated with social impairment experienced by these individuals. However, it is still debated (a) whether deficits are perceptually based, and (b) what the role is of experience-based refinements of perceptual face representations in autism. We investigated the effect of short- and long-term experienced stimulus history on face processing. Autistic and non-autistic individuals performed same-different judgments in a serial discrimination task where two consecutive faces were drawn from a distribution of morphed faces. Use of stimulus statistics was measured by testing the gravitation of face representations towards, the mean of a range of morphed faces around which they were sampled (regression-to-the-mean). The results show that unlike non-autistic individuals, representations of own- and other-race faces were equally biased by stimulus statistics in autistic individuals. Moreover, autistic individuals used the most recently exposed faces without forming a strong internal representation based on the overall experienced faces, indicating a weaker internal model of the "typical" averaged face. This accumulated history of faces may underlie typical face specialization, and thus may account for the reduced specialization for own-race faces shown in autism. The results shed light on the way autistic people process and recognize faces, and on the basic mechanisms underlying atypical face perception.

A reflection on faces seen under mirror reversal.

Much of our visual experience of faces, including our own, is mediated by technology, for example when a digital photo depicts a mirror reversal of reality. How does this difference in visual experience affect judgments about appearance? Here, we asked participants to view their likeness in photographs that were reversed (as when viewed in a mirror) or not reversed (as when viewed directly). Observers also perceptually adapted (or not) to the reversed or non-reversed images in a 2 × 2 design. Observers then rated how much each photograph resembled them and how much they liked their appearance in the photograph, later repeating the procedure for images of close friends. We found that non-reversed images are perceived as more "unlike" one's self and less pleasant than reversed images; the pattern disappears when evaluating close friends, where the non-reversed image is the more familiar, with adaptation having asymmetric effects. Experiment 1A was fully replicated seven years later. These results are likely driven by a strong, albeit malleable, visual representation of self, born of technology mediated experience and activated when an unfamiliar perspective exposes facial asymmetries. We conclude by considering the downstream effects of these preferences on consumer and social behavior.

HArmonyCa™ hybrid filler to restore connective tissue: An Italian real-life retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Facial aging and dermal conditions may negatively influence the quality of life, leading patients to seek aesthetic procedures to restore a more satisfying appearance. HArmonyCa™ is a recently developed hybrid filler that combines the actions of the most common dermal fillers, hyaluronic acid (HA) and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA). AIMS: This study investigates the efficacy and safety of HArmonyCa™ in patients affected by chrono- and photoaging and several facial skin conditions. PATIENTS/METHODS: One hundred and twenty-nine patients, affected by chrono- and photoaging, and skin conditions such as oily and acne-prone skin, rosacea, or scarring, were treated with HArmonyCa™. Injections followed the retrograde linear fanning technique. A physicians' consensus identified five optimal entry points. The physician and patients assessed treatment outcomes using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) 9 months after treatment (including immediate lift effect, skin firmness, and elasticity), and 3D images were taken for documentation. Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated immediately after the procedure and after 9 months. RESULTS: According to the physician's assessments, all patients displayed an improvement in facial appearance, particularly during movement, with the patients' evaluation showing agreement. Only minor AEs were reporte, which resolved spontaneously. Moreover, HArmonyCa™ treatment proved compatible with different medications and aesthetic procedures. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that one treatment with HArmonyCa™ yields highly satisfactory outcomes in patients affected by skin conditions. For the first time, we show that HArmonyCa™ is a dynamic filler that improves facial laxity during movement. The treatment proved to be safe and fully compatible with other cosmetic procedures and medications.

Two different mirror neuron pathways for social and non-social actions? A meta-analysis of fMRI studies.

Mirror neurons (MNs) represent a class of neurons that are activated when performing or observing the same action. Given their role in social cognition and previous research in patients with psychiatric disorders, we proposed that the human MN system (MNS) might display different pathways for social and non-social actions. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 174 published human fMRI studies. Our findings confirmed the proposed hypothesis. Our results demonstrated that the non-social MN pathway exhibited a more classical pattern of frontoparietal activation, whereas the social MN pathway was activated less in the parietal lobe but more in the frontal lobe, limbic lobe, and sub-lobar regions. Additionally, our findings revealed a modulatory role of the effector (i.e., face and hands) within this framework: some areas exhibited effector-independent activation, while others did not. This novel subdivision provides valuable theoretical support for further investigations into the neural mechanisms underlying the MNS and its related disorders.

Pattern of Facial Laceration at Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Facial lacerations are a source of concern as these can be life threatening at times due to extensive haemorrhage and also leave lifelong scars. The objective of this study was to find out the pattern of facial lacerations in the Nepalese population visiting a tertiary care centre in eastern Nepal. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the maxillofacial trauma patients visiting the Emergency department and department of Dental Surgery at a tertiary care centre from 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee . All patients attending the Dental outpatient department and Emergency department for the management of facial laceration in the study period were included in the study. RESULTS: Out of 236 patients, there were 199 (84.32%) male and 37 (15.67%) female patients. The most common age group was of 21-30 years 88 (37.29%) and Road Traffic Accidents 183 (77.54%) was the main aetiology. Facial lacerations and maxillofacial fractures both were seen in 98 (41.53%) patients. There were a total of 358 facial laceration sites among 236 patients and chin region 76 (21.22%) was the most common followed by forehead region 54 (15.08%). CONCLUSIONS: Facial lacerations were mostly seen in males, younger adults and road traffic accidents were the main aetiology for these injuries. Facial lacerations showed predominant T-shaped distribution with chin being the most common site.

Exploring the need for surgical face masks in operating room: a comprehensive literature review.

Surgical face masks (SFM) are pivotal in preventing surgical site infections (SSI) in the operating room (OR). However, there are currently no specific recommendations for their most effective use. SFM effectiveness is influenced by factors such as material, fit, and duration of use, sparking ongoing debates about their benefits and risks in surgery. SFMs act as a protective barrier, but their ability to filter out harmful compounds is questioned. They can also impact communication and create a false sense of security. Nevertheless, SFMs aid in infection prevention and provide psychological comfort. Clear guidelines are needed to ensure their appropriate use in the OR. This paper offers a historical overview of surgical masks, emphasizing their role in infection prevention. It explores SFM effectiveness for both the surgical team and patients during surgery and considers their future in surgical settings. As we navigate the evolving landscape of SFMs, clear and concise guidelines are imperative to ensure their judicious and effective use in the OR. This paper serves as an essential resource for understanding the historical significance, contemporary efficacy, and prospective trajectory of SFMs in surgical practice.

Facial soft tissue characteristics of patients with different types of malocclusion.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the facial soft tissue characteristics of patients with different types of malocclusion. METHODS: The 3dMD scanning data of patients with malocclusion admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to April 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Forty-seven patients with Class I malocclusion, 43 patients with Class II malocclusion and 44 patients with Class III malocclusion were selected. All patients underwent 3dMD scans prior to orthodontic treatment. Then the differences in the 3D morphological parameters of the facial soft tissues were compared between different sexes and different types of malocclusion. Spearman's correlation was further used to analyze the correlation between each parameter and the classification of malocclusion. RESULTS: In the Class I group and Class II group, there were no significant differences in the 3D morphometric parameters of malocclusion patients of different sexes (P > 0.05). There were significant differences between Al (R)-AL (L), Ac (R)-Ac (L), Prn-Ac (L), n-Prn-Sn, and Al (R)-Al (L)/Ac (L)-Ah (L) values among the three groups of patients. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Ac (R)-Ac (L) and Al (R)-Al (L)/Ac (R)-Ac (L) were correlated with the type of malocclusion. CONCLUSION: Differences in facial soft tissues exist in patients with Class I, II, and III malocclusion. 3dMD technique may be helpful in developing an effective treatment plan prior to orthodontic treatment.

The Construction of Face-to-Face Combination between NiFe-layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets and Monolayer rGO for Efficient Water Splitting and Oxygen Reduction.

Developing cost-effective and efficient electrocatalysts is essential for advancing a green energy future. Herein, a NiFe-layered double hydroxide loaded on reduced graphene oxide (NiFe-LDHs@rGO) hybrid was synthesized using a straightforward three-step process involving exfoliation tearing, electrostatic self-assembly, and chemical reduction. The face-to-face packing and ultrathin exfoliation enable strong heterogeneous interactions, fully harnessing the potential of these complementary two-dimensional counterparts. Consequently, the resultant catalyst displays outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activity and stability, whose overpotential is as low as 241 mV at 30 mA cm-2 and 255 mV at 50 mA cm-2 with a low Tafel slope of 62.1 mV dec-1. Both the experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the face-to-face assembly strengthens the electronic interactions between NiFe-LDHs and rGO, which effectively modulates the d-band center of Ni and Fesites and improves the reaction kinetics for OER. Moreover, the resultant NiFe-LDHs@rGO hybrids exhibit excellent multifunctional catalytic performance. Its hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity is endowed by Fe-site of NiFe-LDHs and defect states rGO and achieves a low voltage of 1.68 V to drive a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for overall water splitting. The face-to-face heteroassembly also imparts NiFe-LDHs@rGO with superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, with a half-wave potential of 0.70 V and a limiting current density of 4.2 mA cm-2. Its ORR primarily follows a four-electron transfer pathway with a minor contribution from a two-electron process. This study establishes the groundwork for optimizing two-dimensional heterogeneous interfaces in LDH@carbon-based materials for advanced energy conversion.

A full-face contouring using micro-autologous fat transplantation (MAFT)-gun technique in Vietnamese population.

INTRODUCTION: The micro-autologous fat transplantation (MAFT)-gun technique is applied to accurately deliver small fat parcels to multiple fat layers across different sites. Our study presents the surgical and clinical outcomes of using the MAFT-gun technique for full-face contouring. METHODS: From January 2021 to June 2023, 31 healthy participants undergoing full-face volumization using the MAFT-gun technique at our hospital were included in this study. Data on fat volume grafted at different facial sites, complications, and satisfaction rates (%) were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The average fat volumes grafted over the left and right cheeks were 10.3 ± 0.31 ml and 10.2 ± 0.30 ml, respectively. The forehead and temples required lower fat volumes of 9.8 ± 0.23 ml and 4.5 ± 0.21 ml, respectively. Small fat volumes were required for the nasolabial fold, the tear trough, and the infraorbital areas, with 2.2 ± 0.11 ml, 1.9 ± 0.10 ml, and 1.4 ± 0.11 ml, respectively. The fat volumes for the nasolabial fold and the tear trough were significantly different between young and old people. No complications, including infection, necrosis, or vascular injury, were noted. At the end of the follow-up, 26 patients (83.9%) expressed their satisfaction after the procedure. CONCLUSION: The MAFT-gun technique is safe and effective for full-face autologous fat grafting. Commercial closed-system processors could be an effective alternative to centrifugation for fat processing. The procedure significantly improved facial hollowness and resulted in a more attractive and satisfied appearance to people even after 12 months postoperatively.

The 2024 Richardson Lecture: Prosopagnosia - A Classic Neurologic Deficit Meets the Modern Era.

Acquired prosopagnosia is a rare disorder, but it serves as a model for impairments in expert-level visual processing. This review discusses five key observations made over the past 30 years. First, there are variants, an apperceptive type linked to damage to the inferior occipitotemporal cortex and an amnestic type associated with anterior temporal lesions, both either right or bilateral. Second, these variants are clustered in syndromes with other perceptual deficits, the apperceptive type with field defects, dyschromatopsia and topographagnosia, and the amnestic type with topographagnosia and the auditory disorders of phonagnosia and acquired amusia. Third, extensive testing often shows additional problems with recognizing exemplars of other objects, especially when degrees of expertise are taken into account. Fourth, the prosopagnosic impairment does not affect all facial information. For example, the perception of expression and lip-reading likely depends on other neural substrates than those for processing facial identity. Last, face perception in prosopagnosia is not immutable but can improve with extensive training, though as yet this does not represent a cure for the condition. Continuing work with neural networks and animal models will enhance our understanding of this intriguing condition and what it tells us about how our brains process vision.

Implementation and validation of face de-identification (de-facing) in ADNI4.

INTRODUCTION: Recent technological advances have increased the risk that de-identified brain images could be re-identified from face imagery. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is a leading source of publicly available de-identified brain imaging, who quickly acted to protect participants' privacy. METHODS: An independent expert committee evaluated 11 face-deidentification ("de-facing") methods and selected four for formal testing. RESULTS: Effects of de-facing on brain measurements were comparable across methods and sufficiently small to recommend de-facing in ADNI. The committee ultimately recommended mri_reface for advantages in reliability, and for some practical considerations. ADNI leadership approved the committee's recommendation, beginning in ADNI4. DISCUSSION: ADNI4 de-faces all applicable brain images before subsequent pre-processing, analyses, and public release. Trained analysts inspect de-faced images to confirm complete face removal and complete non-modification of brain. This paper details the history of the algorithm selection process and extensive validation, then describes the production workflows for de-facing in ADNI. HIGHLIGHTS: ADNI is implementing "de-facing" of MRI and PET beginning in ADNI4. "De-facing" alters face imagery in brain images to help protect privacy. Four algorithms were extensively compared for ADNI and mri_reface was chosen. Validation confirms mri_reface is robust and effective for ADNI sequences. Validation confirms mri_reface negligibly affects ADNI brain measurements.

Evaluating the Persistence of Large Choroidal Hypertransmission Defects using SS-OCT Imaging.

In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), large choroidal hypertransmission defects (hyperTDs) are identified on en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) images as bright lesions measuring at least 250 µm in greatest linear dimension (GLD). These choroidal hyperTDs arise from focal attenuation or loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We previously reported that once large hyperTDs formed, they were likely to persist compared with smaller lesions that were more likely to be transient. Due to their relative persistence, these large persistent choroidal hyperTDs are a point-of-no-return in the progression of intermediate AMD to the late stage of atrophic AMD. Moreover, the onset of these large choroidal hyperTDs can serve as a clinical trial endpoint when studying therapies that might slow disease progression from intermediate AMD to late atrophic AMD. To confirm the persistence of these large choroidal hyperTDs, we studied an independent dataset of AMD eyes enrolled in an ongoing prospective swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) natural history study to determine their overall persistence. We identified a total of 202 eyes with large choroidal hyperTDs containing 1725 hyperTDs followed for an average of 46.6 months. Of the 1725 large hyperTDs, we found that 1718 (99.6%) persisted while only 7 hyperTDs (0.4%) were non-persistent. Of the 7 non-persistent large hyperTDs in 6 eyes, their average GLD at baseline was 385 µm. Of the large hyperTDs ranging in size between 250-300 µm when first detected, only one was not persistent with a baseline GLD of 283 µm. In 6 of the non-persistent hyperTDs, the loss of a detectable large hyperTD was due to the accumulation of hyperreflective material along the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and in the retina over the area where the hyperTD was located. This hyperreflective material is thought to represent the migration and aggregation of RPE cells into this focal region where the choroidal hyperTD arose due to attenuated or lost RPE.

Face naming and recollection represent key memory deficits in developmental prosopagnosia.

Previous studies have found that face perception deficits do not fully account for the severity of face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia (DP). Researchers have begun identifying deficient memory mechanisms such as impaired face recollection, but these findings require replication, and further characterization of additional memory deficits is necessary. Our goals were to replicate prior findings of face recollection impairment in DP and extend these findings to assess different types of face associative memory. We had 69 DPs and 99 controls perform a face perception battery as well as three face memory tasks: 1) Old/New task with confidence ratings to calculate recollection and familiarity using ROC analysis, 2) Face/Scene task to examine remember-know judgments and contextual memory for faces, and 3) Face-Name/Occupation task to assess the ability to learn semantic associations with faces. Compared to controls, DPs showed poorer recollection and familiarity across both Old/New and Face/Scene tasks as well as reduced scene accuracy for correct faces. Of these differences, only Old/New recollection remained significant after controlling for group differences in face perception abilities. In the Face-Name/Occupation task, after controlling for face perception, DPs showed poorer recall of names than controls but performed similarly in recalling occupations. Finally, we found that DPs with major, mild, and no face perception deficits showed consistent impairments in Old/New recollection and face-naming, and larger perceptual deficits were associated with larger memory deficits. Together, these results provide several mechanistic insights into the nature of memory deficits in DPs and have diagnostic and treatment implications.

The degradation of polylactic acid face mask components in different environments.

The disposal of fossil fuel-based plastics poses a huge environmental challenge, leading to increased interest in biodegradable alternatives such as polylactic acid (PLA). This study focuses on the environmental impact and degradation of PLA face mask components under various conditions (UV (Ultraviolet) radiation, DI water, landfill leachate of various ages, seawater, and enzyme). Under UV exposure, notable changes in physicochemical properties were observed in the PLA masks, including increased oxidation over time. Degradation rates varied across environments, with old landfill leachate and enzyme degradation having a notable impact, especially on meltblown layers. Furthermore, it was found that seawater conditions hampered the degradation of PLA masks, likely due to the inhibitory effect of high salt concentrations. The pathways of chemical group changes during degradation were elucidated using 2D-COS (Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy) maps. The investigation into the release of microparticles and oligomers further revealed the degradation mechanism. Moreover, PLA masks were found to release fewer microparticles when degraded in studied environments when compared to traditional polypropylene masks. Furthermore, correlation analysis highlighted the influence of factors such as carbonyl index and contact angle on degradation rates, underscoring the complex interplay between environmental conditions and PLA degradation. This comprehensive investigation advances the understanding of PLA degradation pathways, which are crucial for mitigating plastic pollution and promoting the development of sustainable products.

The Transverse Sigmoid Notch Morphology Unravelled.

Background: Several studies have described pathology in relation to transverse sigmoid notch morphology, using the Tolat transverse sigmoid notch classification. It is believed that the entire shape of a sigmoid notch can be described using Tolat sigmoid types. We hypothesised that the determination of the sigmoid notch shape (SNS) depends on the level of the transverse CT plane on the axial axis of the distal radius. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the transverse SNS on different axial CT levels in the same wrist. Methods: The transverse SNS of 53 participants were independently qualitatively classified by two researchers in accordance with the four morphologies described by Tolat et al. The SNS was determined at two levels on the axial axis of the distal radius; at the level of the most prominent part of Lister tubercle, determined on the sagittal plane and at the level of the 'smallest distance between the ulnar head and sigmoid notch' (SDUS). Results: Forty-seven percent of the wrists demonstrated different SNS types according to Tolat classification, depending on the axial level of the CT scan. Interobserver agreement on the transverse sigmoid shape was 87% at Lister tubercle and 85% at SDUS, which can both be interpreted as 'excellent'. Conclusions: Despite an excellent interobserver agreement, 47% of the study population had different transverse sigmoid notch types within the same wrist. We, therefore, conclude that Tolat transverse sigmoid classification may not be useful for the description of potential pathology in relation to the sigmoid notch morphology.

Number of Facial Hair Corresponds to Frequency of Spontaneous Face-Touch in Humans.

People all over the world, independent of their culture or background, touch their faces up to 800 times per day. No other part of the body is touched as often as the face. Forehead, nose, and chin-the so-called T-zone of the face-are touched particularly frequently during spontaneous facial self-touches (sFST). It is hypothesized that there is a relationship between the density of mechanoreceptors (inferred from facial hair distribution) and the frequency of spontaneous self-touching. In order to indirectly measure the density of mechanoreceptors (cutaneous end organ complexes), the number of vellus and terminal hairs at 40 different measuring points on the face of 30 (15f/15m) healthy volunteers in study A is determined. In study B, the frequency of sFST at the same 40 measuring points in 66 (32f/34m) healthy persons is determined. Study A reveals that the number of facial hairs-in both sexes-is higher in the T-zone than in other areas of the face. Study B reveals that the T-zone is touched more frequently than other areas of the face. Skin areas of the face with a higher number of vellus hairs (and presumably higher innervation density) are touched particularly frequently during sFST.

Preauricular Superficial Temporal Artery Flap: A Simple Solution in Face Reconstruction.

Face reconstruction is exceptionally demanding for the best color and texture equivalence with minimal morbidity. Most defects result from tumors or trauma, and local flaps are typically used. A preauricular flap based on the superficial temporal artery (STA) is an alternative to the classically used retroauricular flap. We describe a case of an 80-year-old female presenting a frontotemporal squamous cell carcinoma and reconstructed with a preauricular superficial temporal artery (PASTA), reverse-flow, pedicled flap. It measured 5x6 cm and was based on the STA parietal branch instead of the more frequently reported frontal branch. The donor site was closed primarily. After 24 months, there were no complications, the aesthetic result was good, and the scar was inconspicuous. We also reviewed the literature for preauricular flap reports. A total of 152 preauricular STA flaps have been reported, mostly free flaps, for different facial areas, including ear cartilage or hair-bearing areas. Venous congestion is the most frequent complication. The PASTA flap is a simple solution for small-to-moderate facial defects, is easily harvested, has a straightforward dissection, can be reliably based on either a frontal or parietal branch, and provides an excellent texture and color match with minimal morbidity.

Insights into turbulent airflow structures in blind headings under different ventilation duct distances.

The paper explores the 3D stationary vortex structure of turbulent airflow near the dead-end face of a blind heading, ventilated via a forcing ventilation system. Despite its significance in blind heading ventilation, previous studies primarily focused on temporal dynamics of harmful impurities, overlooking flow structure details crucial for mass transfer processes. Our study delves into the ventilation flow structure across diverse parameters of the auxiliary ventilation system. Alongside standard flow visualization tools, we introduce three dimensionless indicators to comprehensively characterize flow structure, facilitating analysis of its variations with parameter changes and quantitative evaluation of system efficiency. Analysis revealed the formation of a single large-scale vortex within the entire range of considered ventilation system parameters in the heading. This vortex induces a significant increase in air circulation, approximately 2.5-3.5 times greater than airflow emerging from the ventilation duct's end, thus intensifying mass transfer processes within the heading. We found that ventilation efficiency of the dead-end face zone in a blind heading with a 29.2 m² cross-section decreases linearly with increasing distance between the ventilation duct's end and the dead-end face. However, compensating for this distance by increasing duct velocity is feasible, bearing significant implications for mine ventilation safety, particularly in ventilating blind headings with distant ducts from the dead-end face.